应用核酸斑点杂交法检查正常分娩期妇女尿中人巨细胞病毒DNA

用α-~(32)P-dcTP标记人巨细胞病毒(Cytomegalovirus Human type,简称HCMV)DNA片段做探针,用核酸杂交方法检测CMV DNA,其敏感性达Pg水平。并抽样检测了沈阳地区分娩期妇女尿标本。在25份标本中查出HCMV DNA阳性者占6份,排毒率24％,并对实验技术及实验结果进行了讨论。     

多重PCR同时检测人乳头瘤病毒、巨细胞病毒和沙眼衣原体

为了应用聚合酶链反应同时检测人巨细胞病毒（CMV）、人乳头瘤病毒（HPV）、沙眼衣原体（CT）,参照文献报道的基因序列,设计合成了三对能扩增370bp、450bp、510bp基因片段的引物,并对PCR扩增条件进行了优化。0.1fgHPV－DNA、CMV－DNA、CT－DNA即可被检出,得到了与设计片段相同的产物,且不扩增大肠杆菌、白色念球菌、解尿支原体等病原的核酸。对395例标本进行检查,各病原体的检出率分别是：HPV19.2%、CMV14.9%、CT5.1%。其中混合感染42例。PCR同时检测CMV、HPV、CT经济、快速、敏感、特异,可用于临床诊断和实验研究。     

孕妇尿液人巨细胞病毒DNA筛查及血液HCMV抗体测定的对照研究

目的对于孕妇尿液进行HCMV—DNA筛查,减少和有效地避免胎儿及新生儿的HCMV感染。HCMV．DNA筛查同时进行HCMV抗体检测,明确诊断HCMV感染的灵敏、准确方法。方法应用荧光定量PCR（FQ．PCR）方法进行尿液HCMV-DNA测定。血液HCMV IgM、IgG抗体检测应用酶联免疫（ELISA）方法。结果筛查6568例孕妇尿HCMV．DNA,阳性273例,阳性率为4．2％。孕妇在12—20周者,阳性率为10．3％;孕妇在21～30周者,阳性率为33．3％;孕妇在31～39周者,阳性率为56．4％。在273例尿液HCMV—DNA阳性者中,56例同时进行血液HCMV IgM、IgG抗体检测,Igi抗体阳性者2例,IgG抗体阳性者22例。结论在孕妇HCMV感染的筛查与诊断中FQ．PCR是灵敏准确的方法。孕妇中HCMV—DNA筛查是保证母婴健康,提高人口素质的保障。     

庚型肝炎病毒（HGV）NS5区部分基因的克隆和cDNA序列测定

用RT－PCR技术从一例献血员血清标本中扩增出HGV非结构区的部分基因片段,克隆后测定。cDNA序列。该序列与国外三株HGV的核苷酸同源性在90％以上;与GBV—A和GBV—B的同源性分别为44．7％和33．17％;与已发表的23个HCV全序列的相应序列比较,同源性均小于40％。结果表明,克隆的病毒株为HGV中国株。同时,用RT—PCR检测了河北固安和南京地区的115份HCV感染者标本．HGVRNA阳性率为3．47％。表明我国某些特殊人群中HGV感染率较高,是一个不容忽视的问题。     

同位素与生物素标记的HCMV DNA探针检测婴儿肝炎综合症血和尿标本的比较

用~(32)P和生物素标记的克隆化的人巨细胞病毒(HCMV)AD169株DNA片段作探针,采用DNA-DNA斑点杂交法,对照检测了27例婴儿肝炎综合症患者(血清学检测为非甲非乙型肝炎者)临床血、尿标本的HCMV-DNA。其中16份血标本呈阳性,占59％;9份尿标本呈阳性,占33％。初步结果表明,血标本中HCMV DNA检出率比尿标本检出率高26％。标记的~(32)P探针可检测10pg同源DNA,生物素探针可检测50Pg同源DNA,均不与其它疱疹病毒及未感染的人胚肺细胞DNA杂交。将其中26份血标本的HCMV DNA杂交结果与抗HCMV IgM ELISA检测结果相比较,符合率为65％。     

江苏省不明原因轻型呼吸道传染病暴发的病因学研究

自2004年4月18日起至6月末,江苏省东台市发生以发热、咽部充血、扁桃体肿大为临床表现的原因不明的疫情暴发,发病人群以中小学生、幼儿为主,地域以许河镇、新街镇以及临近乡镇为主。疫情涉及东台市9个镇,合计报告709例,分布在75个学校,240个班级。暴发的特点为传染性强,短期内出现大量的患者,发病有班级聚集性特点,未发现成人感染。临床表现以发烧（100％）、咽部充血（91．40％）、扁桃体肿大（60．22％）、咽痛（50．00％）为主;X线检查可发现肺纹理增强（90．3％）。用Hep-2细胞从患儿20份咽拭子标本中分离到12株病毒,经PCR扩增腺病毒L3部分基因及其PCR产物的序列测定和分析,证实这12株病毒为腺病毒3型;对28份咽拭子标本直接进行DNA提取和PCR扩增,有17份标本PCR扩增L3部分基因呈阳性,经序列测定和分析,也为腺病毒3型。这29个阳性标本L3基因的1446个核苷酸的序列与GenBank上所发表的腺病毒3型序列同源性高达99,5％。双份血IgG检测：对江苏省采集10份患儿急性期和恢复期双份血清,以从患儿咽拭子分离到的腺病毒3型作为抗原,进行病毒抗体测定,6份患儿的双份血清腺病毒总IgG滴度呈4倍以上增高。患儿急性期血IgA检测：对暴发疫情34例患儿急性期血清（发病时间为1～3天）进行腺病毒IgA抗体测定,结果有9份标本为阳性,1份标本为可疑阳性,阳性率为26．47％。IgA阳性率低可能与血清采集时间过早有关,机体还未全部产生IgA。另外,还对江苏省送检的从患儿血培养基培养的细菌毒株进行了鉴定,对其16S rRNA基因进行了基因扩增及序列分析,序列测定和分析提示为A组M3型化脓性链球菌。实验研究结果并结合此次疫情的流行病学和患儿的临床表现,证实腺病毒3型是引起此次儿童不明原因轻型呼吸道传染病暴发的病原体,部分病例伴有原发或继发化脓性链球菌感染。     

血沉标本中人巨细胞病毒DNA的检出

用聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）和地高辛标记探针（ｄｉｇ－ｐｒｏｂｅ）检测临床血沉标本中人巨细胞病毒（ＨＣＭＶ）ＤＮＡ。结果表明,人群血标本中ＨＣＭＶ－ＤＮＡ携带率较高;ＰＣＲ技术较ｄｉｇ－ｐｒｏｂｅ更敏感、快速、简便,二者检出ＨＣＭＶ－ＤＮＡ阳性率分别为８３．３％和６０．３％;ＨＣＭＶ－ＤＮＡ检出率、ＨＣＭＶ－ＩｇＭ检出率与血沉值高低之间无相关性。     

基于多聚化重组抗原的检测戊型肝炎病毒IgM与IgG抗体的ELISA的建立及初步评估

建立并评估分别检测戊型肝炎（戊肝）病毒IgM与IgG抗体的捕获法及间接法ELISA。以原核表达的多聚化重组HEV蛋白为抗原,建立戊肝捕获法IgM ELISA(E2-IgM)和间接法IgG ELISA(E2-IgG).利用29只实验感染猴系列血清及多份临床急性肝炎血清、正常人血清以及单克隆抗体评估所建立的方法的敏感法与特异性,并与商品化试剂（Genelabs公司抗－HEV IgG和IgM试剂,GL－IgM/GL-IgM)进行比较。29只恒河猴E2－IgM和E2－IgG的阳转率均为100％,其中75％在感染后4周内阳转,均早于ALT异常时间。E2－IgM持续2－14周,平均6周;E2－IgG在70周时仍无一阴转。GL－IgG阳转率为79．3％（23／29）,多数晚于ALT异常时间,平均持续约18周,但最长为1只在感染后70周时仍为阳性。用E2－IgM试剂盒检测928份正常人血清,仅2份OD值略高于0．2。检测510份临床急性肝炎血清,可明显将其区分为2个部分,一个部分OD值小于0．2,其OD值分布与正常人相似;另一个部分OD值大于0．4,共131份,其中109份大于1．0。可能分别对应于急性肝炎中的非戊肝患者和戊肝患者。119份非甲－丙急性肝炎中,E2－IgM阳性57份,GL－IgM阳性29份（E2－IgM均阳性）。5060份普通人群血清的E2－IgG OD值在0．2以下,形成一个近似对数正态峰,均值为0．022,在OD值0．4以上则分布均匀。用E2－IgG试剂检测200份临床急性肝炎血清,结果OD值0．2以下也形成一个与普通人群类似的近似对数正态峰,但OD值在大于1．0－4．0间形成另一个尖峰（峰值在OD2．5处）,其中多数E2－IgM阳性。抗－HEV单抗可明显阻断E2－IgM及E2－IgG,单抗Fab段的阻断效果与完整抗体类似,提示这种阻断是表位特异的。建立的戊肝IgM试剂和IgG试剂具有良好的敏感性与特异性。IgM试剂适用于临床戊肝诊断,IgG试剂适用于既往戊肝感染诊断。     

猴 B 病毒血清学和 PCR 检测结果比较

目的：比较猴B病毒血清抗体和病毒PCR检测结果,阐明动物感染后病毒在机体内的存在状况。方法：采集成年猴血清和三叉神经组织,首先通过ELISA方法检测血清中B病毒抗体,然后采用B病毒舡和徊基因引物通过PCR方法扩增血清DNA和三叉神经组织DNA,比较2种方法的检测结果,并对扩增产物进行序列分析。结果：22份猴血清中,B病毒抗体呈阳性的有13份（59．1％）;PCR结果显示,抗体阴性动物及所有血清DNA模板中均无阳性扩增,但在13份抗体阳性动物的三叉神经组织DNA样品中,PCR阳性4份（30．8％）;gL和gD基因扩增条件及产物分析表明,舡基因的GC含量为64．1％,gD为74．2％,且舡的扩增条件和效果明显优于gD。结论：B病毒感染猴后,将在部分动物神经节中建立潜伏,而础基因更适合作为分子鉴定的靶标。     

大学新生戊型肝炎病毒现／近期隐性感染的筛查

为了解大学新生戊型肝炎病毒(HEV)现／近期隐性感染的状况,探讨引起隐性感染与急性戊型肝炎(HE)的HEV毒株间有无差异,本实验利用ELISA一步法检测了正常大学新生血清标本中抗—HEV IgM,对抗—HEV IgM阳性者检测抗—HEV IgG,并进行HEV逆转录一巢式PCR（RT-nPCR)。结果 2223份血清中抗—HEV IgM阳性18份,阳性率0．8％,P/N值在2．0—3．0之间。17份标本抗—HEV IgM、IgG同时阳性,1份抗—HEV IgM单独阳性,但用RT-nPCR检测抗—HEV IgM阳性标本,HEV RNA均阴性。提示正常大学新生中存在HEV现/近期隐性感染,应注意感染者作为传染源的可能性;HEV隐性感染时,产生的抗体滴度或亲和力较低,病毒血症时间短,病毒滴度低,或毒株的基因序列与引起急性HE的毒株的序列有一定差异。     

Tuning of electronic properties of one-dimensional cyano-bridged Cu-Ni, Cu-Pd, and Cu-Pt bimetallic assemblies by stereochemistry of ligands

Preparations, XPS and electronic spectroscopy, and magnetism of seven new one-dimensional cyano-bridged coordination polymers, chiral [Cu(RR-chxn)₂][Pd(CN)₄] · 2H₂O (1), [Cu(trans-chxn)₂][M(CN)₄] · 2H₂O (2, 4, and 6 for M = Pd, Ni, and Pt), and [Cu(cis-chxn)₂][M(CN)₄] · 2H₂O (3, 5, and 7 for M = Pd, Ni, and Pt) (RR-chxn = cyclohexane-(1R,2R)-diamine, trans-chxn = racemic trans-cyclohexane-(1,2)-diamine, and cis-chxn = racemic cis-cyclohexane-(1,2)-diamine) have been reported in view of tuning of their electronic properties by stereochemistry of chxn ligands and metal-substitution. Comparison of Cu 2p_1/2 and 2p_3/2 peaks of XPS and broad d-d bands around 18 000 cm⁻¹ of electronic spectra are described systematically for 1-7. Variable-temperature magnetic measurement shows that complexes 1-7 indicate weak antiferromagnetic interactions via cyano-bridges. Because of semi-coordination coupled with pseudo Jahn-Teller elongation and electrostatic interaction for 1, the axial Cu-N coordination bond distances of 2.330(7) and 3.092(8) Å are considerably longer than those of equatorial ones in the range from 2.016(6) to 2.030(6) Å. The former bond distances of 1 are intermediate values among the related Ni (2.324(6) and 3.120(8) Å) and Pt (2.34(1) and 3.09(1) Å) complexes.     

Land,livestock, and livelihoods: Changing dynamics of gender,caste, and ethnicity in a Nepalese Village

Over the past 10 years, Ghusel VDC, Lalitpur District has moved from primarily subsistence agriculture into the wider cash economy aided by the Small Farmers' Development Program (SFDP), which provides credit to farmers mainly for the purchase of buffalo for milk production, and by the National Dairy Corporation, which supports local dairy cooperatives. Analysis reveals that buffalo-keeping and milk sales are increasing the well-being of many households, while at the same time creating new inequalities in gender roles and responsibilities, greater inequities between Brahmin and Tamang residents in Ghusel, and placing pressures on the ecosystem for increased supplies of fodder and fuelwood. Evidence suggests that there is critical, need for attention to the social, and particularly gender-based, implications of maintaining livestock for milk sales and to the ecological underpinnings of this livelihood system.     

Structure and function of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase

In mammals, S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase (AdoHcyase) is the only known enzyme to catalyze the breakdown of S-adenosylhomocysteine (AdoHcy) to homocysteine and adenosine. AdoHcy is the product of all adenosylmethionine (AdoMet)-dependent biological transmethylations. These reactions have a wide range of products, and are common in all facets of biometabolism. As a product inhibitor, elevated levels of AdoHcy suppress AdoMet-dependent transmethylations. Thus, AdoHcyase is a regulator of biological transmethylation in general. The three-dimensional structure of AdoHcyase complexed with reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADH) and the inhibitor (1′R, 2′S, 3′R)-9-(2′,3′-dihyroxycyclopenten-1-yl)adenine (DHCeA) was solved by a combination of the crystallographic direct methods program, SnB, to determine the selenium atom substructure and by treating the multiwavelength anomalous diffraction data as a special case of multiple isomorphous replacement. The enzyme architecture resembles that observed for NAD-dependent dehydrogenases, with the catalytic domain and the cofactor binding domain each containing a modified Rossmann fold. The two domains form a deep active site cleft containing the cofactor and bound inhibitor molecule. A comparison of the inhibitor complex of the human enzyme and the structure of the rat enzyme, solved without inhibitor, suggests that a 17° rigid body movement of the catalytic domain occurs upon inhibitor/substrate binding.     

Chiral Separation of G‐type Chemical Warfare Nerve Agents via Analytical Supercritical Fluid Chromatography

Chemical warfare nerve agents (CWNAs) are extremely toxic organophosphorus compounds that contain a chiral phosphorus center. Undirected synthesis of G‐type CWNAs produces stereoisomers of tabun, sarin, soman, and cyclosarin (GA, GB, GD, and GF, respectively). Analytical‐scale methods were developed using a supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) system in tandem with a mass spectrometer for the separation, quantitation, and isolation of individual stereoisomers of GA, GB, GD, and GF. Screening various chiral stationary phases (CSPs) for the capacity to provide full baseline separation of the CWNAs revealed that a Regis WhelkO1 (SS) column was capable of separating the enantiomers of GA, GB, and GF, with elution of the P(+) enantiomer preceding elution of the corresponding P(–) enantiomer; two WhelkO1 (SS) columns had to be connected in series to achieve complete baseline resolution. The four diastereomers of GD were also resolved using two tandem WhelkO1 (SS) columns, with complete baseline separation of the two P(+) epimers. A single WhelkO1 (RR) column with inverse stereochemistry resulted in baseline separation of the GD P(–) epimers. The analytical methods described can be scaled to allow isolation of individual stereoisomers to assist in screening and development of countermeasures to organophosphorus nerve agents. Chirality 26:817–824, 2014. © 2014 The Authors. Chirality published by John Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Reorientation of Microfibrils and Microtubules at the Outer Epidermal Wall of Maize Coleoptiles During Auxin-Mediated Growth

Auxin-mediated elongation growth of isolated subapical coleoptile segments of maize (Zea mays L.) is controlled by the extensibility of the outer cell wall of the outer epidermis (Kutschera et al., 1987). Here we investigate the hypothesis that auxin controls the extensibility of this wall by changing the orientation of newly deposited microfibrils through a corresponding change in the orientation of cortical microtubules. On the basis of electron micrographs it is shown that cessation of growth after removal of the endogenous source of auxin is correlated with a relative increase of longitudinally orientated microfibrils and microtubules at the inner wall surface. Conversely, reinduction of growth by exogenous auxin is correlated with a relative increase of transversely orientated microfibrils and microtubules at the inner wall surface. These changes can be detected 30–60 min after the removal and addition of auxin, respectively. The functional significance of directional changes of newly desposited wall microfibrils for the control of elongation growth is discussed.     

Influence of Fluoride on Rat Kidney Antioxidant System: Effects of Methionine and Vitamin E

The aim of the study has been to determine and compare the influence upon the kidney antioxidative system, exercised by administration of vitamin E, and vitamin E in combination with methionine, under conditions of oxidative stress induced by sodium fluoride. The experiment was carried out on Wistar FL rats (adult males) that, for 35 days, were administered water, NaF, NaF with vitamin E, or vitamin E with methionine (doses: 10 mg NaF/kg of body mass/24 h, 3 mg vitamin E per 10 μl per rat for 24 h, 2 mg methionine per rat for 24 h). The influence of administered sodium fluoride and antioxidants upon the antioxidative system in kidney was examined by analyzing the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the activity of the most important antioxidative enzymes (SOD, total and both its isoenzymes, GPX, GST, GR, and CAT). The studies carried out confirmed the disadvantageous effect of the administered dose of NaF upon the antixodiative system in rats (increase in the concentration MDA, decrease activity of all antioxidative enzymes). The administration of vitamin E increased the activity of studied enzymes with the exception of glutathione reductase GR; it also reduced the procesess of lipid peroxidation. It has been found that combined doses of vitamin E and methionine were most effective in inhibiting lipid peroxidation processes. The results confirmed the antioxidative properties of methionine.     

Gamma-glutamylcysteine protects ergothioneine-deficient Mycobacterium tuberculosis mutants against oxidative and nitrosative stress

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb.), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), cannot synthesize GSH, but synthesizes two major low molecular weight thiols namely mycothiol (MSH) and ergothioneine (ERG). Gamma-glutamylcysteine (GGC), an intermediate in GSH synthesis, has been implicated in the protection of lactic acid bacteria from oxidative stress in the absence of GSH. In mycobacteria, GGC is an intermediate in ERG biosynthesis, and its formation is catalysed by EgtA (GshA). GGC is subsequently used by EgtB in the formation of hercynine-sulphoxide-GGC. In this study, M.tb. mutants harbouring unmarked, in-frame deletions in each of the fives genes involved in ERG biosynthesis (egtA, egtB, egtC, egtD and egtE) or a marked deletion of the mshA gene (required for MSH biosynthesis) were generated. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analyses (LC-MS) revealed that the production of GGC was elevated in the MSH-deficient and the ERG-deficient mutants. The ERG-deficient ΔegtB mutant which accumulated GGC was more resistant to oxidative and nitrosative stress than the ERG-deficient, GGC-deficient ΔegtA mutant. This implicates GGC in the detoxification of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in M.tb.     

In vitro studies of the rabbit immune system. IV. Differential mitogen responses of isolated T and B cells.

The mitogenic responses of separated rabbit lymphocyte populations functionally analogous to mouse T and B cells have been tested in vitro. Purified T cells were prepared by passage over nylon wool (NW) and purified B cells prepared by treatment with antithymocyte serum and complement (ATS + C). ATS + C kills 70% of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL's) and 50% of the spleen cells while passage over NW yields 40% of the applied PBL's and 5–23% of the applied spleen cells. NW-purified T cells from the spleen or PBL's respond fully to concanavalin A (Con A) but have a reduced response to phytohemaglutinin (PHA) and little or no response to goat anti-rabbit immunoglobulin (anti-Ig). PBL's that survive ATS + C (B cells) are stimulated by anti-Ig but not by Con A or PHA. B cells purified from spleen do not respond to Con A or PHA but will respond to anti-Ig under appropriate conditions. A full spleen B-cell response to anti-Ig required removal of Ig produced by the cultures that blocked anti-Ig stimulation. It is concluded that, for rabbit lymphocytes, Con A and PHA are primarily T-cell mitogens and that anti-Ig is primarily a B-cell mitogen. However, the mitogen response of unfractionated PBL or spleen cell populations indicates an overlap in reactivity. This could be due to cells sharing T and B properties, alteration of cell populations by the fractionation procedures used, or recruitment of one population in the presence of a mitogenic response of the other population.     

八种脑-肠肽侧脑室内注射对大鼠基础胃酸分泌的影响

用乌拉坦麻醉大鼠作急性实验,采用连续灌流胃并收集流出液的方法,观察向侧脑室内注射微量脑-肠肽对大鼠基础胃酸分泌的影响。实验结果如下:(1)雨蛙肽、八肽胆囊收缩素、促甲状腺素释放激素及四肽胃泌素均使总酸排出量增加;(2)生长抑素、胰多肽、P 物质、胰高血糖素则使总酸排出量减少;(3)上述肽类用侧脑室注射的剂量作肌肉注射,除四肽胃泌素也产生明显的刺激胃酸分泌作用外,对胃酸分泌均无明显影响。以上结果提示,脑内的一些肽类可能以神经递质或调制物的方式,参与中枢对胃酸分泌的调节。     

A chromium-tolerant plant growing in Cr-contaminated land

In this paper, a kind of Typhaceae plant species, Typha angustifolia L, with a high tolerance to Cr is described. Experiments were carried out to examine its ability to tolerant Cr and its physiological response. The results showed that there was no difference in growth, plant height, and biomass response to external Cr (VI) between the plants exposed to 100 microM Cr (VI) and control (0 microM), while increasing Cr levels to 200-800 microM induced a significant decrease in plant height and biomass, but no significant injury was detected, even for the plants exposed to 800 microM Cr. Chromium induced significant increases in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activities. Meanwhile, a significantly positive correlation was found between Cr and Mn or Cu in leaves and roots, respectively. The Cr tolerance of the plant appeared to be associated with the enhancement of SOD and POD activities and the improvement in uptake and translocation of the essential microelements.