HSV转基因表达IL-1ra抑制P77PMC大鼠的惊厥发作

利用PCR基因克隆及基因转染技术 ,构建含人IL 1ra(IL 1receptorantago nist,IL 1ra)cDNA的质粒型单纯疱疹病毒 (herpessimplexvirus ,HSV)载体 ,再由HSV 1tsK株包装成假病毒颗粒 ,然后注入P77PMC听源性惊厥易感大鼠侧脑室 ,观察LacZ基因和IL 1ra在脑内的表达情况及对P77PMC大鼠惊厥程度的影响 .结果表明 :( 1 )LacZ在脑内神经和非神经细胞可持续表达 8周以上 ;( 2 )侧脑室注射pHSV IL 1ra假病毒可明显抑制P77PMC大鼠的惊厥发作 .原位杂交和免疫荧光染色发现脑膜和脉络丛上皮细胞及某些神经细胞有IL 1ramRNA和蛋白的表达 .结果表明HSV载体可有效地将IL 1ra基因转入脑内 ,并能明显抑制P77PMC听源性惊厥易感大鼠的惊厥发作 .     

听源性惊厥致P77PMC大鼠杏仁核内胆囊收缩素mRNA短暂性增加

铃声刺激诱发惊厥 ,原位杂交法检测遗传性听源性癫痫易感大鼠 (P77PMC)一次与多次惊厥发作对杏仁核内胆囊收缩素 (CCK)mRNA含量的影响。结果发现 :( 1)惊厥未发作组大鼠杏仁核单位面积内的CCKmRNA阳性神经元数 (No/ 0 0 1mm2 )较少 ,为 8± 1;( 2 )惊厥发作一次组大鼠杏仁核单位面积内CCKmRNA阳性神经元数显著增加 ,发作后 30min时达到峰值 ,为 5 8± 5 (P <0 0 1) ,但是 2h后迅速降为正常 ,为 9± 2 (P >0 0 5 ) ;( 3)惊厥多次发作组大鼠在惊厥发作后 30min时 ,CCKmRNA阳性神经元数亦显著增加 ,为 2 2± 3 (P <0 0 1) ,但明显低于惊厥发作一次组大鼠 (P <0 0 1) ,1h即恢复正常 ,为 9± 3 (P >0 0 5 )。结果表明 ,惊厥发作后P77PMC大鼠杏仁核内CCKmR NA含量呈现迅速而短暂增加的特点 ,表明CCKmRNA参与惊厥的急性发作过程 ,提示CCKmRNA在惊厥发作早期阶段发挥了重要的抗惊厥作用     

听源性遗传癫痫易感大鼠大脑皮层胆囊收缩素mRNA的原位杂交检测

本实验用原位杂交法,对听源性遗传癫痫易感大鼠（P77PMC)癫痫发作前,单次癫痫发作和多次发作时大脑颞皮层CCK mRNA阳性信号进行了检测,结果显示：（1）单次和多次癫痫发作后颞皮层CCK mRNA阳性神经元数量明显增加（P＜0．01）;（2）多次癫痫发作者上述脑区CCK mRNA阳性神经元数量较单次癫痫发作有明显的下降（P＜0．01）,大脑颞皮层CCK mRNA增高表明,CCK mRNA在癫痫发作过程中起了某种作用,多次癫痫发作大鼠CCK mRNA表达降低提示,单次和多次癫痫发作时大脑皮层CCK mRNAl转录的调控可能存在不同的机制。     

谷氨酸下调培养海马神经元AMPA受体G1uR2亚单位的表达

目的 研究在癫痫发病过程中,谷氨酸对AMPA受体G1uR2亚单位表达变化的影响。方法 用RT-PCR和Western Blot方法观察谷氨酸诱导培养大鼠海马神经元AMPA受体G1uR2亚单位mRNA和蛋白的表达变化。结果 在谷氨酸刺激后2h,8h,12h,培养海马神经元G1uR2 mRNA和蛋白表达明显下降,与对照组相比,差异有显著性（P〈0．05）,而非NMDA受体拮抗剂CNQX能阻断此变化。结论 在癫痫等疾病中,谷氨酸能通过激活AMAP／KA受体下调AMPA受体G1uR2亚单位的表达,参与发病过程。     

谷氨酸下调培养海马神经元AMPA 受体GluR2亚单位的表达

目的研究在癫痫发病过程中,谷氨酸对AMPA受体Glu R2亚单位表达变化的影响。方法用RT-PCR和Western Blot方法观察谷氨酸诱导培养大鼠海马神经元AMPA受体Glu R2亚单位mRNA和蛋白的表达变化。结果在谷氨酸刺激后2h,8h,12h,培养海马神经元Glu R2mRNA和蛋白表达明显下降,与对照组相比,差异有显著性(P<0.05),而非NMDA受体拮抗剂CNQX能阻断此变化。结论在癫痫等疾病中,谷氨酸能通过激活AMAP/KA受体下调AMPA受体GluR2亚单位的表达,参与发病过程。     

听原性惊厥易感大鼠下丘GluR2的表达及QR位点编辑水平

听原性惊厥易感大鼠是强直 -阵挛惊厥大发作的一种模型 .一般认为 ,下丘是听原性惊厥发作神经元网络的启动部位 .采用RT PCR、Western印迹、免疫组织化学等方法观察了听原性惊厥易感大鼠 (P77PMC)一次惊厥发作与惊厥点燃状态下AMPA受体亚基GluR2在下丘内表达的改变 ,并采用限制性酶切方法分析了GluR2Q R位点mRNA编辑水平的改变 .研究结果显示 ,一次惊厥发作后下丘内GluR2表达无明显改变 ,惊厥点燃后下丘内GluR2表达降低 ,一次惊厥发作及惊厥点燃状态下GluR2Q R位点处于编辑成熟状态 .提示 ,GluR2表达降低参与了点燃状态下的惊厥发作 ,在听原性惊厥易感大鼠惊厥发作机制中不涉及下丘内GluR2Q R位点编辑水平改变 .     

宽频噪音对谷氨酸中毒损伤AD模型大鼠不同脑区NMDAR1(ζ1)、NMDAR2A(ε1)亚基表达的影响

目的:观察AD大鼠模型颞叶和额叶在98 dB宽频噪音暴露5 min后不同脑区NMDAR1(ζ1)、NMDAR2A(ε1) 表达的影响.方法: 采用Western Blot及 RT-PCR技术,结合ABR测定方法.结果:①AD模型组大鼠、空白对照组大鼠在98 dB宽频噪音暴露5 min后额叶、颞区、海马及小脑NMDAR1(ζ1)亚基表达无明显差异,但AD模型组表达明显弱于空白对照组;②生理盐水组加噪音后NMDAR1(ζ1)亚基小脑表达最强,颞叶最弱; NMDAR2A(ε1)表达最强为颞叶,海马最弱.③在海马三组大鼠NMDAR1(ζ1) 、NMDAR2A(ε 1)亚基表达有较明显的下调趋势;④空白对照组大鼠NMDAR1(ζ1)、NMDAR2A(ε1)亚基mRNA表达各区无差异.⑤AD模型组大鼠颞叶、海马NMDAR2A(ε1) 表达明显减弱 ,最弱为小脑,额叶次之.结论:噪音刺激抑制AD大鼠模型海马NMDAR1(ζ1)亚基表达,且不在mRNA水平.噪音刺激抑制AD模型大鼠颞叶、海马NMDAR2A(ε1) 亚基表达,且有部位差异,在mRNA水平已调节.     

用cDNA表达阵列分析遗传性癫痫易感大鼠海马和大脑皮质的基因表达

采用Atlas^TM Rat cDNA Expression Array建立遗传性癫痫易感性P77PMC大鼠和正常对照Wistar大鼠的海马与大脑皮质基因表达谱,用Eagle EyeⅡStill Video System(Stratagene)图象分析仪分析两者基因表达谱差异.结果发现海马和大脑皮质中各有15个差异表达基因.海马组织中,12个基因在P77PMC大鼠中高表达而在正常对照Wistar大鼠中低表达,3个基因在正常对照Wistar大鼠中高表达,而在P77PMC大鼠中低表达;大脑皮质中,13个基因在P77PMC大鼠中高表达,而在正常对照Wistar大鼠中低表达,2个基因在正常对照Wistar大鼠中高表达,而在P77PMC大鼠中低表达. 结果说明,P77PMC大鼠与正常对照Wistar大鼠海马和大脑皮质存在多个差异表达基因,这些差异表达基因可能在癫痫的发生中扮演了重要角色.     

针刺穴位对脑缺血再灌注大鼠脑内NMDA R1 mRNA的影响

采用大鼠大脑中动脉栓塞为局灶性脑缺血模型,以针刺穴位为治疗手段,用原位杂交技术显示NMDAR1 mRNA,探讨单纯缺血,缺血加电针治疗后脑内NMDAR1mRNA的变化,并用谷氨酸或MK－801兴奋或桔抗NMDA受体。观察对便塞灶的影响。探讨NMDA受体在脑缺血脑损伤中的作用。结果显示：（1）谷氨酸能显著增大脑梗塞面积,电针能明显缩小梗塞面积,MK－801与电针作用相似,也能缩小梗塞面积,与对照组相比,谷氨酸组,电针组和MK－801组均有显著性差异;（2）缺血侧海马及大脑皮层NMDAR1 mRNA阳性细胞明显高于对照侧,两者间有显著性差异（P＜0.01）;经电针治疗后,NMDAR1 mRNA无过表达现象,海马及大脑皮层缺血侧NMDAR1 mRNA阳性细胞数与对照侧相比无显著性差异,但明显低于单纯缺血组（P＜0.01）。以以结果表明,谷氨酸介导的缺血性脑损伤的机制之一是通过NMDAR1 mRNA的过表达而实现的,电针对脑缺血性神经元损伤的保护作用可通过抑制NMDAR1 mRNA的过表达而实现。     

戊四氮致痫大鼠情感反应、学习记忆功能及海马N-甲基-D-门冬氨酸受体mRNA表达的改变

目的：探讨实验性癫痫持续状态（SE）对大鼠认知功能的影响及N-甲基-D-门冬氨酸（NMDA）受体表达的变化。方法：戊四氮诱导大鼠SE,采用抬高迷宫和Morris水迷宫观察大鼠情感反应和学习记忆功能的改变。RT-PCR方法检测大鼠海马NMDA受体亚单位NR1mRNA的表达。结果：sE组大鼠在抬高迷宫开放臂中逃避时间延长（P〈0．01）,进入次数增多（P〈0、01）;水迷宫中逃避潜伏期延长（P〈0.01）,搜寻策略变差（P〈0．05）,平台象限游泳时间百分比降低（P〈0．01）,穿越平台次数减少（P〈0．01）。同时伴有海马NR1mRNA表达下调（P〈0．01）。结论：SE可使大鼠情感行为改变和学习记忆功能受损,NR1可能参与这一变化的病理生理过程。     

Inhibition of Death-associated Protein Kinase 1 protects against Epileptic Seizures in mice

Epilepsy is a chronic encephalopathy and one of the most common neurological disorders. Death-associated protein kinase 1 (DAPK1) expression has been shown to be upregulated in the brains of human epilepsy patients compared with those of normal subjects. However, little is known about the impact of DAPK1 on epileptic seizure conditions. In this study, we aim to clarify whether and how DAPK1 is regulated in epilepsy and whether targeting DAPK1 expression or activity has a protective effect against epilepsy using seizure animal models. Here, we found that cortical and hippocampal DAPK1 activity but not DAPK1 expression was increased immediately after convulsive pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) exposure in mice. However, DAPK1 overexpression was found after chronic low-dose PTZ insults during the kindling paradigm. The suppression of DAPK1 expression by genetic knockout significantly reduced PTZ-induced seizure phenotypes and the development of kindled seizures. Moreover, pharmacological inhibition of DAPK1 activity exerted rapid antiepileptic effects in both acute and chronic epilepsy mouse models. Mechanistically, PTZ stimulated the phosphorylation of NR2B through DAPK1 activation. Combined together, these results suggest that DAPK1 regulation is a novel mechanism for the control of both acute and chronic epilepsy and provide new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of human epilepsy.     

Transcription of the NR1 subunit of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor is down-regulated by excitotoxic stimulation and cerebral ischemia

The N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) type of glutamate receptor (NMDAR) plays central roles in normal and pathological neuronal functioning. We have examined the regulation of the NR1 subunit of the NMDAR in response to excessive activation of this receptor in in vitro and in vivo models of excitotoxicity. NR1 protein expression in cultured cortical neurons was specifically reduced by stimulation with 100 microM NMDA or glutamate. NMDA decreased NR1 protein amounts by 71% after 8 h. Low NMDA concentrations (< or = 10 microM) had no effect. NR1 down-regulation was inhibited by the general NMDAR antagonist DL-AP5 and also by ifenprodil, which specifically antagonizes NMDARs containing NR2B subunits. Arrest of NMDAR signaling with DL-AP5 after brief exposure to NMDA did not prevent subsequent NR1 decrease. Down-regulation of NR1 did not involve calpain cleavage but resulted from a decrease in de novo synthesis consequence of reduced mRNA amounts. In contrast, NMDA did not alter the expression of NR2A mRNA or newly synthesized protein. In neurons transiently transfected with an NR1 promoter/luciferase reporter construct, promoter activity was reduced by 68% after 2 h of stimulation with NMDA, and its inhibition required extracellular calcium. A similar mechanism of autoregulation of the receptor probably operates during cerebral ischemia, because NR1 mRNA and protein were strongly decreased at early stages of blood reperfusion in the infarcted brains of rats subjected to occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. Because NR1 is the obligatory subunit of NMDARs, this regulatory mechanism will be fundamental to NMDAR functioning.     

Expression of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor and its effect on nitric oxide production of rat alveolar macrophages

We early show that glutamate (Glu) mediate hyperoxia-induced newborn rat lung injury through N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR). In this study, we search for evidence of NMDAR expression on newborn rat alveolar macrophages (AMs) and the difference between newborn and adult rat AMs, and the possible effect on nitric oxide (NO) production of AMs by exogenous NMDA. The protein of NMDAR was showed by immunocytochemistry, and the mRNA was examined by RT-PCR and real-time PCR. The results show that: (i) both newborn and adult rat AMs express NMDAR1 and the four NMDAR2 subtypes and newborn rat AMs are higher expression. (ii) NMDA administration increase NO production, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activity and iNOS mRNA expression of AMs. (iii) NMDAR activation elevates NO secretion of AMs, which suggests that AM may be one of the key cellular origin of the elevated NO secretion in hyperoxia-induced lung injury.     

Neuroprotective Role of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bacopa monnieri</Emphasis> Extract in Epilepsy and Effect of Glucose Supplementation During Hypoxia: Glutamate Receptor Gene Expression

The experiments were designed to study the glutamate gene expression during epilepsy in adult and hypoxic insult to brain during the neonatal period and the therapeutic role of neuroprotective supplements. We investigated the role of metabotropic glutamate-8 receptor (mGluR8) gene expression in cerebellum during epilepsy and neuroprotective role of Bacopa monnieri extract in epilepsy. We also studied the effect of NMDA receptor 1 (NMDAR1) gene expression during neonatal hypoxia and therapeutic role of glucose, oxygen and epinephrine supplementation. During epilepsy a significant down-regulation (P < 0.01) of mGluR8 gene expression was observed which was up-regulated (P < 0.05) near control level after B. monnieri treatment which is supported by Morris water maze experiment. In hypoxic neonates we observed up-regulation (P < 0.001) of the NMDAR1 gene expression whereas glucose and glucose + oxygen was able to significantly reverse (P < 0.001) the gene expression to near control level when compared to hypoxia and epinephrine treatment which was supported by open field test. Our results showed that B. monnieri treatment to epileptic rats significantly brought the reversal of the down-regulated mgluR8 gene expression toward control level. In neonatal rats, hypoxia induced expressional and functional changes in the NMDAR1 receptors of neuronal cells which is corrected by supplementation of glucose alone or glucose followed by oxygen during the resuscitation to prevent the glutamate related neuronal damage. Thus, the results suggest the clinical significance of corrective measures for epileptic and hypoxic management.     

Regulation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit expression in the fetal guinea pig brain

N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are critical for neuronal maturation and synaptic formation as well as for the onset of long-term potentiation, a process critical to learning and memory in postnatal life. In the current study, we demonstrated that NMDAR subunits undergo spatial, temporal, and sex-specific regulation. During development, we observed increasing NR1 and NR2A expression at the same time as levels of NR2B subunits decreased in the hippocampus and cortex in the fetal guinea pig. We have also shown that glucocorticoids can modulate fetal NMDAR subunit expression in a sex-specific fashion. This is clinically important because synthetic glucocorticoids are administered to pregnant women at risk of preterm labor. Repeated exposure to exogenous glucocorticoids caused a dose-dependent decrease in NR1 mRNA levels and increased NR2A mRNA expression in the female hippocampus at Gestational Day 62. There are significant changes in NMDAR subunit expression in late gestation. It is possible that these alter NMDA-dependent signaling at this time. Prenatal exposure to exogenous glucocorticoids modifies the trajectory of NMDAR subunit expression in females but not in males.     

雌、孕激素在癫痫发病中的作用及其机制研究

临床资料显示 ,某些女性癫痫患者体内雌、孕激素的周期性变化可能影响癫痫发作的易感性。为了探索雌、孕激素在癫痫发病中的作用 ,阐明其作用机制 ,本工作分别以马桑内酯(CL)侧脑室注射致痫、贝美格 (Be)腹腔注射致痫大鼠为实验对象 ,采用神经电生理、流式细胞免疫荧光、高效液相色谱、免疫细胞化学、原位杂交技术 ,从整体、行为、细胞、分子以及基因水平研究了雌、孕激素对大鼠中枢神经系统 (CNS)功能的影响。研究结果表明 ,卵巢甾体激素属于神经甾体激素 ,其作为新的神经调质对CNS具有广泛的影响 ,它们分别通过调节即刻早期基因、氨基酸类神经递质及神经递质受体而多环节影响CNS的兴奋性。     

Amphetamine-evoked c-fos mRNA expression in the caudate-putamen: the effects of DA and NMDA receptor antagonists vary as a function of neuronal phenotype and environmental context

Dopamine (DA) and glutamate neurotransmission is thought to be critical for psychostimulant drugs to induce immediate early genes (IEGs) in the caudate-putamen (CPu). We report here, however, that the ability of DA and glutamate NMDA receptor antagonists to attenuate amphetamine-evoked c-fos mRNA expression in the CPu depends on environmental context. When given in the home cage, amphetamine induced c-fos mRNA expression predominately in preprodynorphin and preprotachykinin mRNA-containing neurons (Dyn-SP+ cells) in the CPu. In this condition, all of the D1R, D2R and NMDAR antagonists tested dose-dependently decreased c-fos expression in Dyn-SP+ cells. When given in a novel environment, amphetamine induced c-fos mRNA in both Dyn-SP+ and preproenkephalin mRNA-containing neurons (Enk+ cells). In this condition, D1R and non-selective NMDAR antagonists dose-dependently decreased c-fos expression in Dyn-SP+ cells, but neither D2R nor NR2B-selective NMDAR antagonists had no effect. Furthermore, amphetamine-evoked c-fos expression in Enk+ cells was most sensitive to DAR and NMDAR antagonism; the lowest dose of every antagonist tested significantly decreased c-fos expression only in these cells. Finally, novelty-stress also induced c-fos expression in both Dyn-SP+ and Enk+ cells, and this was relatively resistant to all but D1R antagonists. We suggest that the mechanism(s) by which amphetamine evokes c-fos expression in the CPu varies depending on the stimulus (amphetamine vs. stress), the striatal cell population engaged (Dyn-SP+ vs. Enk+ cells), and environmental context (home vs. novel cage).