大鼠下丘脑内一氧化氮合酶阳性神经元的分布

用ＮＡＤＰＨ－ｄ组织化学方法观察了大白鼠下丘脑内一氧化氮合酶（ＮＤＳ）阳性神经元的分布及形态特征。结果显示：在视上核、室旁核的大细胞部、环状核、穹窿周核、下丘脑外侧区、下丘脑腹内侧核、下丘脑背内侧核、乳头体区大部分核团均可见一氧化氮合酶阳性神经元聚集成团。在视前内侧区、视前外侧区、下丘脑前区、下丘脑背侧区、下丘脑后区、室周核、室旁核小细胞部及穹窿内可见散在的一氧化氮合酶阳性神经元。室周核内可见呈阳性反应的接触脑脊液神经元的胞体及突起。一氧化氮合酶阳性神经元大多可见突起,有的突起上可见１～２级分支,并可见膨体。下丘脑大部分区域内可见阳性神经纤维。弓状核内可见许多弧形纤维连于第三脑室室管膜和正中隆起。     

中枢注射抗Orexin抗体对禁食大鼠摄食的抑制作用

目的:探讨中枢注射抗Orexin抗体对禁食大鼠摄食的抑制作用。方法:采用免疫组织化学法和蛋白质免疫印迹分析法,对Orexin抗体的特异性进行了检测,分析Orexin阳性神经元和阳性神经纤维在大脑中的分布。给予24 h禁食大鼠中枢注射抗Orexin抗体,计算其对大鼠食物摄入量的影响。结果:蛋白质免疫印迹分析显示,Orexin抗体能够检测到合成的Orexin-A。免疫组织化学分析显示,Orexin阳性神经元存在于外侧下丘脑区域和穹窿周核,Orexin阳性神经纤维大量投射至弓状核、下丘脑室周核和下丘脑室旁核、菱形丘脑核、丘脑室旁核、缰内侧核和纹质丘脑、中脑的中央灰质区、蓝斑核和中缝核、脑桥和髓质的网状结构、对疑核和迷走神经复合体。与注射羊血清相比,给予45μg/10μL抗Orexin抗体侧脑室注射则抑制了大鼠的食物摄入量(P0.05)。高剂量抗Orexin抗体能显著地抑制大鼠摄食,并且呈剂量依赖关系(P0.05)。结论:中枢注射抗Orexin抗体对禁食大鼠摄食具有抑制作用,并呈剂量依赖关系。     

青紫蓝兔体内Ghrelin的免疫组化定位

采用免疫组织化学方法研究了Ghrelin在青紫蓝兔(Oryctolagus cuniculus)体内的分布定位。结果显示,Ghrelin免疫阳性细胞分布于下丘脑、大脑皮质、延髓、脊髓、胃、小肠和大肠。下丘脑内的阳性神经元胞体主要分布于弓状核、室旁核、腹内侧核、背内侧核和下丘脑外侧区。胃肠道内的Ghrelin免疫阳性细胞存在两种类型,即"闭合型"细胞和"开放型"细胞。实验结果表明,兔体内Ghrelin的分布与人和其他动物的分布基本相似,但也存在一些差异。     

树脑β－内啡肽能神经元胞体和纤维分布的研究

本文用免疫组织化学方法和免疫电镜方法对１４只树脑β－内啡肽能神经元胞体和纤维的分布及其在细胞器的定位进行了研究。结果表明，本文首次报道在Ｂｒｏｃａ斜角带观察到β－内啡肽免疫反应阳性神经元胞体，电镜观察到β－内啡肽免疫反应物质定位于大颗粒囊泡内的小颗粒上和粗面内质网上。下丘脑弓状核及其附近区域观察到β－内啡肽免疫反应阳性神经元胞体。在室周区、室旁核、第３脑室室管膜下层及室管膜上皮细胞间、内侧基底下丘脑及其外侧区、正中隆起内带和外带部可见到β－内啡肽免疫反应阳性纤维和串珠状的膨体。对β－内啡肽的释放途径及其调节因素作了探讨。     

磷酸化的p44/42MAPK在成年猫端脑和间脑内的分布

为研究丝裂原激活的蛋白激酶（p44/42mitogen-activated protein kinase,缩写为p44/42MAPK)在正常动物脑内的功能,用免疫组织化学方法对正常家猫端脑和间脑内,磷酸化p44/42MAPK的分布进行了研究,结果表明在正常猫端脑和间脑内,磷酸化p44/42MAPK的存在范围比较广泛,嗅球,岛叶,梨状皮质,外侧隔区,海马锥体细胞层,下丘脑腹内侧核及弓状核内均有较多的阳性神经元,杏仁核存在中等量的阳性神经元,另外,新皮质Ⅱ层,内侧隔区,齿状回,纹状体,后脑室旁核和外侧缰核,下丘脑室旁核有散在分布的阳性神经元,外侧膝状体和丘脑腹后核有许多胶质细胞呈免疫阳性染色。咱束内有浓密的阳性纤维。本研究结果表明p44/42MAPK存在于与嗅觉,情绪,内分泌和记忆活动等功能有关的脑区和核团,提示其参与这些功能过程,本文还提示p44/42MAPK既与神经细胞,也与神经胶质细胞的信号转导有关。     

降钙素基因相关肽、P物质、甘丙肽和γ-氨基丁酸免疫阳性细胞在大鼠结合臂旁核的分布

应用免疫细胞化学ABC技术观察了降钙素基因相关肽,P物质、甘丙肽和γ-氨基丁酸免疫阳性胞体在大鼠结合臂旁核中的分布。降钙索基因相关肽阳性神经元分布于臂旁内侧核的腹侧部及外内侧亚核、臂旁外侧核的外外侧亚核、极外侧亚核,背外侧亚核及上外侧亚核,也分布于KllikerFuse核。P物质阳性胞体分布于臂旁内侧核内侧部和外内侧亚核、臂部外侧核的外外侧亚核及极外侧亚核,在腹外侧亚核中亦见个别细胞分布。甘丙肽阳性细胞的分布较为广泛,分布于臂旁外侧核和臂旁内侧核所有的亚核及Klliker-Fuse核中,γ-氨基丁酸阳性神经元在中尾部臂旁核中分布于臂旁外侧核背内侧部包括背外侧亚核、腹外侧亚核、内外侧亚核及结合臂背侧部;在嘴部和中嘴部臂旁核,GABA阳性胞体除位于臂旁外侧核背内侧部的背外侧亚核、腹外侧亚核、中央外侧亚核、上外侧亚核及内外侧亚核外,也出现于腹外侧部的外外侧亚核、臂旁内侧核内侧部及Klliker-Fuse核。     

大鼠下丘脑视前区神经元内雌激素受体α的表达--免疫组织化学研究

了解雌激素受体α(estrogen receptor alpha, ERα)在大鼠脑的分布及大鼠下丘脑视前区雌激素受体样阳性神经元的生后发育规律.用免疫组织化学反应方法结合图像分析仪检测雌性大鼠下丘脑视前区雌激素受体样阳性神经元的数量和灰度值.ERα分布于Calleja岛、梨形核、外侧隔核、基底前脑胆碱能神经元各群、终纹床核、下丘脑内侧视前区、室周核、腹内侧核、弓状核和结节乳头核、再连合和前内侧丘脑核、杏仁核复合体、梨形皮质和穹窿下器官.相比之下,皮质和海马内仅见几个分散的 ERα样阳性神经元.而纹状体内未见ERα样阳性神经元.ERα免疫反应产物主要位于细胞核内,蓝黑色.在成年雌性大鼠下丘脑内侧视前区(medial preoptic area, MPA)神经元的胞浆和突起内可见较弱的ERα免疫反应产物.在MPA内,生后1天可见ERα表达,随着大鼠的生后发育,成年时达到高峰.与成年大鼠比较,老年雌性大鼠雌激素受体样阳性神经元数量减少10.05%,P＞0.05,差异无显著性;平均灰度减少41.57%,P＜0.05,差异有显著性.老年雌性大鼠下丘脑MPA内ERα表达下调,可能与卵巢功能减退而导致情感、记忆变化有关.     

1例雄性朱鹮脑内脑啡肽的免疫组织化学分布

用免疫组织化学方法研究脑啡肽(ENK)在极危物种朱(Nipponia nippon)脑内的分布,结合计算机图像分析仪检测免疫阳性细胞和末梢的灰度值。ENK阳性细胞、纤维和终末分布如下:发声核团有原纹状体中间区腹部、丘脑背内侧核外侧部、中脑丘间核、中脑背内侧核、延髓舌下神经核。听觉中枢有丘脑卵圆核壳区、中脑背外侧核壳区、脑桥外侧丘系腹核、上橄榄核、耳蜗核等。内分泌核团有视前区前核、旧纹状体增加部、下丘脑外侧核、下丘脑腹内侧核等。结果表明,朱脑内ENK可能对发声、听觉和下丘脑内分泌的生理活动有一定的调制作用。     

树Qu脑β—内啡肽能神经元胞体和纤维分布的研究

本文用免疫组织化学方法和免疫电镜方法对１４只树Ｑｕβ－内啡肽能神经元胞体和纤维的分布及其在细胞器的定位进行了研究。结果表明,本文首次报道在Ｂｒｏｃａ斜角带观察到β－内啡肽免疫反应阳性神经元胞体,电镜观察到β－内啡肽免疫反应物质定位于大颗粒囊泡内的小颗粒上和粗面内质网上。下丘脑弓状核及其附近区域观察到β－内啡肽免疫反应阳性神经元胞体。在室周区、室旁核、第３脑室室管膜下层及室管膜上皮细胞间、内侧基底下     

氨甲酰胆碱引起的促钠排泄与下丘脑TH—IR神经元活性的变化

目的：我们最近的实验发现大鼠侧脑室注射氨甲酰胆碱引起显著的促钠排泄作用,本工作同时还观察了下丘脑内不同脑区的儿茶酚胺能神经元活性的变化。方法和结果：氨甲酰胆碱注射后４０ｍｉｎ,下丘脑室旁核的腹侧和内侧小细胞部、内侧视前区、尾核、苍白球的酪氨酸羟化酶免疫反应（ｔｈｙｒｏｓｉｎｅｈｙｄｒｏｘｙｌａｓｅｉｍｍｕｎｏｒｅａｃｔｉｖｉｔｙ,ＴＨＩＲ）阳性细胞数减少,免疫反应染色强度降低;下丘脑室旁核的后部,下丘脑前区的后部、下丘脑室周核、弓状核、下丘脑外侧区的ＴＨＩＲ阳性细胞数增多,免疫反应染色强度增强。结论：侧脑室注射氨甲酰胆碱对脑内不同脑区的内源性儿茶酚胺能神经元分别有兴奋或抑制作用,其与促钠排泄的关系将在本文中讨论     

The effect of porcine Orexin A on insulin plasma concentrations in pigs

Orexin A is a member of a wider family of orexigenic neuropeptides that have been recently discovered. They are produced by a small group of neurons located in the area of the brain, round the nucleus of the fornix (posterior hypothalamus), in the paraventricular nucleus, the dorsomedial nucleus, the ventromedial hypothalamus, as well as in the lateral hypothalamic region; these are sites that are known to be involved in regulating feeding in mammals. Orexin A is a neuropeptide, which is involved in appetite regulation and energy homeostasis. An intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of Orexin A in the brain of rats causes an impressive increase in food consumption. In addition, a subcutaneous or intravenous (IV) injection of Orexin A produces changes on insulin plasma concentrations in rats. Recent research suggests that Orexin A is also involved in regulating many other physiological functions. In this study, we examined the potential effects of the central administration of porcine Orexin A on insulin plasma concentrations in pigs, and whether these changes are connected with the possible effect of the neuropeptide on the enteroinsular axis.     

Neuropeptide FF2 receptor distribution in the human brain. An immunohistochemical study

Human neuropeptide FF2 (hFF2) receptor has been postulated to mediate central autonomic regulation by virtue of its ability to bind with high affinity to many amidated neuropeptides. In the present immunohistochemical study, we identified hFF2 positive neurons in the forebrain and medulla oblongata of individuals, who died suddenly of mechanical trauma or hypothermia. Morphologically, these neurons demonstrated features identified with both projection neurons and interneurons. In the forebrain, the highest density of hFF2 expressing neurons was observed in the anterior amygdaloid area and dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus, especially in its caudal part. A lesser density of hFF2 neurons was identified in the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, lateral and posterior hypothalamic areas whereas few cells were visualized in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, perifornical nucleus, horizontal limb of the diagonal band, ventral division of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, nucleus basalis of Meynert and ventral tegmental area. In the medulla, significant numbers of hFF2 neurons were observed in the dorsal motor nucleus of vagus and to a lesser extent in the area of catecholaminergic cell groups, A1/C1. These data provide first immunohistochemical evidence of hFF2 localization in the human brain, which is consistent with that reported for tissue distribution of FF2 mRNA and FF2 binding sites within the brain of a variety of mammalian species. The distribution of hFF2 may help in identifying the role of amidated neuropeptides in the human brain within the context of central autonomic and neuroendocrine regulation.     

下丘脑食欲素在药物成瘾中的作用

下丘脑是调控自然奖赏的重要脑区,它能特异性地表达一种神经肽——食欲素(orexin),这种神经肽在药物奖赏中的作用受到广泛关注。在成瘾研究中,发现不同脑区中的食欲素神经元对奖赏和动机行为的调节作用是不相同的:围穹窿区(PFA)和背内侧下丘脑区(DMH)的食欲素神经元主要参与激活应激系统,而外侧下丘脑(LH)的食欲素神经元主要通过激活与奖赏学习相关的大脑环路参与奖赏行为的调控。提示食欲素系统可在延长戒断防止复吸发生中成为新的研究目标,食欲素受体可以作为治疗药物成瘾的一种新的治疗靶标。     

Diminished feeding responsiveness to orexin A (hypocretin 1) in aged rats is accompanied by decreased neuronal activation

Orexin A is produced in caudal lateral, posterior, perifornical, and dorsomedial hypothalamic areas. Orexin A in the rostro-dorsal lateral hypothalamic area (rLHa) stimulates feeding and activates several feeding-regulatory brain areas. We hypothesized that aging diminishes feeding and c-Fos-immunoreactivity (c-Fos-ir; marker of neuronal activation) response to orexin A. Young (3 mo), middle-aged (12 mo), and old (24 mo) male Fischer 344 rLHa-cannulated rats were injected with orexin A (0.5, 1, and 2 nmol). Food intake was measured at 1, 2, and 4 h. c-Fos-ir in hypothalamic, limbic, and hindbrain regions was measured in two additional sets of rLHa-orexin A injected rats. In a separate study, orexin A effects on feeding and c-Fos-ir were measured in 6-mo-old rats. Orexin A significantly elevated feeding in rats aged 3, 6, and 12 mo in the 0-1 and 1-2- h time intervals, whereas in old rats this was significant in the 1-2 h time interval only. At 1 h, 6-8 (of 14) brain areas showed elevated c-Fos-ir in response to orexin A in 3- and 6-mo-old rats, but 24-mo-old rats exhibited attenuated or absent c-Fos-ir response in all brain regions except the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and rostral nucleus of the solitary tract (rNTS). Orexin A did not elevate c-Fos-ir in 3-mo-old rats at 2 h after injection, whereas the PVN and mediodorsal thalamic nucleus (MD) showed elevated c-Fos-ir at 2 h in 24-mo-old rats. These data suggest that delayed and diminished feeding responses in old animals may be due to ineffective neural signaling and implicate the orexin A network as one feeding system affected by aging.     

Coexistence of substance P and neurotensin-like peptides in single neurons of the rat hypothalamus

The coexistence of substance P with neurotensin-like immunoreactivity in certain neurons of the hypothalamus were demonstrated by the double immunofluorescence method. Substance P and neurotensin-like immunoreactivity coexisted within single neurons of some hypothalamic areas such as the medial preoptic area, perifornical area, anterior hypothalamic area, lateral hypothalamic area, periventricular nucleus and posterior hypothalamic nucleus, although they did not coexist in the majority of immunoreactive cells.     

Neuronal inputs from the hypothalamus and brain stem to the medial preoptic area of the ram: neurochemical correlates and comparison to the ewe

The retrograde tracer, FluoroGold, was used to trace the neuronal inputs from the septum, hypothalamus, and brain stem to the region of the GnRH neurons in the rostral preoptic area of the ram and to compare these imputs with those in the ewe. Sex differences were found in the number of retrogradely labeled cells in the dorsomedial and ventromedial nuclei. Retrogradely labeled cells were also observed in the lateral septum, preoptic area, organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, stria terminalis, subfornical organ, periventricular nucleus, anterior hypothalamic area, lateral hypothalamus, arcuate nucleus, and posterior hypothalamus. These sex differences may partially explain sex differences in how GnRH secretion is regulated. Fluorescence immunohistochemistry was used to determine the neurochemical identity of some of these cells in the ram. Very few tyrosine hydroxylase-containing neurons in the A14 group (<1%), ACTH-containing neurons (<1%), and neuropeptide Y-containing neurons (1-5%) in the arcuate nucleus contained FluoroGold. The ventrolateral medulla and parabrachial nucleus contained the main populations of FluoroGold-containing neurons in the brain stem. Retrogradely labeled neurons were also observed in the nucleus of the solitary tract, dorsal raphe nucleus, and periaqueductal gray matter. Virtually all FluoroGold-containing cells in the ventrolateral medulla and about half of these cells in the nucleus of the solitary tract also stained for dopamine beta-hydroxylase. No other retrogradely labeled cells in the brain stem were noradrenergic. Although dopamine, beta-endorphin, and neuropeptide Y have been implicated in the regulation of GnRH secretion in males, it is unlikely that these neurotransmitters regulate GnRH secretion via direct inputs to GnRH neurons.     

Galanin-like immunoreactivity in the chicken brain

The anatomical distribution of neurons containing galanin has been studied in the central nervous system of the chicken by means of immunocytochemistry using antisera against rat galanin. Major populations of immunostained perikarya were detected in several brain areas. The majority of galanin-immunoreactive cell bodies was present in the hypothalamus and in the caudal brainstem. Extensive groups of labeled perikarya were found in the paraventricular, periventricular, dorsomedial and tuberal hypothalamic nuclei, and in the nucleus of the solitary tract in the medulla oblongata. In the telencephalon, immunoreactive perikarya were observed in the preoptic area, in the lateral septal nucleus and in the hippocampus. The mesencephalon contained only a few galanin-positive perikarya located in the interpeduncular nucleus. Immunoreactive nerve fibers of varying density were detected in all subdivisions of the brain. Dense accumulations of galanin-positive fibers were seen in the preoptic area, periventricular region of the diencephalon, the ventral hypothalamus, the median eminence, the central gray of the brainstem, and the dorsomedial caudal medulla. The distributional pattern of galanin-immunoreactive neurons suggests a possible involvement of a galanin-like peptide in several neuroregulatory mechanisms.     

Immunohistochemical mapping of galanin-like neurons in the rat central nervous system

Using an antiserum generated in rabbits against synthetic galanin (GA) and the indirect immunofluorescence method, the distribution of GA-like immunoreactive cell bodies and nerve fibers was studied in the rat central nervous system (CNS) and a detailed stereotaxic atlas of GA-like neurons was prepared. GA-like immunoreactivity was widely distributed in the rat CNS. Appreciable numbers of GA-positive cell bodies were observed in the rostral cingulate and medial prefrontal cortex, the nucleus interstitialis striae terminalis, the caudate, medial preoptic, preoptic periventricular, and preoptic suprachiasmatic nuclei, the medial forebrain bundle, the supraoptic, the hypothalamic periventricular, the paraventricular, the arcuate, dorsomedial, perifornical, thalamic periventricular, anterior dorsal and lateral thalamic nuclei, medial and central amygdaloid nuclei, dorsal and ventral premamillary nuclei, at the base of the hypothalamus, in the central gray matter, the hippocampus, the dorsal and caudoventral raphe nuclei, the interpeduncular nucleus, the locus coeruleus, ventral parabrachial, solitarii and commissuralis nuclei, in the A1, C1 and A4 catechaolamine areas, the posterior area postrema and the trigeminal and dorsal root ganglia. Fibers were generally seen where cell bodies were observed. Very dense fiber bundles were noted in the septohypothalamic tract, the preoptic area, in the hypothalamus, the habenula and the thalamic periventricular nucleus, in the ventral hippocampus, parts of the reticular formation, in the locus coeruleus, the dorsal parabrachial area, the nucleus and tract of the spinal trigeminal area and the substantia gelatinosa, the superficial layers of the spinal cord and the posterior lobe of the pituitary. The localization of the GA-like immunoreactivity in the locus coeruleus suggests a partial coexistence with catecholaminergic neurons as well as a possible involvement of the GA-like peptide in a neuroregulatory role.     

Hypothalamic galanin is up-regulated during hyperphagia and increased body weight gain induced by disruption of signaling in the ventromedial nucleus

Disruption of signaling in the ventromedial nucleus (VMN) by colchicine (COL) produces transient (4 days) hyperphagia and weight gain. Microinjection of galanin into various hypothalamic sites stimulates feeding, so we tested the hypothesis that galanin is up-regulated in COL-treated rats by analyzing galanin concentrations in micropunched hypothalamic sites. Galanin was increased in the paraventricular nucleus on Days 1 through 4 after COL-injection. Galanin was also elevated in three other hypothalamic sites, the dorsomedial nucleus, lateral hypothalamic area, and perifornical hypothalamus, on Days 2-4 and in the lateral preoptic area, on Day 1 only. In the median eminence-arcuate nucleus and amygdala an initial decrease on Day 1 was followed by a then progressive increase through Day 4. These increases occurred despite marked elevations in blood insulin and leptin, hormones known to suppress hypothalamic galanin. When COL- or saline-treated rats were injected intracerebroventricularly with galanin, it stimulated feeding further in the hyperphagic COL-treated rats, but the relative response over basal consumption was similar in both COL-treated and control rats. These results in VMN disrupted rats suggest that neurochemical rearrangements, including increased availability of galanin, may contribute to the hyperphagia and increased weight gain; additionally, it seems that neurons in the VMN normally exert a restraint on galanin signaling.