化学诱发大鼠肝癌的亚细胞组分中两类丝氨酸蛋白激酶的动态变化

用二乙基亚硝胺大鼠肝癌,隔周测定肝脏胞液、膜性和胞核中的蛋白激酸Ａ和蛋白激酶的活力,发现胞液ＰＫＡ在诱癌过程中活力改变不大,胞淮ＰＫＣ则逐步增高,在第１３周和２０周形成两个活力高峰。膜性ＰＫＡ和ＰＫＣ都呈双相变化,即在癌前期（１０－１４周）增加,癌形成期（１７－２０周）反而降至正常以下,胞核ＰＫＡ和ＰＫＣ也都在癌前期升至高峰,而癌形成期则低于癌前期,但仍高于正常或接近正常,因只有膜性ＰＫＣ在大鼠老     

视黄酸对人肝癌细胞蛋白激酶的影响

 视黄酸(RA)处理SMMC-7721人肝癌细胞株72小时后,胞浆、膜性组分的蛋白激酶C(PK-C)的活力及比活力均下降,活力分别下降44.9％和48.8％,比活力下降42.7％和35.0％。然而,胞浆与膜性组分的活力,比活力比值在RA处理前后并无十分明显的变化,这提示在RA作用过程中,未发生PK-C的膜-浆转位。蛋白激酶A(PK-A)的变化则相反,RA处理72小时,活力、比活力上升了295％,258％。PK-A/PK-C的活力比值则从0.342增加到1.849,比活力比值从0.210增加到0.897。因PKC和PKA分别和细胞的去分化性增殖和分化有关,故上述结果和我们已报道的RA可抑制SMMC-7721细胞株的增殖和促进其分化相一致。     

不饱和脂肪酸在牛、大鼠脑亚细胞组分中分布的比较

采用密度梯度离心等方法,从牛和大鼠脑组织中分别分离得到髓磷脂（A）、突触囊（B）、轻突触体（C）、重突触体（D）、线粒体（E）和微粒体（F）六个亚细胞组分。通过气相色谱－质谱联用手段和内标法测定了不饱和脂肪酸在各个亚细胞组分中的含量,结果表明牛和大鼠脑不饱和脂肪酸的亚细胞分布存在明显的差异。这种差异可能与动物种属、动物生活习惯等因素有关。     

过表达蛋白激酶CβI亚类NRK细胞模型的建立和初步分析

本实验通过逆转录病毒载体pMV7将大鼠蛋白激酶c(Protein Kinase C,PKC)βⅠ亚类cDNA全长片段导入NRK细胞中,建立了一个过表达PKC-βⅠ亚类的NRK细胞模型,并对此细胞模型在佛波脂TPA进一步诱导激活PKC状态下的生长情况及与c-jun基因表达的相关性进行了初步观察。     

维甲酸对亚硝胺诱发大鼠肝癌的阻断作用

二乙基亚硝胺（ＤＥＮ）诱发大鼠肝癌过程中,可使肝中增殖指标γ－谷氨酰转肽酶（γ－ＧＴ）,谷胱甘肽Ｓ－转移酶（ＧＳＴ）,胞液和膜性酪氨酸蛋白激酶（ｃ－ＴＰＫ,ｍ－ＴＰＫ）有不同程度的逐步升高,直至１６周（除ｃ－ＴＰＫ在第１２周活力最高外）,而分化指标精氨酸酶（ＡＧＮ）则明显降低,如在诱癌开始的同时给予全反式维甲酸（ＲＡ）连续１６周则可延缓γ－ＧＴ、ＧＳＴ和两种ＴＰＫ的升高和ＡＧＮ的降低,这种作用并非ＲＡ本身对酶活力的影响,而是ＲＡ阻断肝癌发展的结果。     

大鼠血,肝匀浆及亚细胞组分生化参数值的报告

本文报道正常成年大鼠血、肝匀浆及亚细胞组分的部分生化参数值,包括血液中谷胱甘肽过氧化物活性,红细胞超微化歧化酶活性,血清铜兰蛋白及丙二醛含量;     

眼镜蛇毒及其组分C对大鼠实验性肝癌抗癌作用的病理学研究

目的 观察眼镜蛇毒及其组分Ｃ抗小鼠肝癌的病理学改变。方法 采用不同剂量眼镜蛇毒及其抗癌活性组分Ｃ与ＢＡＬＡ／ｃ小鼠腹水型肝癌细胞体外孵育,空白对照组用生理盐水与肝癌细胞孵育,然后取孵育液接种于小鼠前肢腋下,接种后第１０ｄ坏死,解剖取出瘤结,进行病理组织学研究。     

蛋白激酶Cα对人正常肝和肝癌细胞中Ha-ras基因表达的影响

运用基因转染技术,将蛋白激酶C(PKCα)cDNA正向插入的真核表达重组质粒pXJ41-PKCα,导入人正常肝细胞（L-02）,经蛋白质免疫印迹等检验,表明成功构建了稳定过表达PKCα的人正常肝细胞模型（LT3）,用LT3和表达反义PKCα的人肝癌细胞HT6为细胞模型,通过RT-PCR,蛋白质印迹(Western blot)等分析和进一步运用自行构建的真核表达质粒prasGL3,进行荧光素酶活性检测表明：过表达PKCα可以促进L-02细胞的增殖速率,并引起Ha-ras基因转录水平上升和Ha-ras启动子活性升高;反之,表达反义PKCα的BEL-7402细胞增殖被抑制,Ha-ras基因转录水平下降,Ha-ras启动子活性降低.通过实验我们首次观察到,PKCα亚类对Ha-ras癌基因表达的影响与其对Ha-ras启动子活性的作用有关,PKCα可能参与了对Ha-ras基因表达的调控.     

Dinucleotide Receptor Modulation by Protein Kinases (Protein Kinases A and C) and Protein Phosphatases in Rat Brain Synaptic Terminals

Abstract: The diadenosine polyphosphates, diadenosine tetraphosphate and diadenosine pentaphosphate (Ap₅A), can activate an ionotropic dinucleotide receptor that induces Ca²⁺ transients into synaptosomes prepared from rat brain. This receptor, also termed the P₄ purinoceptor, is sensitive only to adenine dinucleotides and is insensitive to ATP. Studies on the modulatory role of protein kinase A (PKA), protein kinase C (PKC), and protein phosphatases on the response of diadenosine polyphosphate receptors were performed by measuring the changes in the intracellular Ca²⁺ levels with fura-2. Activation and inhibition of PKA were carried out by means of forskolin and the PKA inhibitory peptide (PKA-IP), respectively. The Ap₅A response was inhibited by forksolin to 35% of control values, but PKA-IP induced an increase of 37%. The effect of PKC activation was similar to that observed for PKA. PKC stimulation with phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate produced an inhibition of 67%, whereas the PKC inhibitors staurosporine and PKC inhibitory peptide enhanced the responses elicited by Ap₅A to 40% in both cases. Protein phosphatase inhibitors diminished the responses elicited by Ap₅A to 17% in the case of okadaic acid, to 50% for microcystin, and to 45% in the case of cyclosporin A. Thus, the activity of dinucleotide receptors in rat brain synaptosomes appears to be modulated by phosphorylation/dephosphorylation. These processes could be of physiological significance in the control of transmitter release from neurons that are postsynaptic to nerves that release diadenosine polyphosphates.     

Hypothermia Prevents the Ischemia-Induced Translocation and Inhibition of Protein Kinase C in the Rat Striatum

The effect of hypothermia on the ischemia-induced changes in the subcellular distribution of protein kinase C (PKC) (gamma), -(beta II), and -(alpha) and the activity of PKC was studied in striatal homogenates of rats subjected to 20 min of cerebral ischemia. The effect of postischemic cooling was also studied. During normothermic ischemia, PKC(gamma) and -(beta II) increased 3.9- and 2.9-fold, respectively, in the particulate fraction, signifying a translocation of PKC to cell membranes. The levels of PKC(alpha) did not change significantly. PKC activity decreased during ischemia by 52% and 47% (p less than 0.05) in the particulate and cytosolic fractions, respectively, and remained inhibited for the 1 h recovery period. In hypothermic animals, there was no evidence of translocation, and the inhibition of PKC activity was completely abolished. Hypothermia induced in the recovery phase, however, did not affect PKC distribution or activity. The protective effect of intraischemic hypothermia may in part be due to the prevention of the ischemia-induced translocation and subsequent downregulation of PKC, possibly through a temperature-dependent modification of the cell membranes.     

Identification of Two Distinct Populations of Protein Kinase C in Rat Brain Membranes

The regulatory enzyme protein kinase C (PKC) is proposed to be activated on its translocation from the cytosol to the membrane. However, a portion of the native activity is always associated with the membrane fraction. Using a noninvasive procedure to extract this endogenous activity from rat brain membranes, it has been possible to characterize the activity in a partially purified reconstituted system bearing resemblance to the in vivo system. Two subpopulations of membrane-associated PKC were identified and characterized at the level of activation, inhibition, and isozyme immunologic characteristics and chromatographic properties. One peak had properties similar to those of cytosolic PKC, whereas the second population, extracted as protein-lipid complexes, had considerable constitutive activity that could be stimulated further on addition of PKC activators. This latter activity was relatively resistant to staurosporine inhibition and phorbol ester treatment, but it phosphorylated the exogenous PKC substrates, histone 1 and the epidermal growth factor receptor peptide KTRLRR. The constitutive activity was totally dependent on its endogenous associated lipids coextracted by the solubilization procedure. The ratio between these two populations was ontogenetically regulated and modulated by phorbol ester treatment, suggesting that different PKC populations may serve unique functions in the rat brain regulated by the lipid environment. Analyses of the phospholipids extracted in these protein-lipid complexes showed differences in the major classes correlating to age. However, apart from a markedly lower cholesterol content in these complexes, no direct relationship between a specific lipid composition and the amount of constitutive PKC activity was evident.     

Neurite Outgrowth Stimulated by the Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Herbimycin A Requires Activation of Tyrosine Kinases and Protein Kinase C

Abstract: Activation of tyrosine kinases is established as an important mechanism for controlling growth cone motility and neurite outgrowth. We have tested the effects of a range of tyrosine kinase inhibitors on neurite outgrowth from postnatal day 4 cerebellar granule cells cultured over confluent monolayers of 3T3 fibroblasts. The only agent that had any effect was herbimycin A, which stimulated neurite outgrowth. The response is shown to be attributable to a direct effect of this tyrosine kinase inhibitor on neurones. The neurite outgrowth response to herbimycin A was inhibited by two other tyrosine kinase inhibitors, which on their own did not affect neurite outgrowth. The data suggest that the response to herbimycin A reflects either a direct or indirect activation of one or more protein tyrosine kinases. Independent signalling events downstream from tyrosine kinase activation underlying the neurite outgrowth response to herbimycin A include increased activity of protein kinase C and calcium influx into neurones through both N-and L-type calcium channels.     

蛋白激酶组在玉米叶片ABA和H202诱导抗氧化防护中的作用

蛋白磷酸化在植物细胞脱落酸（ABA）介导的信号转导中起重要作用。然而,很多参与ABA信号途径的蛋白元件仍不清楚。使用改进的体外激酶试验方法的研究结果表明,在玉米叶片中,ABA和H2O2能够快速活化蛋白激酶总活性和ca^2＋依赖型蛋白激酶总活性;ABA诱导的蛋白激酶总活性增加可以被活性氧的抑制剂和清除剂抑制,蛋白激酶抑制剂不仅可以降低ABA和H2O2诱导的激酶活性增加,而且也可以弱化它们对抗氧化防护酶活性的诱导作用;ABA和H2O2引发的蛋白磷酸化作用显著居先于它们诱导的抗氧化防护作用。使用凝胶激酶试验方法进行研究发现,一组分子量分别为66kDa,52kDa,49kDa和35kDa的蛋白激酶可能介导了ABA和H2O2诱导的抗氧化防护反应,并且66kDa和49kDa的蛋白激酶可能在ROS的下游起作用,而52kDa和35kDa的蛋白激酶可能在ABA和ROS的下游起作用。     

Taurine Inhibits Protein Kinase C-Catalyzed Phosphorylation of Specific Proteins in a Rat Cortical P2 Fraction

Abstract: We previously reported that taurine inhibits the phosphorylation of specific proteins in a P₂ synaptosomal fraction prepared from the rat cortex. In the present study, the regulation of the phosphorylation of an ～20K M_r protein whose phosphorylation is inhibited by taurine was further investigated. The phosphorylation of the ～20K M_r protein in a hypo-osmotically shocked P₂ fraction from rat cortex was dependent on the free Ca²⁺ in the reaction medium. Depolarization induced by 30 mM K⁺ stimulated the phosphorylation of the ～20K M_r protein in an intact synaptosomal P₂ preparation by 30-fold. This stimulation was inhibited 35% by taurine, whereas guanidinoethanesulfonic acid, a taurine analogue, did not have any effect, thereby indicating the specificity of taurine. Addition of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, a phorbol ester, together with phosphatidylserine, stimulated the phosphorylation of the ～20K M_r protein in the hypo-osmotically shocked P₂ synaptosomal fraction by fivefold, whereas cyclic AMP, cyclic GMP, and calmodulin did not have any effect on the phosphorylation of this particular protein. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate–stimulated phosphorylation of the ～20K M_r protein is blocked 30% by taurine. Taurine also inhibited phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-activated phosphorylation of two other proteins that were similar in molecular weight and isoelectric point to the ～20K M_r protein on two-dimensional gels. These results suggest that taurine modulates the phosphorylation of specific proteins regulated by the signal transduction system in the brain. Thus, taurine may modulate neuroactivity by inhibiting the phosphorylation of specific proteins involved in regulatory function.     

Changes in the Activity of Protein Kinase C and the Differential Subcellular Redistribution of Its Isozymes in the Rat Striatum During and Following Transient Forebrain Ischemia

The changes in the levels of protein kinase C [PKC(alpha, beta II, gamma)] were studied in cytosolic and particulate fractions of striatal homogenates from rats subjected to 15 min of cerebral ischemia induced by bilateral occlusion of the common carotid arteries and following 1 h, 6 h, and 48 h of reperfusion. During ischemia the levels of PKC(beta II) and -(gamma) increased in the particulate fraction to 390% and 590% of control levels, respectively, concomitant with a decrease in the cytosolic fraction to 36% and 20% of control, respectively, suggesting that PKC is redistributed from the cytosol to cell membranes. During reperfusion the PKC(beta II) levels in the particulate fraction remained elevated at 1 h postischemia and decreased to below control levels after 48 h reperfusion, whereas PKC(gamma) rapidly decreased to subnormal levels. In the cytosol PKC(beta II) and -(gamma) decreased to 25% and 15% of control levels at 48 h, respectively. The distribution of PKC(alpha) did not change significantly during ischemia and early reperfusion. The PKC activity in the particulate fraction measured in vitro by histone IIIS phosphorylation in the presence of calcium, 4 beta-phorbol 13-myristate 12-acetate, and phosphatidylserine (PS) significantly decreased by 52% during ischemia, and remained depressed over the 48-h reperfusion period. In the cytosolic fraction PKC activity was unchanged at the end of ischemia, and decreased by 47% after 6 h of reperfusion. The appearance of a stable cytosolic 50-kDa PKC-immunoreactive peptide or an increase in the calcium- and PS-independent histone IIIS phosphorylation was not observed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Role of Extracellular Signal-Regulated Protein Kinases 1 and 2 in Oligodendroglial Process Extension

Abstract: The relationship between extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) activation and process extension in cultured bovine oligodendrocytes (OLGs) was investigated. Process extension was induced through the exposure of cultured OLGs to phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), an activator of protein kinase C (PKC), for various intervals. During the isolation of these OLGs from bovine brain, the original processes were lost. Therefore, any reinitiation of process extension via PMA stimulation was easily discernible through morphological monitoring. It was found that exposure of OLGs to PMA for 10 min was enough to induce OLG process extension 24–72 h later. Furthermore, this extension was still evident at least 1 week after the initial PMA stimulation, indicating that OLGs do not need continuous PKC activation to sustain process extension. Control and PMA-stimulated OLGs were also subjected to immunocytochemistry using an anti-ERK antibody selective for the mitogen-activated protein kinases p42 Erk2 (ERK2) and p44 Erk1 (ERK1) isoforms. ERK immunoreactivity in the nucleus was evident after PMA stimulation of OLGs but not in control OLGs. In parallel experiments, the control and PMA-stimulated OLGs were purified by Mono Q fractionation and subjected to ERK phosphotransferase assays using [γ-³²P]ATP and either myelin basic protein (MBP) or a synthetic peptide substrate based on the Thr⁹⁷ phosphorylation site in MBP. These assays indicated that in PMA-treated OLGs, ERK activation was at least 12-fold higher than in control OLGs. Anti-ERK and anti-phosphotyrosine western blots of the assay fractions verified an enhanced phosphorylation of ERK1 and ERK2 in PMA-treated fractions relative to control fractions. When OLGs were pretreated for 15 min with the ERK kinase (MEK) inhibitor PD 098059 before PMA stimulation, they exhibited a 67% decrease in ERK activation as compared with cells treated with PMA alone. Furthermore, these MEK inhibitor-pretreated cells were still viable but showed no process extensions up to 1 week later. Therefore, we propose that a threshold level of ERK activity is required for the initiation of OLG process extension.     

Role of Protein Kinases in Abscisic Acid and H2O2 Induced Antioxidant Defense in Maize

Protein phosphorylation plays a central role in mediating abscisic acid (ABA) signaling transduction in plant cells, whereas many of the sensory proteins involving in ABA signaling pathway remain unclear. Here, using a modified in vitro kinase assay, our results showed that ABA and H2O2 induced a rapid activation of total protein kinases and calcium dependent protein kinases in the leaves of maize seedlings. However, ABA-induced activation of protein kinases was inhibited by reactive oxygen species (ROS) inhibitors or scavengers. Protein kinase inhibitors decelerated not only the ABA and H2O2 -induced kinase activity but also ABA or H2O2-induced antioxidant enzyme activity. Protein phosphorylation caused by ABA and H2O2 preceded ABA or H2O2 -induced antioxidant defense obviously. Using in-gel kinase assays, our results showed that several protein kinases with molecular masses of 66kDa, 52kDa, 49kDa and 35kDa respectively might mediate ABA and H2O2-induced antioxidant defense. And the 66kDa and 49kDa protein kinases may act downstream of ROS, and the 52kDa and 35kDa protein kinases may act between ABA and ROS in ABA-induced antioxidant defensive signaling.