光系统Ⅱ核心天线CP43的纯化及性质

菠菜放氧的ＰＳＩＩ核心复合物经０．８ｍｏｌ／ＬＴｒｉｓ－ＨＣｌ（ｐＨ８．０）洗涤后,用温和的非离子去垢剂ＤＭ和高浓度的ＬｉＣｌＯ４增溶,再经ＤＥＡＥ－Ｔｏｙｏｐｅａｒｌ－６５０Ｓ离子交换柱层析分离,可得到ＰＳＩＩ核心天线４３ｋＤ叶绿素ａ结合蛋白（ＣＰ４３）。ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ显示一条４３ｋＤ蛋白质带。根据Ａｒｎｏｎ法和Ｍａｒｋｅｗｌｌ法的结果表明,每个蛋白质分子结合２０～２１个分子的叶绿素ａ。室温条     

光系统II核心天线CP43和CP47的分离纯化及光谱性质研究

采用ＤＥＡＥ－ＦｒａｃｔｏｇｅｌＴＳＫ６５０２阴离子交换树脂柱层析法从菠 菜中分离纯化了ＰＳＯⅡ核心天线复合物ＣＰ４３和ＣＰ４７,计算出每分子ＣＰ４３含１９－２０个Ｃｈｌａ和４－５个β－Ｃａｒ;     

光系统II核心天线CP43的纯化及性质

菠菜放氧的ＰＳＩ核心复合物经０．８ｍｏｌ／ＬＴｒｉｓ－ＨＣｌ（ｐＨ８．０）洗涤后,用温和的非离子去垢剂ＤＭ和高浓度的ＬｉＣｌＯ４增溶,再经ＤＥＡＥ－Ｔｏｙｏｐｅａｒｌ－６５０Ｓ离子交换柱层析分离,可得到ＰＳＩＩ核心天线４３ｋＤ叶绿素ａ结合蛋白（ＣＰ４３）。ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ显示一条４３ｋＤ蛋白质带。根据Ａｒｎｏｎ法和Ｍａｒｋｗｅｌ法的结果表明,每个蛋白质分子结合有２０～２１个分子的叶绿素ａ。室温条件下,ＣＰ４３在红光区具有６７１ｎｍ的最大吸收峰和６８３ｎｍ的荧光发射峰,以及Ｗ型的圆二色信号,表明其处于较为天然的状态。文中还制备并鉴定了对ＣＰ４３特异的抗血清。     

光系统Ⅱ核心天线CP47的纯化及其抗血清的制备

将ＯＧ处理的ＰＳⅡ经高速离心和透析制得的ＯＥＣＣ，用ＤＭ增溶后，上ＤＥＡＥ－６５０５柱，ＬｉＣＩＯ４梯度洗脱可得ＰＳⅡ核心天线蛋白ＣＰ４７。根据Ａｍｏｎ法和Ｍａｒｋｗｅｌｌ法的结果表明，每个蛋白质分子结合１３～１４个分子的Ｃｈｌａ。室温条件下，ＣＰ４７在红光区具有６７４ｎｍ的最大吸收峰和６９３ｎｍ的荧光发射峰，以及Ｗ型的圆二色信号，表明其处于较为天然的状态。将制得的ＣＰ４７免疫家兔可制得相应的抗血     

纯化光系统Ⅱ（PSⅡ）核心天线复合物CP43和CP47的共振拉曼光谱

采用ＤＥＡＥ－ＦｒａｃｔｏｇｅｌＴＳＫ６５０Ｓ阴离子交换树脂柱层 从菠菜中分离纯化了ＰＳⅡ核心天线复合物ＣＰ４３和ＣＰ４７。聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（ＳＤＳ＿ＰＡＧＥ）检测结果表明,纯化的ＣＰ４３和ＣＰ４７均只含１条蛋白带,证明样品纯度的可靠性。其常温（４６０－５００ｎｍ）较ＣＰ４３具有明显的精细结构。同时测定了它们的常温共振拉曼光谱,可以看出;类似于全反式构型的β－ｃａｒｏｔｅｎｅ分子,ＣＰ４３和ＣＰ     

光系统II核心天线CP43和CP47的分离纯化及光谱性质研究

采用ＤＥＡＥ－ＦｒａｃｔｏｇｅｌＴＳＫ６５０Ｓ阴离子交换树脂柱层析法从菠菜（ＳｐｉｎａｃｉａＯｌｅｒａｃｅａ）中分离纯化了ＰＳＩＩ核心天线复合物ＣＰ４３和ＣＰ４７,计算出每分子ＣＰ４３含１９－２０个Ｃｈｌａ和４－５个β－Ｃａｒ;每分子ＣＰ４７含２０－２１个Ｃｈｌａ和３－４个β－Ｃａｒ。普通及三维（３Ｄ）低温（７７Ｋ）荧光发射光谱的测定证明,纯化的ＣＰ４３和ＣＰ４７都具有较好的完整性。常温（２９８Ｋ）吸收光谱的测定,证明纯化的ＣＰ４３和ＣＰ４７的红光区最大吸收峰分别位于６７１ｎｍ和６７４ｎｍ,但是它们在该区的四阶导数光谱均给出６７０ｎｍ和６８２ｎｍ两个峰,这表明,它们均至少含有两种不同结合状态的Ｃｈｌａ分子。对ＣＰ４３和ＣＰ４７中可能的能量传递机制进行了讨论     

锰簇对光系统Ⅱ蛋白二级结构的影响及其与光抑制的关系

用羟胺将光系统Ⅱ中的锰去除后,可导致光系统Ⅱ的蛋白二级结构组成发生变化,表现在α－螺旋成分的减少及转角和折叠成分的增加。将锰重组进光系统Ⅱ后,蛋白的二级结构不能恢复,并导致转角和折叠成分向无规卷曲转化。去锰后的光系统Ⅱ所发生的由供体侧电子传递受阻引起的光抑制,会在短时间内引起蛋白的构象变化。但锰重组后其在光抑制下的构象变化与正常样品相似,说明此时供体侧的电子传递得到部分恢复,光抑制部分地转移到受体侧。     

利用超快时间分辨技术对光系统Ⅱ核心天线CP43和CP47的动力学荧光光谱的分析

采用超快时间分辨荧光光谱装置对光系统Ⅱ核心天线CP43和CP47进行了研究 ,并在 5 14.5nm激光激发下获得了它们的动力学荧光光谱。CP43和CP47的荧光光谱范围分别为 6 40～ 780nm和 6 30～ 775nm ,并且它们分别在约 6 80nm和 6 91nm处有最大峰 ,在这两个峰值处的荧光寿命分别约为 3.5 4ns和 3.2 2ns。通过理论计算认为在CP43和CP47中 ,叶绿素a的荧光发射效率分别约为 38.3%和 40 .6 %。讨论了类胡萝卜素到叶绿素a分子的能量传递 ,认为在CP43和CP47中 ,类胡萝卜素到叶绿素a分子的能量传递时间常数分别为 9.6× 10 11s-1和 1.3× 10 12s-1,能量传递效率分别为 47.5 %和 6 6 .5 % ,并且估计在这两种核心天线中 ,类胡萝卜素分子和叶绿素a分子的外周间距分别约为 0 .110nm和 0 .0 85nm。     

光系统п核心天线复合物CP43和CP47结构与功能研究进展

ＣＰ４３和ＣＰ４７是构成光合生物内周天线的两个重要的色素蛋白复合物,在生物体内主要起着传递激发能的作用。最近,大量研究证明,它们在放氧等过程中也起着重要作用。因此,近年来人们借助各种先进的研究技术对它们的结构进行了探讨,以揭示它们行使不同生理功能的分子机理。分子生物学技术可以使人们在整体水平上研究蛋白复合物的结构与功能,因此是一个非常有用的研究手段。本文即对近年来人们通过分子生物手段,以蓝藻为转化     

光系统Ⅱ核心复合物的化学修饰及其光谱性质研究

用组氨酸的特异性修饰剂（ＤＥＰＣ）对ＰＳⅡ核心复合物进行了化学修饰,并对其光谱性质进行了研究,研究结果表明：修饰后的ＰＳⅡ核心复合物的吸收光谱在红区发生了很大变化,随修饰时间的增加,６８０ｎｍ处的吸收逐渐下降。修饰后的ＰＳⅡ核心复合物的荧光光谱在最初的１ｍｉｎ内出现荧光上升现象,然后逐渐下降,峰位蓝移。这些研究结果表明,组氨酸残基的修饰导致了原初电子供体Ｐ６８０结构的破坏,并对其功能产生了影响。     

Selective extraction of CP 26 and CP 29 proteins without affecting the binding of the extrinsic proteins (33, 23 and 17 kDa) and the DCMU sensitivity of a Photosystem II core complex

A highly purified oxygen evolving Photosystem II core complex was isolated from PS II membranes solubilized with the non-ionic detergent n-octyl--D-thioglucoside. The three extrinsic proteins (33, 23 and 17 kDa) were functionally bound to the PS II core complex. Selective extraction of the 22, 10 kDa, CP 26 and CP 29 proteins demonstrated that these species are not involved in the binding of the extrinsic proteins (33, 23 and 17 kDa) or the DCMU sensitivity of the Photosystem II complex.Abbreviations Chl chlorophyll - DCBQ 2,6-dichloro-p-benzoquinone - DCMU 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea - LHC light-harvesting complex - MES 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid - OGP n-octyl--d-glucoside - OTG n-octyl--d-thioglucoside - PAGE polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis - PS II Photosystem II - SDS sodium dodecyl sulfate     

The structure and function of CP47 and CP43 in Photosystem II

This Minireview presents a summary of recent investigations examining the structure and functions of the Photosystem II chlorophyll-proteins CP47 and CP43, updating our previous review which appeared in 1990 (TM Bricker, Photosynth Res 24: 1–13). Since this time, numerous studies have clarified the roles of these chlorophyll-proteins within the photosystem. Biochemical, molecular and structural studies (electron and X-ray diffraction) have demonstrated the close association of these components with the photochemical reaction center of the photosystem and with the extrinsic oxygen evolution enhancer proteins. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

A specific binding site for neoxanthin in the monomeric antenna proteins CP26 and CP29 of Photosystem II

The location of the neoxanthin binding site in CP26 and CP29 was investigated by site-directed mutagenesis. The crystallographic structure of LHCII shows that the binding of neoxanthin to the N1 site is stabilised by an H bond with a tyrosine in the lumenal loop. This residue is conserved in CP26 and CP29. Mutation of this tyrosine into phenylalanine induced specific loss of neoxanthin without affecting violaxanthin binding. In contrast to previous proposals, it is thus concluded that also in these minor antenna complexes neoxanthin is accommodated in the N1 site. The characteristics of this binding site in the different antenna complexes are discussed.     

Inhibition of Photosystem II of Spinach by Lichen-derived Depsides

Barbatic acid, a lichen-derived depside, inhibited oxygen evolution in spinach thylakoid membranes. It also affected parameters of Chl fluorescence, (Fm′-F)/F and Fv/Fm. Using specific donors and acceptors of electrons, we found two sites of inhibition in the PS II complex. The primary site, which is responsible for the inhibition of oxygen evolution, is at the reducing side of Q_A, possibly at Q_B. The other site is at the oxidizing side of P680 but not in the oxygen evolving complex, suggesting Yz as the target. At both sites, irreversible binding of the depside to the targets seems to be responsible for the inhibitions. Among the 8 lichen acids compared, barbatic acid was the most potent inhibitor for both the reducing site and oxidizing site.     

Photosystem II protein phosphorylation follows four distinctly different regulatory patterns induced by environmental cues

Differential redox regulation of thylakoid phosphoproteins was studied in winter rye plants in vivo. The redox state of chloroplasts was modulated by growing plants under different light/temperature conditions and by transient shifts to different light/temperature regimes. Phosphorylation of PSII reaction centre proteins D1 and D2, the chlorophyll a binding protein CP43, the major chlorophyll a/b binding proteins Lhcb1 and Lhcb2 (LHCII) and the minor light‐harvesting antenna protein CP29 seem to belong to four distinct regulatory groups. Phosphorylation of D1 and D2 was directly dependent on the reduction state of the plastoquinone pool. CP43 protein phosphorylation generally followed the same pattern, but often remained phosphorylated even in darkness. Phosphorylation of CP29 occurred upon strong reduction of the plastoquinone pool, and was further enhanced by low temperatures. In vitro studies further demonstrated that CP29 phosphorylation is independent of the redox state of both the cytochrome b₆/f complex and the thiol compounds. Complete phosphorylation of Lhcb1 and 2 proteins, on the contrary, required only modest reduction of the plastoquinone pool, and was subject to inhibition upon increase in the thiol redox state of the stroma. Furthermore, the reversible phosphorylation of Lhcb1 and 2 proteins appeared to be an extremely dynamic process, being rapidly modulated by short‐term fluctuations in chloroplast redox conditions.     

光系统II蛋白磷酸化及其生理意义

蛋白磷酸化修饰在几乎所有的生命活动中都起重要的调节作用.该文结合作者研究组的研究工作,概述了光系统II(PS II)蛋白磷酸化的调节及其生理功能.PS II复合体中的核心组分D1、D2、CP43和PsbH蛋白以及外周捕光天线(LHC II)蛋白都可以发生磷酸化.PS II蛋白磷酸化受质醌(PQ)的氧化还原状态、细胞色素b6f (Cyt b6f ) 和硫氧还蛋白以及光调节.PS II蛋白磷酸化可以调节激发能在两种光系统(PS I和PS II)之间的分配,减轻光胁迫对PS II的压力,保护核心蛋白免于光破坏,稳定PS II复合体的结构.     

Isolation and crystallization of CP47, a Photosystem II chlorophyll binding protein. Degradation of CP47 upon dissociation from the core complex

The CP47 protein was isolated from Photosystem II membranes by using a combination of the detergents n-dodecyl-β-D-maltoside and octyl-β-D-thioglucoside. The purified CP47 was used in a series of crystallization experiments, which yielded highly reproducible hexagonal crystals. Immunoblot analysis revealed that the isolated CP47 undergoes degradation even under dim light conditions. This degradation takes place after the protein has been dissociated from the core complex. Proteolysis experiments with trypsin demonstrated that the dissociation of the CP47 from the PS II core complex results in changes that render the protein sensitive to proteolysis. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Site-directed mutagenesis of the CP 47 protein of photosystem II: 167W in the lumenally exposed loop C is required for photosystem II assembly and stability

The intrinsic chlorophyll-protein CP 47 is a component of photosystem II which functions in both light-harvesting and oxygen evolution. Using site-directed mutagenesis we have produced the mutant W167S which lies in loop C of CP 47. This strain exhibited a 75% loss in oxygen evolution activity and grew extremely slowly in the absence of glucose. Examination of normalized oxygen evolution traces indicated that the mutant was susceptible to photoinactivation. Analysis of the variable fluorescence yield indicated that the mutant accumulated very few functional PS II reaction centers. This was confirmed by immunoblotting experiments. Interestingly, when W167S was grown in the presence of 20 M DCMU, the mutant continued to exhibit these defects. These results indicate that tryptophan 167 in loop C of CP 47 is important for the assembly and stability of the PS II reaction center.