Preparation of Labeled Aflatoxins with High Specific Activities

Resting cells of Aspergillus parasiticus ATCC 15517 were used to prepare highly labeled aflatoxins from labeled acetate. High synthetic activity in growing cells was evidenced only during 40 to 70 hr of incubation. Glucose was required for high incorporation efficiency, whereas the concentration of the labeled acetate determined the specific activity of the product. When labeled acetate was continuously added to maintain a concentration near but not exceeding 10 mm, in a culture containing 30 g of glucose per liter, 2% of its labels could be recovered in the purified aflatoxins which have a specific activity more than three times that of the labeled acetate.     

Biosynthetic Preparation of Isotopically Labeled Heme

An efficient method for the preparation of isotopically enriched heme has been developed. This method utilizes a commercially available bacterial host and plasmid, into which a synthetic gene encoding for rat liver outer mitochondrial membrane cytochrome b₅ a heme-binding protein, has been inserted. The method described in this report utilizes the efficient synthesis of the cytochrome b₅ polypeptide together with the enhanced biosynthesis of heme brought about by addition of the first committed precursor in heme biosynthesis, δ-aminolevulinic acid. Apocytochrome b₅ sequesters heme as the macrocycle is being synthesized in order to form holocytochrome b₅, thus avoiding toxic concentrations of free macrocycle in the cell. Relatively high concentrations of free heme in the cell have been shown to stimulate excretion of heme precursors such as coproporphyrinogen and uroporphyrinogen (W. F. Harris III, R. S. Burkhalter, W. Lin and R. Timkovich, (1993) Bioorg. Chem. 21, 209-220), therefore causing isotopic dilution of the labeled material. The heme obtained using this methodology was determined to be >85% enriched. Because the heme in cytochrome b₅ is not covalently attached to the polypeptide, it can be extracted and used in other applications. Use of glutamate, a precursor of δ-aminolevulinate biosynthesis in Escherichia coli, did not result in high levels of isotopic incorporation into heme, thus pointing out to the importance of using a labeled precursor that is committed to heme biosynthesis in order to obtain high levels of isotopic labeling.     

Preparation of 15N Labeled Nucleosides and Large Scale Synthesis of Labeled Oligonucleotides with a New Type DNA-Synthesizer

Abstract

Microbiological and chemical methods for the preparation of ¹⁵N labeled nucleosides are described. Oligonucleotides are synthesized from the labeled nucleosides on a large scale by the phosphoramidite procedure using a self-developed DNA - Synthesizer. Preliminary ¹⁵N-NMR studies are reported.     

Reagents for the Preparation of Chromophorically Labeled Polyethylene Glycol-Protein Conjugates

We have developed a new class of reagents (2) for the covalent attachment of polyethylene glycol to proteins. These reagents (2) are the monomethoxypolyethylene glycol esters of 4-fluoro-3-nitrobenzoic acid. The reaction of 2 with lysine ε-amino groups produces a chromophore which can be used to quantitate the polyethylene glycol to protein molar ratio. Bovine (Zn, Cu) superoxide dismutase was used as a model protein for conjugation with 2. When monomethoxypolyethylene glycol of average molecular weight 2105 was used, a conjugate was obtained with a polyethylene glycol to protein molar ratio of 8.88 retaining 100% of native enzymatic activity; monomethoxypolyethylene glycol of average molecular weight 5210 yielded a conjugate with a polyethylene glycol to protein molar ratio of 9.96 retaining 73% of native enzymatic activity.     

人IgG标记金纳米棒并用于抗人IgG抗体的检测

目的：研究金纳米棒（GNRs）IgG生物学标记及其在抗人IgG检测中的应用。方法：利用种子生长法制备GNRs,用巯基十一酸（MUA）对GNRs端头邀111妖晶面进行化学修饰,MUA提供的羧基可与人IgG结合;抗人IgG与活化的GNRs反应引起GNRs表面等离子体共振（SPR）特征变化,通过读取SPR值判断免疫反应的结果。结果：合成了不同长径比（AR）的GNRs,成功地将人IgG标记于GNRs（AR=3.7）的端头;利用标记后的GNRs对抗人IgG进行检测,其SPR最大吸收峰发生9nm红移,检测灵敏度可达纳摩尔量级。结论：基于人IgG-抗人IgG免疫反应建立了GNRs用于免疫检测的方法,为GNRs用于免疫检测进而研制免疫传感器奠定了基础。     

Preparation of Labeled Casein fron Goat Milk after Lysine-14C Injection

Hydrogen peroxide in methylotrophic yeasts can be metabolized in at least two distinct ways. Addition of exogenous hydrogen peroxide removes the dependance of catalase on endogenously-produced hydrogen peroxide resulting enhanced rates of alcohol oxidation. Exogenous hydrogen peroxide is also efficiently degraded by cytochrome c peroxidase (CCP), a competitive reaction which does not result in enhanced alcohol oxidation. To overcome the influence of cytochrome c peroxidase, artificial peroxisomes were prepared by coimmobilization of alcohol oxidase and catalase. These artificial peroxisomes mimic the peroxide-induced rate enhancement observed with whole cells.     

Rescue of Temperature-sensitive Poliovirus

A temperature-sensitive strain of type 1 poliovirus, LSc, was functionally rescued when infected cells were incubated at 40 C in the presence of Mahoney, a temperature-resistant strain of type 1 poliovirus. The rescue value was 9% of the mutant yield obtained under permissive conditions. Rescued virus underwent replication, because the progeny of (32)P-labeled LSc were not radiosensitive. Serum inactivation studies with Mahoney specific antiserum indicated that a small amount of phenotypic mixing occurred among the rescued particles. The temperature-sensitive event occurred between 2 and 4 hr postinfection in the developmental cycle of LSc. Neither viral polymerase activity nor virus-induced ribonucleic acid could be demonstrated in infected cells between 2 and 4 hr after infection at 40 C with the temperature-sensitive mutant.     

酶标HBV DNA探针的研制与应用

本实验采用一种非放射性物质——碱性磷酸酶标记乙肝病毒HBV DNA制备分子探针。碱性磷酸酶在苯醌作用下与单链DNA联结,形成DNA和酶的共价复合物,即酶标探针。此探针通过分子杂交与待测DNA结合,与酶的底物作用显色,几小时内可观察结果,其最低检测量约为10pg。用此探针检测乙肝病人血清中的HBV DNA,与~(32)P标记的探针比较,酶标探针可检测出~(32)P标记探针检出率的95.7％。结果表明,所合成的酶标探针具有准确、简便、快速、安全而经济的优点,具有应用前景。     

Phosphorus-31 NMR of neuroblastoma clonal lines

Phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance is used to study changes in the levels of the major phosphate-containing intermediary metabolites concomitant with induced cellular differentiation in the N-18 and C-46 neuroblastoma clonal lines. The study reveals differences between the³¹P-NMR profiles of the two clonal lines and also striking differences attendant to dibutyryl cAMP-mediated morphological differentiation in the N-18 clone. Phosphorus-31 NMR would appear to provide a new technique with which to study genetic differentiation.     

利用脊髓灰质炎病毒5‘NCR和RNA聚合酶基因可提高外源基因表达

将含脊髓灰质炎病毒（ＰＶ）ＲＮＡ聚合酶的不同长度基因片段克隆到载体ｐＳＧ５质粒上,分别构建了４个表达ＲＮＡ聚合酶的质粒。体外转录实验证明,ｐＳＧ５－ＰＯＬ１．９９和ｐＳＧ５－ＰＯＬ２．０３质粒转染细胞的提取物促进了特异的ＲＮＡ转录,表明两质闰可表达ＲＮＡ聚合酶。将ＰＶ的５’ＮＣＲ序列插在载体ｐＧＲＥＥＮ ＬＡＮＴＥＲＮ－１的ＣＭＶ启动子下游,构建了ｐＧＲＥＥＮ ＬＡＮＴＥＲＮ－１－５’ＮＣＲ质粒;     

Comparative aspects of Poliovirus replication

To the extent that parallel experiments with picornaviruses and RNA bacteriophages can be compared, the results suggest that their mechanisms of RNA replication are basically similar, despite fundamental differences between the two groups of viruses with respect to the control of the expression of genetic information. The significance of the extracted multi-stranded replicative forms of viral RNA is discussed and it is concluded that, if not identical to the corresponding, intracellular forms, the extracted structures are meaningful derivatives of specific native forms.     

Poliovirus concentration from tap water with electropositive adsorbent filters

Simple, reliable, and efficient concentration of poliovirus from tap water was obtained with two types of electropositive filter media, one of which is available in the form of a pleated cartridge filter (Virozorb 1MDS). Virus adsorption from tap water between pH 3.5 and 7.5 was more efficient with electropositive filters than with Filterite filters. Elution of adsorbed viruses was more efficient with beef extract in glycine, pH 9.5, than with glycine-NaOH, pH 11.0. In paired comparative studies, electropositive filters, with adsorption at pH 7.5 and no added polyvalent cation salts, gave less variable virus concentration efficiencies than did Filterite filters with adsorption at pH 3.5 plus added MgCl2. Recovery of poliovirus from 1,000-liter tap water volumes was approximately 30% efficient with both Virozorb 1MDS and Filterite pleated cartridge filters, but the former were much simpler to use. The virus adsorption behavior of these filters appears to be related to their surface charge properties, with more electropositive filters giving more efficient virus adsorption from tap water at higher pH levels.     

Inactivation of Poliovirus in Wastewater Sludge with Radiation and Thermoradiation

Sludge is highly protective of poliovirus against both heat and ionizing radiation. This protection could be largely overcome when these two treatments were given simultaneously.     

聚磷菌的诱变选育及其生长特性

方法:采用氮离子注入技术对巢湖底泥中筛选出的一株细菌进行辐照诱变处理,选育出2株高效聚磷菌,并对这两株菌的生长特性进行了研究,根据生理生化及生长试验,并参照《伯杰氏细菌手册》进行菌种分类鉴定,这两株菌被鉴定为假单胞菌属细菌(Pseudomonas sp),并研究了菌量、温度、pH、氧、碳源对两株假单胞菌(Pseudomonas sp)的生长特性及聚磷代谢的影响。结果:试验表明,诱变后的聚磷率明显高于试验出发菌,为出发菌的1.43~3.89倍。两株菌的最适生长温度为30℃,最适pH和菌量分别为6、8和OD=0.6、0.4。最适菌量在厌氧条件下出现放磷现象,好氧条件下过量摄磷现象,经过先厌氧条件的培养其去磷率明显高于直接好氧培养条件下的去磷率,以乙酸钠为碳源时其聚磷率高于乳糖、甲醇、乙醇为碳源时的摄磷量。     

Replication of Mengovirus in HeLa Cells Preinfected with Nonreplicating Poliovirus

The replication of mengovirus in HeLa cells preinfected with poliovirus in the presence of 10(-3) M guanidine was investigated. Although host cell protein synthesis is inhibited by the presence of nonreplicating poliovirus, it is found that mengovirus ribonucleic acid (RNA) and protein synthesis proceed normally under the same conditions. Furthermore, no effects on mengovirus growth by poliovirus can be detected either when Mengo protein synthesis is interrupted by Acti-Dione or when its RNA synthesis is reduced by incubation at 28 C. It is suggested that the poliovirus inhibitory factor may be able to distinguish between an RNA element required in the protein-synthesizing apparatus of the host cell and a comparable element in that of the heterologous virus.     

Translocation of Phosphorus-32 in Sporophores of Collybia velutipes

Phosphorus-32 was absorbed by the mycelium of Collybia velutipes and translocated to the pilei of intact sporophores within 1.5 hours. In the stipes upward translocation occurred first in the peripheral hyphac followed by movement of the isotoipe into the central hyphac. After 3.0 hours hyphae in the two regions were about equally labelled with the isotope. Except for very minor differences hyphal was the same in the peripheral and central portions of the stipe.     

An Isolated Retinal Preparation to Record Light Response from Genetically Labeled Retinal Ganglion Cells

The first steps in vertebrate vision take place when light stimulates the rod and cone photoreceptors of the retina ¹. This information is then segregated into what are known as the ON and OFF pathways. The photoreceptors signal light information to the bipolar cells (BCs), which depolarize in response to increases (On BCs) or decreases (Off BCs) in light intensity. This segregation of light information is maintained at the level of the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), which have dendrites stratifying in either the Off sublamina of the inner plexiform layer (IPL), where they receive direct excitatory input from Off BCs, or stratifying in the On sublamina of the IPL, where they receive direct excitatory input from On BCs. This segregation of information regarding increases or decreases in illumination (the On and Off pathways) is conserved and signaled to the brain in parallel.The RGCs are the output cells of the retina, and are thus an important cell to study in order to understand how light information is signaled to visual nuclei in the brain. Advances in mouse genetics over recent decades have resulted in a variety of fluorescent reporter mouse lines where specific RGC populations are labeled with a fluorescent protein to allow for identification of RGC subtypes ^{2 3 4} and specific targeting for electrophysiological recording. Here, we present a method for recording light responses from fluorescently labeled ganglion cells in an intact, isolated retinal preparation. This isolated retinal preparation allows for recordings from RGCs where the dendritic arbor is intact and the inputs across the entire RGC dendritic arbor are preserved. This method is applicable across a variety of ganglion cell subtypes and is amenable to a wide variety of single-cell physiological techniques.Download video file.^{(77M, mov)}