农杆菌介导法在橡胶树遗传转化中的应用与展望

综述农杆菌介导法在巴西橡胶树遗传转化中的应用进展,分析影响农杆菌转化的关键因素,如植物基因型与外植体、菌株与载体类型、菌液浓度与侵染时间、vir诱导物、筛选剂与抑菌剂、培养基的组成和附加成分等,并对提高巴西橡胶树转化效率的策略进行探讨。     

农杆菌介导红江橙遗传转化的研究初报

用红江橙实生苗的上胚轴为材料 ,初步研究以根癌农杆菌介导的 GUS基因转化。结果表明 :以卡那霉素作为选择试剂进行选择培养时 ,Km浓度为 5 0 mg/L;外植体以平放为好 ;抑菌剂选择头孢霉素较好。GUS基因瞬时表达检测 ,70 .4%的外植体呈阳性反应 ;GUS基因稳定表达检测 ,在获得的 1 2株抗性植株中 ,GUS反应呈阳性所占比例为 1 6.7%。     

海洋红酵母的研究进展

海洋红酵母富含氨基酸、维生素及类胡萝卜素等多种营养物质,有较好的耐盐性,是天然色素源、极具潜力的饲料蛋白和食品添加剂,具有很高的应用价值。概述了海洋红酵母的主要特性,总结了国内外海洋红酵母菌种、培养条件及工业应用等方面的研究进展及发展前景。     

红曲菌9903A转化体系影响因素的研究

采用PEG介导的原生质体转化方法,研究了将含有潮霉素抗性基因的质粒pMP-Hygro转入红曲菌9903A的影响因素。实验结果表明,原生质体转化最佳条件为:1.0mol/L的山梨醇为渗透压稳定剂;以含有50mmol/L的Ca2 和最终质量分数为40%的PEG4000为转化介质;最佳原生质体浓度和载体DNA用量分别为1×108个/mL、1μg/100μL原生质体;原生质体再生培养基采用不含无机盐的培养基,再生方式采用原生质体液涂布单层再生培基平板法。得到的平均DNA转化率可达160个/μgDNA。本文所研究的PEG介导的原生质体转化方法可以较好的向红曲菌细胞导入外源DNA,并使外源DNA在红曲菌细胞内大量表达。     

斑马鱼肠道中一株红酵母(Rhodotorula)的分离与鉴定

目的:分离及鉴定来自于斑马鱼肠道中的酵母菌.方法:采用马铃薯葡萄糖培养基( PDA),从斑马鱼肠道中分离到1株酵母菌,编号为ZF -2,进行形态学观察、生理特征、PCR扩增26S rDNA D1/D2区以及基因测序分析,并构建系统发育进化树.结果:ZF -2分离株为粉红色菌落、菌体呈椭圆形,芽殖;可以同化利用葡萄糖、乳糖、蔗糖等糖类;PCR扩增获得26S rDNA D1/D2区序列长度为642bp( HQ323251),序列比对分析表明与斯鲁菲亚红酵母(Rhodotorula slooffiae)相似性在99％-100％之间,构建的系统发育进化树显示菌株ZF-2与R.slooffiae( EU583485)关系最近,且位于同一分支.结论:首次从斑马鱼肠道中分离到斯鲁菲亚红酵母.     

一种农杆菌介导的赤霉菌CCRC3.572的转化方法

目的:建立农杆菌Ti质粒介导的转化赤霉菌的新方法。方法:以农杆菌Ti质粒pCAMBIA0390为基础,构建带有潮霉素抗性基因表达盒的双元载体,并用农杆菌介导的方法转化赤霉菌。结果:构建了双元载体pCAMBIA0390-hph(PgpdA),并获得了具有潮霉素抗性的赤霉菌转化子。结论:农杆菌介导的方法适于赤霉菌的转化,为赤霉菌的遗传研究提供了一种新的手段。     

高粱遗传转化研究进展

高粱是世界上仅次于小麦、水稻、玉米和大豆的重要作物之一,然而由于其高效、稳定的遗传转化体系的建立较难,限制了其转基因研究进程.近年来,随着转基因技术的不断发展和完善,高粱转基因研究也取得了飞速的发展.从高粱遗传转化再生系统中外植体的选择、转化方法、影响转化和基因表达效率的因素等几方面进行了综述,并总结转基因高粱研究进展.     

红曲霉T-DNA插入转化库中桔霉素突变子的筛选

以农杆菌介导法建立的红曲霉T—DNA转化库为实验材料,采用抑菌圈法从5,000多个转化子中筛选出200株桔霉素突变子的候选菌株,用高效液相色谱法进一步筛选得到53株与出发菌株相比产桔霉素能力发生显著变化的突变子,其红曲中桔霉素含量介于0．04～154．57μg／g之间。进一步分析了突变子的红曲色价,发现突变子产桔霉素能力与产色素能力之间有一定的相关性。这些研究结果为进一步从分子水平上探讨红曲霉产桔霉素和色素等次生代谢产物之间的关系提供了材料和基础。     

农杆菌介导的墨兰遗传转化

转基因育种是快速定向改良兰花育种目标性状的有效方法,但迄今未见有关墨兰转基因育种的研究报道。试验以‘企剑白墨’墨兰Cymbidium sinensis cv.‘Qijianbaimo’的根状茎为受体材料,研究了影响农杆菌介导墨兰遗传转化效率的因素,以建立有实用价值的墨兰遗传转化技术体系。结果表明,受体的预培养时间、乙酰丁香酮的添加方式及浓度、农杆菌工程菌液浓度(OD600)、侵染时间和共培养时间均对‘企剑白墨’根状茎的GUS瞬时表达率有显著影响。以预培养39 d的根状茎尖为材料,在添加200μmol/L乙酰丁香酮,OD600为0.9的工程菌液中侵染35 min后,转入添加200μmol/L乙酰丁香酮的共培养基中培养7 d时,‘企剑白墨’根状茎的GUS瞬时表达率最高,为11.67%。采用上述条件对‘企剑白墨’墨兰进行遗传转化,经PCR鉴定和GUS染色检测,从400株再生植株中获得了3株转基因植株,转化率为0.75%。研究表明通过农杆菌介导法对墨兰进行遗传改良是可行的。     

农杆菌介导的紫花苜蓿高效遗传转化体系的研究

为建立高效的农杆菌介导的紫花苜蓿的遗传转化体系,对影响转化体系的若干因素进行了研究.结果表明,最适宜的条件分别为抗菌素为350 mg/L的羧苄青霉素(Carb);卡那霉素(Kan)筛选的浓度为60 mg/L;基因型为WL-323;外植体为下胚轴;农杆菌菌液浓度OD600值为0.4-0.6;侵染时间10 min;乙酰丁香酮(AS)的浓度为10 mg/L.     

胶红酵母致真菌血症1例：临床及实验研究

目的报道1例由胶红酵母感染引起的真菌血症。方法通过对患者血培养分离致病菌,并作API 20C AUX及DNA序列测定鉴定菌种,采用抗真菌药敏纸片法对菌株进行体外药敏试验。结果患者,女性,38岁,因反复出现右乳肿块5个月行右乳肿块穿刺活检术,术后高热,发生于每日下午至夜间。2次查血真菌培养均为阳性,经菌落观察、API 20C AUX鉴定及基因测序,鉴定为胶红酵母。体外药敏试验显示对两性霉素B敏感,对伊曲康唑、氟康唑、伏立康唑耐药。未予治疗,24d后自愈。结论胶红酵母菌血症在国内罕见报道,其菌株毒力相对较低,在免疫功能正常患者中,部分病例可自愈。     

胶红酵母JB401降解脱色三苯甲烷类染料

从烟梗中分离筛选得到1株能够对三苯甲烷类染料高效脱色的微生物,经ITS-5.8S rDNA分析鉴定为胶红酵母,命名为Rhodotorula mucilaginosa JB401。全波长扫描实验结果证实染料的脱色由胶红酵母降解结晶紫引起。为了提高R.mucilaginosa JB401脱色结晶紫的能力,通过单因素试验对R.mucilaginosa JB401的培养条件进行了优化,得出菌体生长24 h后以2%接种量接入初始pH为5的脱色培养基并在37℃摇床培养,可以取得最优脱色效果,此时脱色50、100和200 mg/L的结晶紫达到90%去除率分别需要3、6和14 h。此外,胶红酵母对温度和pH良好的适应性使其具有应用于工业废水处理的潜力。     

胶红酵母利用番茄渣和豆粕为原料发酵生产类胡萝卜素的研究

基于降低微生物类胡萝卜素生产成本的考虑,采用番茄渣、豆粕的纤维素酶酶解产物培养胶红酵母,以单位体积发酵液中的总类胡萝卜素浓度增量作为优化目标,先后运用逐步单因素法和均匀设计法系统性地考查了胶红酵母的总类胡萝卜素产量和增量与各个相关因素之间的关系。实验获得的总类胡萝卜素最大产量以及扣除了番茄渣中的类胡萝卜素含量而计算得到的增量分别为12.25 mg/L和10.25 mg/L。实验结果证明设计的生产工艺能够以较低的成本生产出富含类胡萝卜素的饲料,因而是经济可行的。     

Identification, antifungal susceptibility and scanning electron microscopy of a keratinolytic strain of Rhodotorula mucilaginosa: a primary causative agent of onychomycosis

Onychomycosis is a dermatological problem of high prevalence that mainly affects the hallux toenail. Onychomycosis caused by the yeast Rhodotorula mucilaginosa was identified using colony morphology, light microscopy, urease and carbohydrate metabolism in a 57-year-old immunocompetent patient from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. High-resolution scanning electron microscopy of nail fragments, processed by a noncoating method, led to the observation with fine detail of the structures of both nail and fungus involved in the infection. Yeasts were mainly found inside grooves in the nail. Budding yeasts presented a spiral pattern of growth and blastoconidia were found in the nail groove region. Keratinase assays and keratin enzymography revealed that this isolate was highly capable of degrading keratin. Antifungal susceptibility tests showed that the fungus was susceptible to low concentrations of amphotericin B and 5-flucytosine and resistant to high concentrations of fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole and terbinafine. These findings showed data for the first time concerning the interaction of R. mucilaginosa in toenail infection and suggest that this emerging yeast should also be considered an opportunistic primary causative agent of onychomycosis.     

Biofilm formation by the yeast Rhodotorula mucilaginosa: process,repeatability and cell attachment in a continuous biofilm reactor

Yeast biofilms contribute to quality impairment of industrial processes and also play an important role in clinical infections. Little is known about biofilm formation and their treatment. The aim of this study was to establish a multi-layer yeast biofilm model using a modified 3.7 l bench-top bioreactor operated in continuous mode (D = 0.12 h^?1). The repeatability of biofilm formation was tested by comparing five bioprocesses with Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, a strain isolated from washing machines. The amount of biofilm formed after 6 days post inoculation was 83 μg cm^?2 protein, 197 μg cm^?2 polysaccharide and 6.9 × 10⁶ CFU cm^?2 on smooth polypropylene surfaces. Roughening the surface doubled the amount of biofilm but also increased its spatial variability. Plasma modification of polypropylene significantly reduced the hydrophobicity but did not enhance cell attachment. The biofilm formed on polypropylene coupons could be used for sanitation studies.     

胶红酵母CYJ03的体外体内抗氧化活性研究

旨在深入研究海洋源胶红酵母CYJ03的抗氧化能力,挖掘其开发成抗氧化产品的潜力.通过测定CYJ03的过氧化氢耐受性,及其发酵上清液、完整细胞和色素提取物3种不同组分的还原力、自由基清除能力和Fe2+螯合能力来评价该菌株的体外抗氧化能力;通过在罗非鱼日粮中添加CYJ03,测定罗非鱼的生长性能以及血清和肝脏的总抗氧化能力(...     

Genetic analysis of D-xylose metabolism by endophytic yeast strains of Rhodotorula graminis and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa

Two novel endophytic yeast strains, WP1 and PTD3, isolated from within the stems of poplar (Populus) trees, were genetically characterized with respect to their xylose metabolism genes. These two strains, belonging to the species Rhodotorula graminis and R. mucilaginosa, respectively, utilize both hexose and pentose sugars, including the common plant pentose sugar, D-xylose. The xylose reductase (XYL1) and xylitol dehydrogenase (XYL2) genes were cloned and characterized. The derived amino acid sequences of xylose reductase (XR) and xylose dehydrogenase (XDH) were 32%～41% homologous to those of Pichia stipitis and Candida. spp., two species known to utilize xylose. The derived XR and XDH sequences of WP1 and PTD3 had higher homology (73% and 69% identity) with each other. WP1 and PTD3 were grown in single sugar and mixed sugar media to analyze the XYL1 and XYL2 gene regulation mechanisms. Our results revealed that for both strains, the gene expression is induced by D-xylose, and that in PTD3 the expression was not repressed by glucose in the presence of xylose.     

Biochemical characterization and evaluation of invertases produced from Saccharomyces cerevisiae CAT-1 and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa for the production of fructooligosaccharides

Abstract

Invertases are used for several purposes; one among these is the production of fructooligosaccharides. The aim of this study was to biochemically characterize invertase from industrial Saccharomyces cerevisiae CAT-1 and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa isolated from Cerrado soil. The optimum pH and temperature were 4.0 and 70?°C for Rhodotorula mucilaginosa invertase and 4.5 and 50?°C for Saccharomyces cerevisiae invertase. The pH and thermal stability from 3.0 to 10.5 and 75?°C for R. mucilaginosa invertase, respectively. The pH and thermal stability for S. cerevisiae CAT-1 invertase from 3.0 to 7.0, and 50?°C, respectively. Both enzymes showed good catalytic activity with 10% of ethanol in reaction mixture. The hydrolysis by invertases occurs predominantly when sucrose concentrations are ≤5%. On the other hand, the increase in the concentration of sucrose to levels above 10% results in the highest transferase activity, reaching about 13.3?g/L of nystose by S. cerevisiae invertase and 12.6?g/L by R. mucilaginosa invertase. The results demonstrate the high structural stability of the enzyme produced by R. mucilaginosa, which is an extremely interesting feature that would enable the application of this enzyme in industrial processes.     

农杆菌介导法与基因枪轰击法结合在植物遗传转化上的应用

根癌农杆菌介导法(Agrohacterium mediated transformation)和基因枪轰击法( particle bombardment transformation)是植物遗传转化的主要方法。两种方法各有优缺点．农杆菌介导法是一种天然的植物遗传转化系统,外源基因在转基因植物中的拷贝数低,遗传稳定性好;基因枪转化法不受材料基因型的限制。通过结合两种方法的优点,发展了3种农杆菌介导和基因枪轰击法相结合的遗传转化方法,分别为农杆枪法、基因枪轰击／农杆菌感染法、金粉或钨粉包裹菌体细胞作为微弹轰击法。对3种结合转化方法的技术途径、原理、转化受体及研究进展等方面进行了综述。