尿黑酸双加氧酶基因工程菌的构建

为了构建不同表达类型的尿黑酸双加氧酶(Dio6)基因工程菌,本研究利用Over-lap PCR技术使双加氧酶基因在组成型启动子(P2和P_(spoⅠ-Ⅱ))的控制下表达;利用高效液相色谱(HPLC)技术测定XJ-6、XJ-6+P_(T7)、XJ-6+P2、XJ-6+P_(spoⅠ-Ⅱ)、P_(spoⅠ-Ⅱ)、P2、P_(T7)在7 d对芘的降解。研究结果表明:构建得到3种启动子控制表达的基因工程菌,协同效应研究表明工程菌在XJ-6的协助下可以在含芘的无机盐培养基中生长,并且组成型启动子工程菌的菌数远高于诱导型启动子工程菌的菌数。组成型启动子相较于诱导型启动子工程菌能更稳定表达外源双加氧酶基因,由于诱导型启动子工程菌需要诱导剂IPTG,并且表达双加氧酶基因会受到诱导剂浓度、诱导温度等条件的影响,所以在实际应用中组成型启动子工程菌优于诱导型启动子工程菌。     

邻苯二酚1,2-双加氧酶的结构、功能及同工酶现象研究进展

邻苯二酚是芳香族化合物多条生物降解途径中共有的一种重要的中间产物,根据开环方式的不同,可分为邻位降解途径和间位降解途径,其中邻位降解途径中的关键酶是邻苯二酚1,2-双加氧酶。本文主要综述了邻苯二酚1,2-双加氧酶的结构、酶学性质,以及它在芳香烃降解菌中存在的同工酶现象及其功能研究进展。     

南极菌产琼胶酶aga3311的表达、性质及其降解特性

【目的】本文通过对具有琼胶降解能力的南极菌Pseudoalteromonas sp.NJ21全基因组进行生物信息学分析,筛选获得琼胶酶疑似序列aga3311,采用基因工程手段对该基因的功能和性质进行了验证和分析。【方法】首先对aga3311进行克隆和表达;采用Ni-NTA对重组酶进行纯化;DNS-还原糖法测定重组酶的酶学性质;用薄层层析(TLC)和质谱(MS)技术对Aga3311的酶解产物进行分析。【结果】构建的重组表达质粒p ET-30(a)+aga3311能够在工程菌E.coli BL21(DE3)中实现高效表达,其中可溶性表达为30%左右;纯化的重组酶Aga3311分子量为87 k Da,其最适作用温度为35°C,30–45°C的范围内稳定性较高,50°C则迅速失活,具有热不稳定的特征;最适p H为7.0,在p H 4.0–10.0的范围内仍能保持50%以上的活性;金属离子Fe~(3+)、Be~(2+)、Zn~(2+)和Ca~(2+)均能显著提高Aga3311的活性,特别是Ca~(2+)使其酶活提高1倍。该酶的酶解终产物经TLC和质谱分析主要为新琼二糖。【结论】重组酶Aga3311为Glyco_hydro_42家族的外切型β-琼胶酶,能够特异性降解琼脂糖生成新琼二糖。     

深海太平洋火色杆菌琼胶降解基因分析和琼胶酶Aga0950的表达及酶学性质

【目的】对深海太平洋火色杆菌(Flammeovirga pacifica WPAGA1)全基因组进行生物信息学分析,筛选获得琼胶酶基因aga0950,采用基因工程手段对该基因的功能和性质进行验证和分析。【方法】采用Illumina HiSeq2500测序技术进行基因组测序分析;采用克隆表达和镍柱纯化方法获得纯aga0950基因表达产物;采用薄层层析(TLC)和离子色谱(IC)法分析酶降解琼胶产物;采用二硝基水杨酸法(DNS)测定琼胶酶活性。【结果】基因组序列分析表明,菌株WPAGA1全基因组拥有13个β-琼胶酶相关基因;氨基酸序列比对显示,同源性为60%–85%,其中aga0950是具有GH16家族典型特征的基因,同源性为67%。纯化的重组酶Aga0950比活力达51770 U/mg,具有高效降解琼胶活性,降解终产物为新琼四糖和新琼六糖;最适温度为50°C,最适pH为4.0–10.0;Co~(2+)、Mn~(2+)和Fe3+促进酶活,Cu~(2+)抑制酶活。【结论】深海菌株WPAGA1具有丰富的琼胶酶基因;属于GH16家族的琼胶酶基因aga0950表达产物具有高效降解胶琼活性和良好的热、酸、碱稳定性。     

黄杆菌(Flavobacterium sp.)几丁质酶的纯化和性质

黄杆菌(Flavobacteium sp.)在几丁质的诱导下产生几丁质酶.通过(NH_4)_2SO_4沉淀、DEAE纤维素柱层析、Sephacryl 300柱层析及Sephadex G-75柱层析,从Flavobacterium sp.培养上清液中分离纯化了几丁质酶.SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)纯度分析表明,纯化后的几丁质酶达到了均一的程度.用SDS-PAGE测得该酶的分子量约45D00道尔顿.该酶水解几丁质的最适pH为 7.0,最适温度为50℃,-20C贮存两年以上仍有活性.水解几丁质的Km值为5.0mg/ml.金属离子对几丁质酶活性影响较大,Ca~(2+) 、Co~(2+)’和Cu~(2+)对酶有激活作用.而NH_4~-、Ba~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、Mn~(2+)对酶有抑制作用.几丁质酶水解几丁质的产物是几丁质二糖.     

中温碱性脂肪酶的研究——Ⅲ.扩展青霉PF868变株碱性脂肪酶的纯化及其酶学性质

扩展青霉PF868变株发酵液经硫酸铵盐析和Sephadex-G-200及Sepharose4B柱层析纯化,获得纯化倍数为32.4的酶粉.该酶分子量为23442Dal.酶学特性表明:该酶的最适作用温度为32℃,50℃保温30min仍保留50%酶活性,最适pH为9.0,作用pH稳定范围在7.0—10.0之间.Ca~(2+)Mg~(2+)对酶有激活作用.Fe~(2+)、Cu~(2+)和Mn~(2+)对酶活力有抑制作用.     

微生物降解石油烃的功能基因研究进展

微生物对石油烃的降解在自然衰减去除土壤和地下水石油烃污染的过程中发挥了重要作用。微生物通过其产生的一系列酶来利用和降解这类有机污染物,其中,编码关键降解酶的基因称为功能基因。功能基因可作为生物标志物用于分析环境中石油烃降解基因的多样性。因此,研究石油降解功能基因是分析土著微生物群落多样性、评价自然衰减潜力与构建基因工程菌的重要基础。本文主要介绍了烷烃和芳香烃在有氧和无氧条件下的微生物降解途径,重点总结了烷烃和芳香烃降解的主要功能基因及其作用,包括参与羟化作用的单加氧酶和双加氧酶基因、延胡索酸加成反应的琥珀酸合酶基因以及中心中间产物的降解酶基因等。     

苦荞籽粒芦丁降解酶的纯化、酶学性质及部分一级结构分析

芦丁降解酶催化芦丁降解为水溶性降低的槲皮素,是形成苦荞苦味的主要因素。研究以榆6-21苦荞籽粒粉为材料,通过硫酸铵分级沉淀、疏水层析、阳离子交换层析、凝胶过滤层析分离纯化芦丁降解酶,SDS-PAGE显示纯化的芦丁降解酶为分子量66 kDa的单一条带。芦丁降解酶的最适pH值为5.0,最适温度为50℃。对其催化特性研究表明,该酶的K_m值为0.27 mmol/L,V_(max)值为39.68 U/mg。Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、Mn~(2+)和EDTA对其有不同程度的抑制作用。纯化的芦丁降解酶可耐受50%(V/V)的甲醇。Edman降解法测定其N端序列为TVSRSSFPDGFLFGL。MALDI-TOF-MS(基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱)二级质谱获得了其15个内肽序列。该研究为从转录组数据中确定芦丁降解酶的候选基因及深入研究芦丁降解酶的生物学功能奠定了基础。     

苯甲酸-1,2-双加氧酶高产菌株的筛选和发酵条件的研究

苯甲酸-1,2-双加氧酶(ECl.13.99.2)催化苯甲酸转化成邻苯二酚。该酶是微生物降解芳香烃的一个关键酶,它催化氧化开环的第一步反应,在研究微生物的芳香烃代谢中占有重要位置。近年来,发现该酶可以用来在工业上合成邻苯二酚以及消除芳环化合物的污     

二价金属离子对嵌有线粒体H~+-ATP酶的脂酶体不同层次脂质流动性的影响

本文报道用荧光偏振及顺磁共振两种方法研究Mg~(2+)及其它二价金属离子对嵌有H~+-ATP酶的脂酶体不同层次脂质流动性的影响。 (1)顺磁标记探剂5-、12-、16-氮氧基硬脂酸测定结果表明Mg~(2+)和其它二价金属离子都能降低膜脂双分子层表层的流动性。降低流动性的顺序为Mg~(2+)=Ca~(2+)>Sr~(2+)>Cd~(2+)。较深层脂则无明显变化。 (2)荧光探剂7-、12-(9-蒽酰)硬脂酸及16-(9-蒽酰)棕榈酸的测定结果也表明Mg~(2+)和其它二价金属离子降低了膜脂表层的流动性,尤以Mn~(2+)、Ca~(2+)降低流动性最显著,流动性降低的顺序为;Mn~(2+) Ca>Sr~(2+) Mg~(2+) Cd~(2+)。除Mn~(2+)、Ca~(2+)还能影响膜脂深层的流动性外,其它与对照无明显差异。     

壳聚糖酶的克隆表达与壳寡糖的制备分析

目的:克隆壳聚糖酶基因于大肠杆菌中实现高表达,制备壳寡糖。方法:以枯草芽孢杆菌总DNA为模板扩增壳聚糖酶基因(CSN),克隆至载体pET23a(+)上,转化菌株BL21(DE3)。重组子经0.5 mmol/L IPTG诱导后,SDS-PAGE和质谱检测与鉴定重组酶。酶纯化后水解壳聚糖,薄层色谱分析其水解产物。结果:质谱证明壳聚糖酶(31.5kDa)成功表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的45%左右。纯化后重组酶浓度为900 mg/L,纯度95%、回收率85%,酶活力为10 000 U/mg。壳聚糖降解产物为壳二糖至壳四糖。结论:原核表达载体pET23a(+)-CSN构建正确,壳聚糖酶表达量与活性高,适用于水解壳聚糖制备壳寡糖。     

国内外蝗害治理技术现状与展望

本文首先概述了国内外蝗虫发生与为害的态势,总结了现阶段我国蝗虫发生与为害的主要特点:即农田飞蝗暴发频繁而且严重,草原土蝗的发生时常造成严重的经济损失,而且侵入城市干扰市民生活,我国与周边国家之间蝗虫过境迁移频繁,使用化学农药污染环境和农产品;分析了国内外蝗虫防治对策与技术的发展现状,重点介绍了应急防治和可持续治理对策、...     

Kinetics and thermodynamics of peroxidase- and laccase-catalyzed oxidation of N-substituted phenothiazines and phenoxazines

N -substituted phenothiazines (PTs) and phenoxazines (POs) catalyzed by fungal Coprinus cinereus peroxidase and Polyporus pinsitus laccase were investigated at pH 4–10. In the case of peroxidase, an apparent bimolecular rate constant (expressed as k _cat/K _m) varied from 1 ×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹to 2.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 7.0. The constants for PO oxidation were higher in comparison to PT. pH dependence revealed two or three ionizable groups with pK _a values of 4.9–5.7 and 7.7–9.7 that significantly affected the activity of peroxidase. Single-turnover experiments showed that the limiting step of PT oxidation was reduction of compound II and second-order rate constants were obtained which were consistent with the constants at steady-state conditions. Laccase-catalyzed PT and PO oxidation rates were lower; apparent bimolecular rate constants varied from 1.8×10⁵M⁻¹s⁻¹ to 2.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 5.3. PO constants were higher in comparison to PT, as was the case with peroxidase. The dependence of the apparent bimolecular constants of compound II or copper type 1 reduction, in the case of peroxidase or laccase, respectively, was analyzed in the framework of the Marcus outer-sphere electron-transfer theory. Peroxidase-catalyzed reactions with PT, as well as PO, fitted the same hyperbolic dependence with a maximal oxidation rate of 1.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ and a reorganization energy of 0.30 eV. The respective parameters for laccase were 5.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ and 0.29 eV. Received: 20 September 1999 / Accepted: 24 February 2000     

Coiled-coil nanomechanics and uncoiling and unfolding of the superhelix and alpha-helices of myosin

The nanomechanical properties of the coiled-coils of myosin are fundamentally important in understanding muscle assembly and contraction. Force spectra of single molecules of double-headed myosin, single-headed myosin, and coiled-coil tail fragments were acquired with an atomic force microscope and displayed characteristic triphasic force-distance responses to stretch: a rise phase (R) and a plateau phase (P) and an exponential phase (E). The R and P phases arise mainly from the stretching of the coiled-coils, with the hinge region being the main contributor to the rise phase at low force. Only the E phase was analyzable by the worm-like chain model of polymer elasticity. Restrained molecular mechanics simulations on an existing x-ray structure of scallop S2 yielded force spectra with either two or three phases, depending on the mode of stretch. It revealed that coiled-coil chains separate completely near the end of the P phase and the stretching of the unfolded chains gives rise to the E phase. Extensive conformational searching yielded a P phase force near 40 pN that agreed well with the experimental value. We suggest that the flexible and elastic S2 region, particularly the hinge region, may undergo force-induced unfolding and extend reversibly during actomyosin powerstroke.     

Synthesis of hapten and conjugates of coumestrol and development of immunoassay

3-O-Carboxymethylcoumestrol was prepared as the hapten for immunoassay by a partial alkylation of coumestrol with ethyl chloroacetate in acetone alkalized with potassium carbonate. 3-O-Ethoxycarbonylmethylcoumestrol was separated by column chromatography and finally was hydrolyzed with formic acid. 1H and 13C NMR data (APT, COSY, HMQC, and HMBC) revealed that the reaction was regioselective, as 3-O-ethoxycarboxymethylcoumestrol was the only monosubstituted derivative. The hapten was then conjugated to bovine serum albumin and used for immunization of rabbits. A radioimmunoassay (RIA) system was established based on the polyclonal antiserum and a 125I-labeled hapten-tyrosine methyl ester conjugate as the radioligand. Parameters of the RIA: sensitivity: 12 pg per tube, 50% intercept: 140 pg per tube, working range: 20-4000 pg per tube. The cross-reactivity of a panel isoflavonoid and lignan phytoestrogens was either negligible (e.g. formononetin 0.07%; biochanin A 0.06%) or not detectable at all. The major immunoreactive peak in HPLC fractions from an alfalfa extract had the same retention time as coumestrol standard and represented 94.8% of the signal. The remaining 5.2% of immunoreactivity was distributed between five minor peaks. We conclude that after the validation for particular matrices, the method will be a useful tool for analysis of coumestrol, especially in low volume and low concentration samples.     

白术同源四倍体的诱导和鉴定及其与二倍体过氧化物酶的比较

以白术（Atractylodes macrooephala Koidz.）二倍体组培苗为材料,对其四倍体诱导方法进行研究,共获得45个白术同源四倍体株系,为优良株系的选育提供了材料。此外,还分析比较了其中8个白术四倍体株系与二倍体的过氧化物酶同工酶（POD）的酶谱差异,发现四倍体各株系过氧化物酶同工酶谱比二倍体的均多了Rf0.310的谱带,且总过氧化物酶比活力也发生了很大改变,对探讨白术四倍体优良株系的生理生化机理具有一定的参考价值。     

放牧对牧草光合作用、呼吸作用和氮、碳吸收与转运的影响

研究放牧对草地植物生理活动的影响,对于揭示草地放牧演替的生理机制有重要意义.大量研究表明,家畜放牧对牧草光合作用、呼吸作用以及C和N吸收与转运的影响,可以分为生理伤害和生理恢复2个阶段.放牧通过改变草地冠层结构影响牧草光合作用,净光合作用速率短期内迅速下降,随着叶面积指数增加又逐渐上升,呼吸作用有相似的变化趋势.牧草放牧后再生长所需的C和N最初主要来自根系和留茬中的贮藏物质,此后随着牧草生长恢复逐渐由同化作用供给,C代谢与土壤N水平负相关.放牧后牧草生理活动变化与牧草遗传特性、种间竞争、家畜放牧特征、非生物环境等因素密切相关.     

Effect of soil salinity and water stresses on growth and content of nitrogen,chloride and phosphate of wheat and triticale

Summary Three wheats and one triticale were grown, up to flowering stage, in pots on calcareous soil adjusted to a range of salinities (S₁=3.5, S₂=6, S₃=8.5, and S₄=11 mmhos/cm, 20°C, soilpaste extract) by adding solution consisting of 3∶2∶1 of Na-, Ca- and Mg chlorides in chemical equivalent amounts. Moisture in the pots was kept at 100% (W₁), 40% (W₂) and 20% (W₃) of the available water. The vegetative growth, nitrogen and phosphate were affected by S and W treatments, chloride was affected only by S. The interaction S×W affected only dry weight. Varietal effect was observed between wheat as a group and triticale. Multiple quadratic regression equations of these properties on salinity and water revealed that the higher the available water the wider the range of tolerable salinity. Triticale was relatively more tolerant to water stress. Salinity increases Cl and decreases N, whereas water stress enhances N accumulation to a certain extent. However, in triticale at S₃ and S₄ the effect of water stress on N was overshadowed by the excessive salinity. This did not occur for the wheat (Florence). P trends were described. R² for P was low (0.7435–0.3603) which made interpretations rather difficult.