细胞药物的制备工艺——细胞药物 连载之二

细胞药物制备的质量直接关系到细胞治疗的效果。由于细胞治疗所用细胞是具有生物学效应的,细胞药物的制备技术和应用方案具有多样性、复杂性和特殊性,不像一般生物药物那样有统一的制作标准。细胞药物的制备过程主要包括供者筛查、供者检测、采集、加工、分离纯化、储存等,以造血干细胞、间充质干细胞、肝细胞及树突状细胞为例对其进行简要介绍。     

细胞药物的研发现状——细胞药物连载之三

近年来,细胞药物的研究受到了国内外重视。特别是干细胞药物,已成为世界各国竞相研究的热点领域,但各国的干细胞药物绝大多数仍处于研究阶段,全球真正上市的干细胞药物很少。目前正在研发的干细胞药物主要集中在治疗慢性疾病（关节炎、糖尿病和癌症等）和心脏相关疾病（心肌梗死、心脏衰竭等）。一些传统体细胞药物（软骨细胞、心肌细胞、胰岛细胞等）和免疫细胞药物已在临床应用。     

细胞药物的标准及质量控制——细胞药物连载之四

细胞药物最终用于人体,必须建立相应的质量标准,进行质量控制。系统地贯彻到供者筛查、组织采集、细胞分离、培养、冻存、复苏、放行、运输、使用等全过程,确保产品的安全性、有效性和稳定性。近年来,我国逐渐改变了把细胞治疗作为第三类医疗技术管理的思路。一方面,已有第三类医疗技术取消行政审批;另一方面,又把除自体外的干细胞移植纳入药物管理,并建立了相应的质量标准和质量管理办法。     

干细胞生物药物研究进展

胚胎干细胞和成年干细胞经培养能产生更多干细胞也可定向分化成神经细胞、血细胞、肝细胞等特定类型的细胞。其中具有潜能的细胞可用来研究治疗帕金森病、糖尿病和脊髓损伤等疾病的生物药物。     

细胞药物的种类及生物学特性——细胞药物连载之一

细胞药物是以不同细胞为基础的用于疾病治疗的制剂、药物或产品的统称,是继放疗、化疗之后又一种临床有效的治疗手段,可实施个性化治疗。细胞药物的种类很多,按其生物学特性可分为传统体细胞、免疫细胞以及各种不同的干细胞等。经体外操作过的细胞群,如肝细胞、胰岛细胞、软骨细胞、树突状细胞、细胞因子诱导的杀伤细胞、淋巴因子激活的杀伤细胞、体外加工的骨髓或造血干细胞和体外处理的肿瘤细胞(瘤苗)等。细胞药物已在一些难治性疾病中得到应用,包括血液系统疾病、心血管系统疾病、消化系统疾病、神经系统疾病、免疫系统疾病和抗衰老等。细胞治疗涉及的细胞种类很多,且不同细胞或不同治疗方法各有特点。运用不同的细胞药物来修复病变细胞,以重建受损的功能细胞和组织,恢复其生物学功能,为细胞丢失或损伤性疾病的防治提供了崭新的思路。     

《细胞》：药物使癌症干细胞“改邪归正”

加拿大研究人员日前在学术期刊《细胞》上发表研究报告说。他们在实验中发现,抗精神病药物甲硫达嗪可使癌症干细胞”改邪归正”,成为正常细胞,而药物使用不会对其他正常的人体细胞产生副作用。研究人员称,基于这项研究成果,有望研发出新的癌症治疗药物。     

细胞药物的临床应用——细胞药物连载之五

近年来,细胞药物在基础研究领域的成果促进了临床应用。现在细胞药物治疗的疾病种类很多,包括神经系统疾病、自身免疫系统疾病、心血管系统疾病、血液系统疾病、消化系统疾病、下肢缺血、整形美容、抗衰老及抗肿瘤等,涉及的细胞主要有各种干细胞、软骨细胞、肝细胞、DC及CIK细胞等。国内外越来越多的机构和组织开展了细胞治疗的临床研究及应用。     

干细胞在细胞移植法治疗心肌损伤中的应用

干细胞是指同时具有自我更新和产生分化细胞的增殖性细胞.干细胞具有分化成多种机体组织细胞,包括心肌细胞的潜能.把胚胎干细胞和成熟组织干细胞分化成心肌细胞的体内和体外实验,以及把这些分化出的心肌细胞用于细胞移植来治疗心肌损伤的可能性加以总结.虽然干细胞用于治疗心肌损伤的细胞移植疗法具有广阔的前景,但在临床应用方面仍有很多问题尚待解决.     

糖尿病的细胞治疗

胰岛素产生细胞的缺陷或缺乏导致的Ⅰ型糖尿病是影响人类健康的重大疾病之一。最近细胞移植和组织工程的研究进展,使得糖尿病的细胞替代治疗成为可能,即通过胰岛素产生细胞的移植治疗Ⅰ型糖尿病和某些Ⅱ型糖尿病。但是由于供体细胞缺乏的限制,使得糖尿病的细胞治疗难以广泛开展。胰腺干细胞将成为胰岛素产生细胞的潜在来源。就Ⅰ型糖尿病的发病机制和治疗中存在的问题、胰腺干细胞的分离和分化、胰岛移植治疗糖尿病的局限性和干细胞治疗的必要性、糖尿病细胞治疗的探讨作如下介绍。     

SP细胞研究进展

SP（side population）胞是细胞群体中极少的一部分,它们可将进入细胞核的荧光染料排出胞外,在荧光显微镜下观察或流式细胞检测时表现为不着色,故称为SP细胞。已发现SP细胞和干细胞具有很多共性,且与肿瘤干细胞很相似。对SP细胞及其性质、分离方法、用途,以及SP细胞与肿瘤干细胞的关系等进行了简要阐述。     

Prospect of mesenchymal stem cells in therapy of osteoporosis: A review

Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disease associated with reduced bone strong point that results in raised fracture risk, with decreased bone strength, leading to reduced bone mineral density and poor bone quality. It is the most common in older females but some men are also at high risk. Although considered as a predictable result of aging, it is can be avoidable and treatable. The existing treatment of osteoporosis mainly contains antiresorptive and anabolic agents. In spite of these improvements, concerns around unusual side-effects of antiresorptive drugs, and the lack of perfect confirmation in maintenance of their long-standing effectiveness is bring about many patients not receiving these drugs. Over the years, the stem cell-based therapy has attained substantial clinical consideration because of its potential to treat numerous diseases. The stem cell therapy has been recommended as a probable therapeutic approach for patients with osteoporosis. Even though the concept of stem cell-based therapy for osteoporosis has caught substantial attention, no clinical trial has been published on humans. The cell studies based on osteoporosis are primarily focused on osteoclastic activity and bone resorption procedures. Earlier, it was on osteoblastogenesis and in recent times, on the differentiation probable of mesenchymal stem cells. In this review, we have summarized the therapeutic role of stem cell-based strategy in osteoporosis.     

Immunological considerations for embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cell banking

Recent advances in stem cell technology have generated enthusiasm for their potential to study and treat a diverse range of human disease. Pluripotent human stem cells for therapeutic use may, in principle, be obtained from two sources: embryonic stem cells (hESCs), which are capable of extensive self-renewal and expansion and have the potential to differentiate into any somatic tissue, and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), which are derived from differentiated tissue such as adult skin fibroblasts and appear to have the same properties and potential, but their generation is not dependent upon a source of embryos. The likelihood that clinical transplantation of hESC- or iPSC-derived tissues from an unrelated (allogeneic) donor that express foreign human leucocyte antigens (HLA) may undergo immunological rejection requires the formulation of strategies to attenuate the host immune response to transplanted tissue. In clinical practice, individualized iPSC tissue derived from the intended recipient offers the possibility of personalized stem cell therapy in which graft rejection would not occur, but the logistics of achieving this on a large scale are problematic owing to relatively inefficient reprogramming techniques and high costs. The creation of stem cell banks comprising HLA-typed hESCs and iPSCs is a strategy that is proposed to overcome the immunological barrier by providing HLA-matched (histocompatible) tissue for the target population. Estimates have shown that a stem cell bank containing around 10 highly selected cell lines with conserved homozygous HLA haplotypes would provide matched tissue for the majority of the UK population. These simulations have practical, financial, political and ethical implications for the establishment and design of stem cell banks incorporating cell lines with HLA types that are compatible with different ethnic populations throughout the world.     

Targeting stem cell signaling pathways for drug discovery: advances in the Notch and Wnt pathways

Signaling pathways transduce extracellular stimuli into cells through molecular cascades to regulate cellular functions.In stem cells,a small number of pathways,notably those of TGF-?/BMP,Hedgehog,Notch,and Wnt,are responsible for the regulation of pluripotency and differentiation.During embryonic development,these pathways govern cell fate specifications as well as the formation of tissues and organs.In adulthood,their normal functions are important for tissue homeostasis and regeneration,whereas aberrations result in diseases,such as cancer and degenerative disorders.In complex biological systems,stem cell signaling pathways work in concert as a network and exhibit crosstalk,such as the negative crosstalk between Wnt and Notch.Over the past decade,genetic and genomic studies have identified a number of potential drug targets that are involved in stem cell signaling pathways.Indeed,discovery of new targets and drugs for these pathways has become one of the most active areas in both the research community and pharmaceutical industry.Remarkable progress has been made and several promising drug candidates have entered into clinical trials.This review focuses on recent advances in the discovery of novel drugs which target the Notch and Wnt pathways.     

人尿源性干细胞的分离培养及应用研究新进展

人尿源性干细胞(human urine-derived stem cells,hUSCs)是从人尿液中通过常温离心分离培养出来的具有良好增殖活性和多向分化能力的成体干细胞,具有间充质干细胞的生物学特性,其在组织器官修复、疾病治疗、药物活性及毒性替代筛选等领域均有重要的应用前景,且已能实现多种途径向尿源性多潜能干细胞(urine-induced pluripotent stem cells,u-iPSCs)转化,但在研究过程中发现仍然存在一些值得深入研究的问题,如人尿液源性干细胞的来源尚不明确,定向诱导多潜能干细胞分化的条件选择及如何提高重编程效率等.本文对hUSCs的来源、分离培养方法、生物学特性及其应用研究最新进展进行综述,总结了由hUSCs向u-iPSCc诱导的方法及其应用前景,为hUSCs的研究和应用提供参考.     

Prospects for pluripotent stem cell‐derived cardiomyocytes in cardiac cell therapy and as disease models

The derivation of embryonic stem cells (hESC) from human embryos a decade ago started a new era in perspectives for cell therapy as well as understanding human development and disease. More recently, reprogramming of somatic cells to an embryonic stem cell‐like state (induced pluripotent stem cells, iPS) presented a new milestone in this area, making it possible to derive all cells types from any patients bearing specific genetic mutations. With the development of efficient differentiation protocols we are now able to use the derivatives of pluripotent stem cells to study mechanisms of disease and as human models for drug and toxicology testing. In addition derivatives of pluripotent stem cells are now close to be used in clinical practice although for the heart, specific additional challenges have been identified that preclude short‐term application in cell therapy. Here we review techniques presently used to induce differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into cardiomyocytes and the potential these cells have as disease models and for therapy. J. Cell. Biochem. 107: 592–599, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Biological characteristics of human menstrual blood‐derived endometrial stem cells

Successful isolation of human endometrial stem cells from menstrual blood, namely menstrual blood‐derived endometrial stem cells (MenSCs), has provided enticing alternative seed cells for stem cell‐based therapy. MenSCs are enriched in the self‐regenerative tissue, endometrium, which shed along the periodic menstrual blood and thus their acquisition involves no physical invasiveness. However, the impact of the storage duration of menstrual blood prior to stem cell isolation, the age of the donor, the number of passages on the self‐renewing of MenSCs, the paracrine production of biological factors in MenSCs and expression of adhesion molecules on MenSCs remain elusive. In this study, we confirmed that MenSCs reside in shedding endometrium, and documented that up to 3 days of storage at 4°C has little impact on MenSCs, while the age of the donor and the number of passages are negatively associated with proliferation capacity of MenSCs. Moreover, we found that MenSCs were actually immune‐privileged and projected no risk of tumour formation. Also, we documented a lung‐ and liver‐dominated, spleen‐ and kidney‐involved organic distribution profile of MenSC 3 days after intravenous transfer into mice. At last, we suggested that MenSCs may have potentially therapeutic effects on diseases through paracrine effect and immunomodulation.     

呼吸道上皮中的短暂扩充细胞——clara细胞

clara细胞为一类无纤毛、无粘液,而有着丰富分泌颗粒的呼吸道上皮细胞。clara细胞的功能为分泌蛋白、表达细胞色素氧化酶、对外源物的生物转换作用,以及作为呼吸道中的短暂扩充细胞来修复受损的呼吸道上皮。随着对干细胞、肿瘤干细胞及所处壁龛的深入研究,其在呼吸道上皮中的更新、修复及肿瘤发生中的作用也愈来愈受到重视,并为肿瘤的治疗研究带来了前景。     

肿瘤干细胞与肿瘤转移

近年来,肿瘤干细胞(cancer stem cell,CSC)学说研究认为CSC与肿瘤发生、发展、转移和复发关系极为密切。研究还发现CSC具有明显的异质性,即CSC可分为增生、耐药、侵袭和转移等行为不同的亚群细胞,其中具有转移生物学特性的CSC亚群细胞称为肿瘤转移干细胞(migrating cancer stem cell,MCSC)。目前认为,上皮-间质转变、趋化因子和靶器官微环境可能在肿瘤转移过程中起着重要作用。针对MCSC及其相关机制的靶向治疗有望能更有效地遏制肿瘤的转移。     

Stem cell and niche development in the postnatal rat testis

Adult tissue stem cells self-renew and differentiate in a way that exactly meets the biological demand of the dependent tissue. We evaluated spermatogonial stem cell (SSC) activity in the developing rat testis and the quality and accessibility of the stem cell niche in wild type, and two busulfan-treated models of rat pup recipient testes using an SSC transplantation technique as a functional assay. While our results revealed a 69-fold increase in stem cell activity during rat testis development from neonate to adult, only moderate changes in SSC concentration were observed, and stem cells from neonate, pup, and adult donor testes produce spermatogenic colonies of similar size. Analysis of the stem cell niche in recipient rat testes demonstrated that pup testes support high levels of donor stem cell engraftment when endogenous germ cells are removed or compromised by busulfan treatment. Fertility was established when rat pup donor testis cells were transplanted into fetal- or pup-busulfan-treated recipient rat pup testes, and the donor genotype was transmitted to subsequent generations. These results provide insight into stem cell/niche interactions in the rat testis and demonstrate that techniques originally developed in mice can be extended to other species for regenerative medicine and germline modification.     

Human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells: serial passaging,doubling time and cell senescence

Adult adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AD-MSC) are very interesting to our research group because they are easy to harvest, they are abundant in humans, and they have potential clinical applications in autologous cell therapy for disc degeneration. We examined these cells through sequential serial passages to assess osteogenic and chondrogenic capabilities, mean doubling time and cell senescence. Osteogenic and chondrogenic potencies were maintained through 13 passages. Mean passage doubling time increased significantly with increasing passage number. When donor age was evaluated, passages 1-4 from older donors had significantly longer doubling times compared to cells from younger donors. Passages 5-11 showed similar findings when analyzed by donor age. The mean percent senescence increased significantly with cell passaging, rising from 0% at passage 1 to 3.4% at passage 13. These novel data suggest that caution should be exercised when using AD-MSC with long passage times.