赖氨酸酰化酶的重组表达及其催化合成ε-月桂酰-L-赖氨酸

来源于链霉菌的赖氨酸酰化酶Sm-ELA能催化赖氨酸和月桂酸在水相中合成月桂酰赖氨酸,避免了采用化学合成法所必需的高温和有机溶剂条件,是一种节能、环境友好的替代方法。构建了过表达链霉菌赖氨酸酰化酶基因的重组质粒pET28a-Sm ELA和pTrcOmpXK_(122)Sm ELA,分别实现了该酶在大肠杆菌胞内和细胞表面的活性表达。比较两种不同表达方式的效果后,将重组酶应用于催化合成月桂酰赖氨酸的反应中,结果显示,在赖氨酸浓度为50 mmol/L,月桂酸浓度为10 mmol/L时,反应24 h,月桂酸转化率最高达到31.1%。     

微藻三酰甘油合成途径及其最新研究进展

三酰甘油(triacylglycerols,TAGs)是动物、植物、微生物和微藻细胞主要的储藏性脂类,它可应用于食品、轻工业和生物燃料等方面,是一种新型可再生能源——生物柴油生产的重要原料。与高等油料作物相比,微藻具有光合作用效率高、生长速度快、油脂产量高、不占用农业耕地和适应多种生长环境等优势,是一种潜在的新型生物柴油生产原料。然而,目前人们对有机体,尤其是微藻细胞内TAG合成与积累的分子机制及细胞的代谢调控机制还知之甚少。对TAG合成的一系列重要过程,包括脂肪酸的合成,TAG生物合成的主要途径和旁路途径,以及与TAG合成相关的关键酶和重要基因等进行了综述,特别对微藻细胞中与TAG合成相关的关键基因的最新研究进展进行了总结,旨在更好地了解油脂代谢的调控途径,为最大限度地供应生物柴油的生产原料提供理论基础。     

α-氨基酸酯酰基转移酶表达纯化、酶学性质及其催化应用

α-氨基酸酯酰基转移酶(α-amino acid ester acyltransferase,AET)能够催化底物L-丙氨酸甲酯盐酸盐、L-谷氨酰胺合成L-丙氨酰-L-谷氨酰胺(L-alanyl-L-glutamine,丙谷二肽)。利用重组大肠杆菌saet-QC01表达α-氨基酸酯酰基转移酶,对其表达条件进行了优化,通过Ni-NTA亲和层析法分离纯化重组蛋白,并对其酶学性质、催化应用进行了研究。适合酶表达的诱导条件:温度20℃,诱导阶段(OD_(600)=2.0-2.5),IPTG浓度0.6 mmol/L,诱导时间12 h。α-氨基酸酯酰基转移酶的最适反应温度27℃,最适pH 8.5,在pH 7.0-8.0很稳定,在酸性条件下相对稳定,低浓度的Co~(2+)、低浓度的EDTA对酶活有促进作用。在底物浓度丙氨酸甲酯盐酸盐600 mmol/L、谷氨酰胺480 mmol/L,丙谷二肽的产量达到78.2 g/L,生产速率达到1.955 g/(L·min),转化率达到75.0%。α-氨基酸酯酰基转移酶具有良好的酸碱耐受性,催化效率高的优良特性,在工业生产中具有较好的应用潜力。     

氨基酰tRNA合成酶的经典与非经典酶活性

氨基酰tRNA合成酶（aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases,aaRS）家族的经典功能是催化氨基酸与对应tRNA结合,形成氨基酰tRNA,参与蛋白质合成。aaRS在进化过程中不断增加与氨基酰化功能无关的新结构域,其亚细胞器定位也受到营养、压力信号、参与调控血管新生和炎症反应等内外部信号调控,且不同aaRS的突变导致不同人类疾病,提示aaRS具有信号传导功能,但缺少具体的生化机制。最新发现aaRS具有氨基酰转移酶活性。一种氨基酸可以被其对应的aaRS活化成氨基酰AMP,氨基酰AMP可以修饰与该aaRS相互作用蛋白质的赖氨酸,传递该氨基酸的丰度及结构信息,调控细胞信号网络。aaRS新功能的发现和研究,为解释aaRS的生理病理重要性提供新的方向。本文综述aaRS的进化及非经典功能,讨论aaRS氨基酰转移酶活性在细胞信号传导及其与疾病的相关性,也包括药物开发潜力。     

4″-异戊酰基转移酶基因重组质粒构建及其异源表达

目的:通过构建重组质粒,异源表达4＂-异戊酰基转移酶基因(4＂-isovaleyltrasferase gene,ist)生产螺旋霉素.方法:在螺旋霉素的4＂位加上异戊酰基侧链从而获得基因药物必特螺旋霉素基因.结果:研究表明acyB2基因是ist的正调控基因,ist基因与acyB2基因构建的ist-acyB2共表达质粒不能在变铅青链霉菌TK24中表达.启动区点突变的回复表明770bp到780bp之间有一碱基由原来的A回复成G.结论:经测序研究后发现在ist的启动区产生了一个点突变,拟回复此突变之后重新构建新的ist-acyB2载体,可用于检测ist基因在异源宿主中的表达情况.     

高山被孢霉中二酰甘油酰基转移酶2同源基因的克隆、表达和活性分析

[背景] 高山被孢霉（Mortierella alpina）是一种可积累大量花生四烯酸（Arachidonic Acid,AA）的产油丝状真菌,其所产脂肪酸主要被组装到甘油骨架上以三酰甘油（Triacylglycerol,TAG）形式存在。二酰甘油酰基转移酶（Diacylglycerol Acyltransferase,DGAT）是TAG生物合成途径的关键酶,对于高山被孢霉TAG的生产具有重要意义。[目的] 通过探究高山被孢霉DGAT2在TAG生物合成方面的功能特点,以期为提高产油真菌的TAG产量及改善TAG的脂肪酸组成提供参考。[方法] 利用序列比对在高山被孢霉ATCC32222基因组中筛选出2个编码DGAT2的候选基因MaDGAT2A/2B,在酿酒酵母（Saccharomyces cerevisiae）中异源表达后进行功能分析,并在外源添加AA条件下通过检测TAG产量进一步分析MaDGAT2A/2B的活性,最后在高山被孢霉中同源过表达MaDGAT2A/2B,通过检测重组菌总脂肪酸产量及组分以分析MaDGAT2A/2B的体内活性。[结果] MaDGAT2A在S. cerevisiae中异源表达时,重组酵母菌TAG的产量达到细胞干重的3.06%,为对照组的4.91倍;而MaDGAT2B未明显提高重组酵母菌TAG的产量。在外源添加AA时,MaDGAT2A/2B均可显著促进重组酵母菌中TAG合成,表达MaDGAT2A的重组酵母菌TAG含量为对照组的3.67倍,表达MaDGAT2B的重组酵母菌TAG含量为对照组的2.61倍。MaDGAT2A/2B在高山被孢霉中过表达对其总脂肪酸产量无显著影响,但可显著提高总脂肪酸中AA的含量,AA占总脂肪酸比例最高达到39.15%,相比对照组提高16.14%。[结论] MaDGAT2A/2B可以参与TAG的生物合成,表明2个候选基因编码的蛋白具有DGAT活性,并且可提高高山被孢霉脂肪酸中AA的含量,对于改善产油真菌的脂肪酸组成从而提高其应用价值具有重要意义。     

鞘脂代谢关键酶丝氨酸棕榈酰转移酶的结构、功能及其相关疾病

鞘脂(sphingolipids)是生物细胞中最主要的膜脂之一,同时也作为信号分子介导细胞生长、增殖、迁移及死亡等重要的生理反应,异常鞘脂代谢经常与心血管疾病、糖尿病、癌症、神经变性病以及自身免疫性疾病等相关。丝氨酸棕榈酰转移酶(serine palmitoyltransferase, SPT)及其复合物是鞘脂从头合成途径的起始酶和关键酶,催化L-丝氨酸与棕榈酰辅酶A缩合形成3-酮二氢鞘氨醇,之后再经过一系列反应生成神经酰胺和其它重要的鞘脂,在鞘脂代谢和稳态调节方面发挥重要作用。本文基于国内外对SPT的研究,综述了SPT的构型、活性位点、底物结合位点等关键的结构信息,尤其近2年的研究发现,SPT是一种组成极其复杂的酶,各个亚基之间存在错综复杂的相互作用和高度调控。SPT具有重要的生物学功能,包括参与胚胎发育、调节内环境稳态、诱导细胞凋亡和参与机体免疫调节等。SPT还可以通过调节酶活性影响鞘脂代谢,进而影响血管疾病和肿瘤的发生发展,并有潜力成为肿瘤诊断和治疗的关键分子。此外,SPT突变体与神经变性病密切相关,本文着重介绍了遗传性感觉与自主神经病变1型(hereditary sensory...     

基于多酶级联协调表达策略高效催化合成(S)-2-羟基丁酸

2-羟基丁酸(2-hydroxybutyric acid,2-HBA)是合成生物可降解材料和各种药物的重要中间体,化学法合成的外消旋2-HBA需要去消旋才能获得光学纯对映异构体,应用于工业.文中通过在大肠杆菌Escherichia coli BL21(DE3)中共表达苏氨酸脱氨酶(Threonine deaminase...     

大黄鱼CCT基因的克隆及其表达量随稚鱼生长发育的变化

研究旨在克隆大黄鱼磷脂酰胆碱合成关键基因磷脂酰胆碱胞苷转移酶 (CCT)基因全长, 并检测其表达量随稚鱼生长发育的变化。利用同源克隆技术和RACE技术从大黄鱼肝脏中成功扩增出CCT的全长。同时应用real-time PCR法检测不同日龄大黄鱼稚鱼CCT的表达变化。序列分析表明, CCT全长2419 bp(Genbank登录号: KF006239.1), 包括273 bp 的5'端非编码区, 1107 bp的开放阅读框, 1010 bp的3'端非编码区,共编码369个氨基酸。系统进化树分析表明, 相比其他物种, 大黄鱼CCT基因与红鳍东方鲀的亲缘关系较近。定量结果表明, 孵化后, 大黄鱼仔稚鱼CCT的表达量随日龄的变化先显著升高, 在15日龄时达到最大值,随后显著下降并趋于平稳, CCT基因表达量的变化趋势与大黄鱼稚鱼消化系统的发育密切相关。     

酿酒酵母中过表达URA5及URA3基因催化合成UMP的初步研究

为提高乳清酸到尿嘧啶核苷酸(UMP)的转化效率,利用PCR方法扩增酿酒酵母乳清酸磷酸核糖转移酶基因URA5, 并将其连接到携带乳清苷酸脱羧酶基因URA3的表达载体pYX212中,构建了重组质粒pYX212-URA5,然后转化到酿酒酵母BJX12中进行表达,并进行转化乳清酸到UMP的初步研究。试验结果表明: pYX212-URA5/ BJX12发酵培养40h后以32 mM乳清酸为底物催化产生UMP的量约为7 mM。明显高于同等条件下pYX212/ BJX12的UMP产量2.7 mM和对照组野生型BJX12的UMP产量2.4 mM。     

Enzymatic Synthesis of β-Lactam Antibiotics and N-Fatty-Acylated Amino Compounds by the Acyl-Transfer Reaction Catalyzed by Penicillin V Acylase from Streptomyces mobaraensis

Penicillin V acylase from Streptomyces mobaraensis (Sm-PVA) showed high acyl-transfer activity in reactions using methyl esters of carboxylic acid (acyl donor) and amino compounds (nucleophile), to produce the corresponding amides. Moreover, Sm-PVA had broad substrate specificity, as indicated by the fact that it catalyzed the efficient synthesis of β-lactam antibiotics, capsaicin derivatives, and N-fatty-acyl-amino acid/N-fatty-acyl-peptide derivatives.     

产耐高温谷氨酰胺转胺酶菌株的快速筛选方法

目的:采用亚硝基胍(NTG)诱变结合96孔板高通量筛选方法筛选产耐高温谷氨酰胺转胺酶(MTG)的茂原链霉菌(Streptomyces mobaraensis)。方法:通过优化96孔板高通量测定MTG活性的方法、确定筛选温度和时间,建立了产耐高温MTG菌株的快速筛选方法;通过优化NTG诱变条件建立了筛选突变库;通过96孔板高通量初筛、摇瓶复筛获得了产耐高温MTG的突变株12-82,并通过摇瓶发酵对12-82所产MTG进行热稳定性分析。结果:采用2mg/ml NTG、p H8.0、60min的诱变条件获得突变株,将突变株的发酵上清液于70℃水浴7.5min,再在37℃空气浴、反应10min的条件下测定MTG活性,从5 200株突变株中筛选出5株产耐高温MTG的突变株,其中突变株12-82在50℃水浴60min以及70℃水浴1.5min的酶活残留率均比出发株高出近20%,且80℃保温2min仍有11.9%的酶活残留率。结论:利用NTG诱变结合96孔板高通量筛选的方法筛选到5株所产MTG热稳定性相对较高的突变株,其中突变株12-82在50℃、70℃和80℃的酶活残留率均有10%~20%的提高。这为高温食品加工领域所需耐高温MTG生产菌株的高效筛选提供了可行性方案。     

海洋链霉菌Streptomyces olivaceus FXJ7.023来源多功能几丁质酶的克隆、表达及鉴定(英文)

碳水化合物水解酶家族在自然界碳素循环及农业废弃物中几丁质、纤维素等碳水化合物的生物质转化利用中发挥了重要作用。通过PCR技术从海洋链霉菌Streptomyces olivaceus strain FXJ 7.023的fosmid基因组文库中成功克隆得到1个全长885bp的编码295个氨基酸残基的包含1个19个氨基酸残基的N-末端信号肽的壳聚糖酶完全编码区。系统进化分析表明该基因编码蛋白与已报道的Streptomyces sp.SirexAA-E来源壳聚糖酶csnA同源性为71%,与Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2)来源的csn46A同源性为70%。将该编码区重组入原核表达质粒载体pET32a并转化大肠杆菌表达菌株BL21(DE3)plysS,添加IPTG在18℃条件下振荡诱导该蛋白表达,Ni2+-NTA亲和纯化获得分子量为50.3 kDa融合表达蛋白TrxA-SoCsn。该融合重组蛋白在最适反应条件下对底物胶体壳聚糖和羧甲基纤维素的最大酶活分别为3.673U/mg和1.302U/mg,最适反应温度分别为37℃和50℃,最适反应pH分别为pH5.0和pH6.0。TrxA-SoCsn相关的研究结果表明该酶在农业废弃物生物质转化等方面具有一定的应用潜力。     

重组青霉素G酰化酶在枯草芽孢杆菌中的表达条件优化

 为获得巨大芽孢杆菌青霉素 G酰化酶 (PGA)的高产菌株和条件 ,构建了分泌表达 PGA的基因工程枯草杆菌菌株 ,对表达条件进行了优化 .以 LB作为初始培养基 ,考察了温度、苯乙酸、装液量、碳源对于工程菌 PGA产量的影响 .实验发现重组细胞产酶不再需要变温和苯乙酸诱导 .充足的通气量和适当浓度的淀粉可使细胞密度及 PGA表达量大为提高 .表达条件优化后 ,菌体 A60 0由 3提高到 2 0 ,PGA的表达量由 3～ 6U/ml提高到 35～ 40 U/ml,为目前生产用巨大芽孢杆菌表达量的 6倍 .     

Characterization of the N-oxygenase AurF from Streptomyces thioletus

AurF catalyzes the N-oxidation of p-aminobenzoic acid to p-nitrobenzoic acid in the biosynthesis of the antibiotic aureothin. Here we report the characterization of AurF under optimized conditions to explore its potential use in biocatalysis. The pH optimum of the enzyme was established to be 5.5 using phenazine methosulfate (PMS)/NADH as the enzyme mediator system, showing ∼10-fold higher activity than previous reports in literature. Kinetic characterization at optimized conditions give a K_m of 14.7 ± 1.1 μM, a k_cat of 47.5 ± 5.4 min⁻¹ and a k_cat/K_m of 3.2 ± 0.4 μM⁻¹ min⁻¹. PMS/NADH and the native electron transfer proteins showed significant formation of the p-hydroxylaminobenzoic acid intermediate, however H₂O₂ produced mostly p-nitrobenzoic acid. Alanine scanning identified the role of important active site residues. The substrate specificity of AurF was examined and rationalized based on the protein crystal structure. Kinetic studies indicate that the K_m is the main determinant of AurF activity toward alternative substrates.     

The transglutaminase activating metalloprotease inhibitor from Streptomyces mobaraensis is a glutamine and lysine donor substrate of the intrinsic transglutaminase

Transglutaminase (TGase) from Streptomyces mobaraensis is an extra-cellular enzyme that cross-links proteins to high molecular weight aggregates. Screening for intrinsic substrates now revealed the dual Streptomyces subtilisin inhibitor-like inhibitor Streptomyces subtilisin and transglutaminase activating metalloprotease (TAMEP) inhibitor (SSTI), equally directed against subtilisin and the TGase activating metalloprotease TAMEP, is both a glutamine and a lysine donor protein. Reactivity of glutamines is lost during culture, most likely by TGase mediated deamidation, and, accordingly, cross-linking only occurred if SSTI from early cultures was used. Interestingly, release of buried endo-glutamines by the lipoamino acid N-lauroylsarcosine could restore SSTI reactivity. Formation of lipoamino acids by Streptomycetes suggests such compounds could also modulate in vivo TGase mediated SSTI cross-linking.     

Illuminating structure and acyl donor sites of a physiological transglutaminase substrate from Streptomyces mobaraensis

Transglutaminase from Streptomyces mobaraensis (MTG) has become a powerful tool to covalently and highly specifically link functional amines to glutamine donor sites of therapeutic proteins. However, details regarding the mechanism of substrate recognition and interaction of the enzyme with proteinaceous substrates still remain mostly elusive. We have determined the crystal structure of the Streptomyces papain inhibitory protein (SPI_p), a substrate of MTG, to study the influence of various substrate amino acids on positioning glutamine to the active site of MTG. SPI_p exhibits a rigid, thermo‐resistant double‐psi‐beta‐barrel fold that is stabilized by two cysteine bridges. Incorporation of biotin cadaverine identified Gln‐6 as the only amine acceptor site on SPI_p accessible for MTG. Substitution of Lys‐7 demonstrated that small and hydrophobic residues in close proximity to Gln‐6 favor MTG‐mediated modification and are likely to facilitate introduction of the substrate into the front vestibule of MTG. Moreover, exchange of various surface residues of SPI_p for arginine and glutamate/aspartate outside the glutamine donor region influences the efficiency of modification by MTG. These results suggest the occurrence of charged contact areas between MTG and the acyl donor substrates beyond the front vestibule, and pave the way for protein engineering approaches to improve the properties of artificial MTG‐substrates used in biomedical applications.     

Biotransformation of Acetamide to Acetohydroxamic Acid at Bench Scale Using Acyl Transferase Activity of Amidase of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Geobacillus pallidus</Emphasis> BTP-5x MTCC 9225

The bioprocess employing acyl transferase activity of intracellular amidase of Geobacillus pallidus BTP-5x MTCC 9225 was harnessed for the synthesis of pharmaceutically important acetohydroxamic acid. G. pallidus BTP-5x exhibited highest acyl transferase activity with acetamide: hydroxylamine in ratio of 1:5 in 0.1 M NaH₂PO₄/Na₂HPO₄ buffer (pH 7.5) at 65°C. In one liter fed-batch reaction containing 1:5 ratio of two substrates total of eight feedings of 0.05 M/20 min of acetamide were made and it was found that maximum acetohydroxamic production was achieved at 3:5 ratios of substrate and cosubstrate. In 1 l bench scale batch reaction containing 0.3 M acetamide, 0.5 M hydroxylamine in 0.1 M NaH₂PO₄/Na₂HPO₄ buffer (pH 7.5, 50°C, 400 rpm) and 0.5 mg/ml (dry cell weight) of whole cells of G. pallidus BTP-5x (as biocatalyst) resulted in an yield of 0.28 M of acetohydroxamic acid after 20 min reaction time at 50°C. The acetamide bioconversion rate was 90–95% (mol mol⁻¹) and 51 g powder containing 40% (w/w) acetohydroxamic acid was recovered after lyophilization.     

Identification of preferred substrate sequences of microbial transglutaminase from Streptomyces mobaraensis using a phage-displayed peptide library

Microbial transglutaminase (TGase) from Streptomyces mobaraensis (MTG) has been used in many industrial applications because it effectively catalyzes the formation of covalent cross-linking between glutamine residues in various substrate proteins and lysine residues or primary amines. To better understand the sequence preference around the reactive glutamine residue by this enzymatic reaction, we screened preferred peptide sequences using a phage-displayed random peptide library. Most of the peptides identified contained a consensus sequence, which was different from those previously found for mammalian TGases. Of these, most sequences had a specific reactivity toward MTG when produced as a fusion protein with glutathione-S-transferase. Furthermore, the representative sequence was found to be reactive even in the peptide form. The amino acid residues in the sequence critical for the reactivity were further analyzed, and the possible interaction with the enzyme has been discussed in this paper.     

Expression of Recombinant Cellulase Cel5A from Trichoderma reesei in Tobacco Plants

Cellulose degrading enzymes, cellulases, are targets of both research and industrial interests. The preponderance of these enzymes in difficult-to-culture organisms, such as hyphae-building fungi and anaerobic bacteria, has hastened the use of recombinant technologies in this field. Plant expression methods are a desirable system for large-scale production of enzymes and other industrially useful proteins. Herein, methods for the transient expression of a fungal endoglucanase, Trichoderma reesei Cel5A, in Nicotiana tabacum are demonstrated. Successful protein expression is shown, monitored by fluorescence using an mCherry-enzyme fusion protein. Additionally, a set of basic tests are used to examine the activity of transiently expressed T. reesei Cel5A, including SDS-PAGE, Western blotting, zymography, as well as fluorescence and dye-based substrate degradation assays. The system described here can be used to produce an active cellulase in a short time period, so as to assess the potential for further production in plants through constitutive or inducible expression systems.