化脓性链球菌纤维粘连蛋白结合蛋白的研究进展

本文介绍化脓性链球菌纤维粘连蛋白（ＥＢＰ）结合蛋白的最新研究进展，对链球菌的粘附机理、纤维粘连蛋白结合蛋白的分子生物学结构特征、在粘附过程中的作用以及其临床意义作了扼要阐述。     

人—人杂交瘤:分泌抗链球菌溶血素O单克隆抗体细胞株的建立

用人骨髓瘤细胞株和人脾脏细胞在PEG促进下进行人—人杂交,育选出能分泌抗链球菌溶血素O单克隆抗体杂交瘤S_1—19和S_1—22两株,共传了50多代,历时五个月,单克隆抗体分泌稳定,抗体为IgG型,杂交瘤染色体为68—76条而亲代细胞株仅为43条,证实杂交瘤是成功的。     

链球菌溶血素“O”纯化的研究

乙型链球菌３２１７２ 株接种于含有月示蛋白胨的牛肉水培养基中培养。得到含有溶血素“Ｏ”的培养液，其溶血效价２５６ ＩＵ／ｍ ｌ。比活为１１．６ ＩＵ／ｍ ｇ 蛋白。经过超滤除去９５％ 的非目的蛋白，所得超滤截留液的溶血效价为２０４８ ＩＵ／ｍ ｌ，比活为３３５．７ ＩＵ／ｍ ｇ 蛋白。在此基础上用离子交换柱层析纯化，所得活性峰溶血效价为８１９２ ＩＵ／ｍ ｌ，比活为４３１１．５ ＩＵ／ｍ ｇ 蛋白。通过以上两步的分级纯化，溶血素“Ｏ”的比活提高了３７１ 倍。此纯化蛋白在ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ电泳中呈现一条染色带。     

分泌人源性抗链球菌溶血素O单克隆抗体人—人杂交瘤细胞株的建立

自从淋巴细胞杂交瘤1975年创立以来（Kohler et al.,1975）越来越显示其优越性,（Sikora et al.,1982）,从其发展看来,前景广阔,针对恶性肿瘤,白血病和组织移植等提出了崭新的疗法。由于鼠源性单克隆抗体在临床应用上往往引起过敏反应和形成免疫复合物的危险性,激励着科学家们去开拓人—人杂交瘤,尽管前进的道路上还存在着许多困难,但人们还是不屈不挠地前进。目前,世界上共有三个人—人杂交瘤系统。（1）0lsson和Kaplan等培育的SKO—007人骨髓瘤细胞系统。（2）Croce等培育的GM 1500细胞系统。（3）Clark等的RPMI8226细胞系统。并且都进行了人—人杂交瘤的研究,但是多数杂交瘤阳性率低和分泌抗体量少。国内北京、上海、西安和昆明等都正在开展本项研究。我们从1984年8月,开始人单抗的研究,也碰到许多困难,深深体会到建立一个具有我国特色的人—人杂交瘤系统是十分重要的,现将我们的工作简要报告如下。     

肺炎链球菌自溶素和溶血素基因的PCR法鉴定

肺炎链球菌是一种致病率和致死率很高的病原菌 ,若无丰富临床检测经验从临床标准中分离鉴定此菌较困难 ,本实验以寡核苷酸引物YH1 YH2、YH7 YH8分别扩增肺炎链球菌自溶素和溶血素基因的 35 4bp和 30 7bp的DNA片段 ,通过改变各种反应条件 ,建立了这两种病原因子基因的PCR检测方法。用此方法对 2 0株肺炎链球菌标准菌株及 7株对照菌株进行了鉴定 ;其扩增产物分别经限制性内切酶TthHB81和和AccI进行酶切以确认扩增产物是否正确 ;用酚 氯仿抽提纯化的全细胞DNA对PCR方法的检测灵敏度进行了测定 ;并利用此方法对 2 8份临床标本分离物进行了鉴定。结果　所有 2 0株肺炎链球菌均可分别用引物YH1 YH2、YH7 YH8扩增出 35 4bp和 30 7bp的DNA片段 ,而对照菌株均呈阴性 ;自溶素及溶血素基因的扩增产物分别经限制性内切酶TthHB81和AccI消化后产生的片段和预期的完全一致 ;两对产物均可从 10fg的全细胞DNA中扩增出目的DNA片段。所建立的两套PCR系统对 2 8份临床标本分离物进行鉴定 ,其中PCR阳性的 15份分离物经生化学特性检查被鉴定为肺炎链球菌。本试验所建立的两套PCR检测系统具有特异性强 ,灵敏度高及操作简单等优点 ,均可用于肺炎链球菌的鉴定。     

肺炎链球菌自溶素和溶血素基因的PCR法测定

肺炎链球菌是一种致病率和致死率很高的病原菌,若无丰富临床检测经验从临床标准中分离鉴定此菌较困难,本实验以寡核苷酸引物ＹＨ１、ＹＨ２、ＹＨ７、ＹＨ８分别扩增肺炎链球８菌自溶素和溶血素基因的３５４ｂｐ、３０７ｂｐ的ＤＮＡ片段,通过改变各种反应条件,建立了这两种病原因子基因的ＰＣＲ检测方法。用经方法对２０株肺炎链球菌标准菌株及７株对照菌株进行了鉴定,其扩增产物分别经限制性内切酶ＴｔｈＨＢ８１和和Ａｃｅｌ     

肺炎链球菌溶血素的研究进展

肺炎链球菌溶血素(Pneumolysin,PLY)是肺炎链球菌的一种重要毒力因子,包含4个结构域,是胆固醇依赖性细胞溶血素(CDCs)的家族成员之一。PLY可广泛作用于宿主组织细胞,发挥细胞毒性作用。PLY可活化补体经典途径,诱导巨噬细胞和单核细胞等产生细胞因子,介导机体免疫应答过程。PLY是肺炎链球菌蛋白疫苗和相关小分子药物研制的重要靶标。本文就PLY的结构、功能及相关疫苗的最新研究进展进行综述。     

Streptococcus pyogenes cytolysin‐mediated translocation does not require pore formation by streptolysin O

Bacterial toxin injection into the host cell is required for the virulence of numerous pathogenic bacteria. Cytolysin‐mediated translocation (CMT) of Streptococcus pyogenes uses streptolysin O (SLO) to translocate the S. pyogenes nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide‐glycohydrolase (SPN) into the host cell cytosol, resulting in the death of the host cell. Although SLO is a pore‐forming protein, previous studies have shown that pore formation alone is not sufficient for CMT to occur. Thus, the role and requirement of the SLO pore remains unclear. In this study, we constructed various S. pyogenes strains expressing altered forms of SLO to assess the importance of pore formation. We observed that SLO mutants that are unable to form pores retain the ability to translocate SPN. In addition, SPN translocation occurs after inhibition of actin polymerization, suggesting that CMT occurs independently of clathrin‐mediated endocytosis. Moreover, despite the ability of mutants to translocate SPN, their cytotoxic effect requires SLO pore formation.     

The NAD-glycohydrolase (nga) gene of Streptococcus pyogenes

The gene for NAD-glycohydrolase (nga) of group A streptococci (Streptococcus pyogenes) was identified and shown to be located immediately adjacent to the gene for streptolysin O (slo). The nga gene contains 1341 base pairs and encodes a protein of 447 amino acids, including an N-terminal signal peptide. Results from analysis with the polymerase chain reaction indicated that the nga gene is present in all of the strains tested. Functional extracellular NAD-glycohydrolase, also known as NADase, was detected among a wide variety of clinical isolates and known laboratory strains and shown to be present in 72% of 100 strains examined. In contrast, 92% of strains isolated from patients with invasive streptococcal infections were positive for NADase production.     

乳杆菌代谢产物对化脓性链球菌的抑制作用

【目的】分析乳杆菌代谢产物对化脓性链球菌的抑制作用。【方法】基于双层平板打孔法,通过测量抑菌圈大小来检测乳杆菌代谢产物对化脓性链球菌的抑菌作用;然后分别采用高效液相色谱法和4-氨酰安替比林法检测乳杆菌代谢产物中的有机酸和H2O2含量;最后,检测乳酸、乙酸和H2O2对化脓性链球菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)、最小杀菌浓度(MBC)。【结果】对化脓性链球菌的抑菌效果以植物乳杆菌KLDS1.0667最好,副干酪乳杆菌KLDS1.0342-1次之,瑞士乳杆菌KLDS1.0203抑菌效果最差;乳酸和乙酸产量KLDS1.0667>KLDS1.0342-1>KLDS1.0203;H2O2产量KLDS1.0203>KLDS1.0667>KLDS1.0342-1。在抑菌试验中,乳杆菌的发酵上清液经去除H2O2处理后抑菌圈直径都减小;将发酵上清液的p H调至7.0后均检测不到抑菌圈。结果表明,乳杆菌代谢产物中对化脓性链球菌起抑制作用的主要物质为有机酸和H2O2,其中乳酸是产生抑菌作用的最主要物质。乳酸、乙酸和H2O2对化脓性链球菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)分别为1.28、0.64和0.008 g/L,对化脓性链球菌的最小杀菌浓度(MBC)分别为5.12、2.56和0.032 g/L。【结论】乳杆菌可利用其代谢产物对化脓性链球菌产生抑制作用,主要抑菌物质为有机酸和H2O2。     

化脓链球菌中铁结合蛋白MtsA二级结构的研究

化脓性链球菌是一种革兰氏阳性人类致病菌,其生长和感染离不开铁离子。MtsA是化脓链球菌中直接结合铁离子的一个脂蛋白。通过PCR扩增化脓性链球菌MGAS5005中的MtsA基因,构建高效表达质粒pGEX-MtsA,将其转化到大肠杆菌BL21中并用IPTG进行诱导表达。利用亲和层析方法纯化表达产物。通过多序列比对分析了MtsA铁结合中心的保守性,利用定点突变技术将MtsA的结合配体单位点及多位点进行突变,结合圆二色谱分析这些氨基酸突变后蛋白二级结构的变化。多序列比对结果表明MtsA结合铁离子的氨基酸位点是保守的,4个关键氨基酸位点处于蛋白空间的凹陷处。通过比较空载及饱和铁离子的野生型蛋白以及突变体蛋白的圆二色吸收光谱,发现野生型MtsA结合铁离子后结构更加紧密,H68A,E206A和D281A则比野生型的二级结构松散,而H140A的二级结构和野生型的几乎没有差别。对MtsA 4个结合配体突变后其二级结构变化的研究,为进一步研究细菌中的铁转运机理及开发疫苗候选药物和药靶奠定了一定的理论依据。     

The extracellular hyaluronidase gene (hylA) of Streptococcus pyogenes

Group A streptococci produce an extracellular hyaluronidase (hyaluronate lyase) which may be associated with the spread of the organism during infection. The gene for this hyaluronidase (hylA) encodes an 868 amino acid protein with a molecular size of 99636 Da. Cleavage of the proposed signal peptide results in an extracellular protein of 95941 Da. Comparison with other bacterial hyaluronidases indicates strong similarities to the genes from Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus aureus. A region internal to the hylA gene was amplified from all 175 strains of Streptococcus pyogenes tested suggesting a widespread distribution of the gene.     

Antigenic diversity of IgA receptors in Streptococcus pyogenes

Abstract In a previous study, group A and group B streptococcal IgA receptors were shown to differ serologically, in agreement with their known structural unrelatedness. The present study was undertaken to serologically compare the IgA binding epitopes of group A streptococcal strains representing various serotypes by the use of antisera to this species. It was found that blocking antibodies occurred in antisera to IgA binding but not to non-binding strains and that binding of IgA to a streptococcal strain was generally blocked by antiserum to the homologous type. However, cross-testing of a panel of 11 IgA binding strains, representing various M and T serotypes, with 10 different antisera to group A streptococci, demonstrated that IgA receptors were inhibited to a highly variable degree and that inhibition patterns were unique for each type. Comparing solubilized IgA receptors of various strains in immunoblot experiments, a variation in the molecular mass, between approximately 35 and 45 kDa, emerged. The IgA binding epitopes, analogous to protective sites of streptococcal M-protein, thus exhibited hypervariability which may suggest that IgA binding also plays a key role for evading host immune defence mechanisms.     

Variation in M protein production among Streptococcus pyogenes strains according to emm genotype

M protein is an important virulence determinant in Streptococcus pyogenes, but the amounts of M protein in various strains of the species remain to be elucidated. To assess the amount of M protein in strains of each emm genotype, dot blot analysis was performed on 141 clinically isolated strains. Among the cell membrane-associated proteins, M protein was present in greater quantities in the emm1, 3, and 6 strains than in the other emm strains. In addition three strains, one each of the emm1, 3, and 6 types, showed prolific M protein production (M protein-high producers). These three emm genotypes are frequently isolated in clinical practice. Sequencing of the csrRS gene, one of the two-component signal transduction systems implicated in virulence, was performed on 25 strains bearing different amounts of M protein. CsrS mutations, in contrast to CsrR protein, were detected in 11 strains. The M protein-high producer strain of emm1 type carried two amino acid substitutions, whereas the other three emm1 strains carried only one substitution each. The M protein-high producer expressed its emm gene more strongly than the corresponding M protein-low producer did according to TaqMan RT-PCR. These observations suggest that the accumulation of amino acid substitutions in CsrS protein may contribute, at least in part, to the large amount of M protein production seen in several emm genotypes.     

Limited repertoire of the C-terminal region of the M protein in Streptococcus pyogenes

We have amplified genomic sequences (emm) that may encode M protein from strains of Streptococcus pyogenes using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Genomic DNA from 22 isolates representing 14 M serotypes was selected for the study. Primers which corresponded to the observed N-terminal signal sequence and the variable C-terminal sequences of emm6, emm49 and ennX were used. PCR products using emm6 and emm49 oligonucleotides were classified into two mutually exclusive groups which correspond to the presence or absence of serum opacity factor. These findings support the concept of limited heterogeneity in the C-terminal sequences of the M protein.     

Molecular cloning, purification and immunological responses of recombinants GroEL and DnaK from Streptococcus pyogenes

To better understand the roles of heat shock proteins in streptococcal diseases, the groEL and dnaK genes from Streptococcus pyogenes were cloned and their products (GroEL and DnaK) and derivatives (F2GroEL, F3GroEL and C1DnaK) purified as His-tagged fusion proteins. Western blot analysis of the purified proteins with sera from individuals with streptococcal diseases demonstrated that 29 out of 36 sera tested were reactive with GroEL and eight recognized DnaK. Rabbit antiserum against myosin recognized both GroEL and DnaK. Antibodies raised against purified F2GroEL and DnaK reacted with myosin in the ELISA but not in a Western immunoblot. These data indicate that the S. pyogenes GroEL and DnaK may be important immunogens during streptococcal infections. Furthermore, we provide evidence of an immunogenic relatedness of the GroEL and DnaK proteins with myosin that could play a role in the pathogenesis of streptococcal non-suppurative sequelae.