草菇乙酰木聚糖酯酶的生物信息学分析

以草菇（Volvariella volvacea）乙酰木聚糖酯酶AXE、AXEII为研究对象,采用生物信息学方法对其核苷酸及编码的蛋白氨基酸序列、组成成分、信号肽、跨膜结构域、疏水性/亲水性、蛋白质三级结构等进行预测和分析,并构建了乙酰木聚糖酯酶蛋白家族的系统进化树。结果表明,草菇的AXE蛋白由349个氨基酸残基组成,编码蛋白质的分子量为37.55 ku,等电点为8.58,属稳定性蛋白质。AXEII由253个氨基酸残基组成,编码蛋白质的分子量为27.70 ku,等电点为5.82,属稳定性蛋白质。两者均为亲水性蛋白,存在信号肽,AXE与AXEII的潜在磷酸化位点总数分别为15个和11个。草菇的AXE与灰盖鬼伞（Coprinopsis cinerea）亲缘关系较近,AXEII与裂褶菌（Schizophyllum commune）亲缘关系较近。     

灰色链霉菌中乙酰木聚糖酯酶基因的克隆、表达及酶学性质研究

根据Gen Bank数据库中已报道的灰色链霉菌(Streptomyces griseus)全基因组序列,分析得到假定的乙酰木聚糖酯酶基因序列并设计引物;利用分子克隆的方法得到该菌株基因组中乙酰木聚糖酯酶基因,并构建原核表达载体p ET28a-Sgraxe,经IPTG诱导表达重组Sgr Axe,Ni-NTA亲和层析法纯化该蛋白。结果显示,克隆得到乙酰木聚糖酯酶基因axe,其序列全长1 008 bp,编码336个氨基酸。SDS-PAGE检测带有p ET28a-Sgraxe转化菌株诱导表达产物相对分子量约为37 k D,与理论值相符。纯化的重组Sgr Axe酶学性质表明,该酶最适反应温度为50℃,最适p H8.0,热稳定性较强,p H作用范围广;金属离子对酶均表现为抑制作用,尤其是Zn2+严重抑制酶活力;重组酶特征的分析揭示了其在工业中潜在的应用价值。     

枯草芽胞杆菌乙酰木聚糖酯酶的鉴定及诱导剂对酯酶活力的影响

以枯草芽胞杆菌CICC 20034为研究对象,对其分泌的高相对分子质量酯酶进行鉴定,并考察诱导剂对其活力的影响。结果表明:枯草芽胞杆菌CICC 20034可分泌一种相对分子质量为1.07×105的酯酶,经蛋白质质谱鉴定为乙酰木聚糖酯酶,单体分相对子质量为3.56×104。在发酵培养基中添加乙酸乙酯和木糖可以显著的促进乙酰木聚糖酯酶的活力,而三丁酸甘油酯和大分子诱导剂——木聚糖、玉米芯粉和壳聚糖对酯酶的活力几乎无促进作用。枯草芽胞杆菌CICC 20034以乙酸乙酯为诱导剂时最高比酶活为0.62 U/mL,为已知报道的野生细菌乙酰木聚糖酯酶的最高酯酶活力。     

白色链霉菌乙酰木聚糖酯酶基因的克隆及生物信息学分析

乙酰木聚糖酯酶可以水解乙酰化木聚糖中的O-乙酰取代基团,消除该基团对木聚糖酶水解的空间阻碍作用,增强木聚糖酶对木聚糖的亲和力和降解能力。以白色链霉菌基因组为模板,利用简并PCR和TAIL-PCR扩增获得长约741 bp阅读框片段,编码247个氨基酸。生物信息学分析表明,该多肽片段具有AXE1家族蛋白保守区域;与已知的乙酰木聚糖酯酶蛋白C端区相比,相似性较高,二级和三级结构空间排布特点极为相似;初步判定该多肽片段为白色链霉菌乙酰木聚糖酯酶的C端区域。     

厌氧真菌菌系乙酰酯酶的特性研究

利用厌氧培养技术,采用产酶培养基,培养课题组自行构建的一组厌氧真菌菌系,使之产乙酰酯酶。采用硫酸铵分级沉淀、透析袋透析、DEAE-纤维素离子交换柱层析、Sephadex G-75凝胶过滤柱层析,分离纯化所得到乙酰酯酶,研究其酶学性质。酶活力动态分析表明,乙酰酯酶在产酶培养基上,培养至第3天酶活力达到最高。乙酰酯酶最适温度为41℃,最适pH为9．0,Mg^2＋、K^＋、Ca^2＋对酶有一定的激活作用,Fe^3＋对酶有很强的抑制作用。该厌氧真菌菌系所产的乙酰酯酶,对于发酵木质纤维素类物质具有潜在应用价值。     

热解纤维素菌属F32中乙酰木聚糖酯酶Axe7的表征

【目的】从嗜热厌氧微生物热解纤维素菌属F32(Caldicellulosiruptor sp.F32)菌株中鉴定出可水解木聚糖侧链乙酰基团的脂酶。【方法】通过基因组序列注释、比对以及蛋白结构预测的方法,发现一个潜在的脂酶7家族的(CE-7)乙酰木聚糖脂酶Axe7。利用基因克隆、质粒构建以及在大肠杆菌中表达目标蛋白并纯化等实验方法,获得了该酶的重组蛋白。【结果】以4-甲基乙酸伞形酯(4-Methylumbelliferyl-acetate)作为底物时,该酶的最适反应p H在6.5-7.0之间,最适反应温度为85°C,在最适的温度和p H条件下,Axe7活性半衰期(Half-life)超过4 h。在不同金属离子(1.5 mmol/L)存在下,Axe7活性可保持为最适反应酶活的(66.3±4.6)%-(95.7±2.3)%之间,说明金属离子对其酶活有一定的影响。通过测定酶动力学发现Axe7的Km和kcat值分别为0.39 mmol/L和66.95 s-1。【结论】从高温厌氧微生物中发现并表征一个热稳定性良好的乙酰木聚糖脂酶,为木质纤维素的高温糖化和生物炼制提供了一个可工业化的潜在选择。     

一株产乙酰酯酶细菌筛选、鉴定及酶学性质研究

【目的】利用筛选培养基,从肉牛瘤胃液中分离筛选产乙酰酯酶的细菌菌株,并研究菌株的产酶特征。【方法】利用厌氧培养技术,以木质素为唯一碳源,筛选并驯化所得菌株。根据菌株16S rDNA序列分析、革兰氏染色、伊红美蓝培养基培养、甲基红试验和柠檬酸盐利用试验,鉴定菌株。采用对-硝基苯乙酯测定酶活力。【结果】筛选得到产乙酰酯酶活力较高细菌菌株RB1,初步鉴定为Escherichia coli。菌株RB1的生长曲线表明,0 42 h为菌株的延迟期,42 60 h为菌株的对数期,60 66 h为菌株的稳定期,66 86 h为菌株的衰亡期。菌株所产乙酰酯酶最适温度为40°C,最适pH为8.0,在最适温度与pH条件下,培养基中添加玉米秸秆粉,乙酰酯酶最高酶活力达到0.52 U/mL。【结论】筛选获得产乙酰酯酶的细菌菌株RB1,其乙酰酯酶活力高于已报道的菌株,是一株具有研究和应用潜力的产乙酰酯酶的菌株。     

来源于嗜碱芽孢杆菌N16-5甘露聚糖利用基因簇的乙酰酯酶AesA的克隆及性质分析*

天然来源的多糖底物上常存在乙酰基取代,特异性的乙酰酯酶能够切割这些底物上的乙酰基,从而有利于聚糖底物的进一步降解.对Bacillus sp. N16-5甘露聚糖利用基因簇上编码的乙酰酯酶AesA进行了基因克隆和异源表达,并对其酶学性质进行了研究.aesA基因长957bp,编码318个氨基酸,属于碳水化合物酯酶第7家族.AesA对4-甲基伞形酮乙酸酯(4-methylumbelliferyl-acetate)表现出较好的催化活性,金属离子Fe³⁺,Fe²⁺,Mn²⁺及Cu²⁺对AesA活性均有不同程度的促进作用.AesA与甘露聚糖酶ManA对乙酰化的甘露聚糖底物具有显著的协同作用.此项研究有助于理解嗜碱芽孢杆菌Bacillus sp.N16-5对甘露聚糖的水解机制,并且在甘露聚糖降解中具有潜在的应用前景.     

高效木聚糖降解酶系定制的新进展与挑战

木聚糖是植物细胞壁中含量最丰富的非纤维素多糖,大约占陆地生物质资源的20%-35%。不同物种来源的木聚糖结构因取代方式不同而具有广泛的异质性,这对生物质资源向生物燃料和其他高值产品高效转化提出了重大挑战。因此,需要开发由不同类型酶组成的最佳混合物以有效糖化木聚糖类底物。但是针对特定类型的底物设计高效降解酶系十分困难,应考虑底物的类型、底物的组成和物理性质、多糖的聚合度以及不同降解酶组分的生化性质等。本文从不同植物木聚糖的结构异质性与合成复杂性方面展示了其抗降解屏障,同时介绍了木聚糖主链降解酶系及侧链降解酶系的多样性以及协同降解作用,综述了复杂生境中微生物种群产生的混合酶系、降解菌株产生的高效酶系,以及基于特定木聚糖底物改造并定制简化高效的酶系统。随着不同种类木聚糖精细结构和木聚糖降解酶底物特异性的深入研究,针对特定底物类型进行绿色高效木聚糖酶系定制,加速木聚糖类底物的降解,从而实现木质纤维素资源的绿色高值化利用。     

木聚糖降解酶系统

介绍了木聚糖降解酶系统的的多种组成成分,各个酶的生物化学特性,并着重介绍了木聚糖降解酶系统中的主要酶──木聚糖酶的结构、基因特征及其代谢调控机理。     

Purification and Characterization of an Acetyl Xylan Esterase from Bacillus pumilus

Bacillus pumilus PS213 was found to be able to release acetate from acetylated xylan. The enzyme catalyzing this reaction has been purified to homogeneity and characterized. The enzyme was secreted, and its production was induced by corncob powder and xylan. Its molecular mass, as determined by gel filtration, is 190 kDa, while sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed a single band of 40 kDa. The isoelectric point was found to be 4.8, and the enzyme activity was optimal at 55°C and pH 8.0. The activity was inhibited by most of the metal ions, while no enhancement was observed. The Michaelis constant (K_m) and V_max for α-naphthyl acetate were 1.54 mM and 360 μmol min⁻¹ mg of protein⁻¹, respectively.     

Enhanced acetyl esterase production by Fusarium oxysporum

Production of acetyl esterase (EC 3.1.1.6) by Fusarium oxysporum strain F3 was enhanced by optimization of growth conditions. Under optimal conditions, activities as high as 0.89U/ml of culture medium were obtained. The culture filtrate was equally active on p-nitrophenyl acetate and acetylxylan. The enzyme produced 71% deacetylation of acetylxylan in 2h at 40C. Activity was optimized at pH6.5 and at 55^C. The respective K_m values for p-nitrophenyl acetate and acetylxylan were 0.25mM and 1.05% (w/v) and the V_m values were 0.65 and 0.43mol acetate/min/mg protein.     

Phylogeny,classification and metagenomic bioprospecting of microbial acetyl xylan esterases

Acetyl xylan esterases (AcXEs), also termed xylan deacetylases, are broad specificity Carbohydrate-Active Enzymes (CAZymes) that hydrolyse ester bonds to liberate acetic acid from acetylated hemicellulose (typically polymeric xylan and xylooligosaccharides). They belong to eight families within the Carbohydrate Esterase (CE) class of the CAZy database. AcXE classification is largely based on sequence-dependent phylogenetic relationships, supported in some instances with substrate specificity data. However, some sequence-based predictions of AcXE-encoding gene identity have proved to be functionally incorrect. Such ambiguities can lead to mis-assignment of genes and enzymes during sequence data-mining, reinforcing the necessity for the experimental confirmation of the functional properties of putative AcXE-encoding gene products.Although one-third of all characterized CEs within CAZy families 1⿿7 and 16 are AcXEs, there is a need to expand the sequence database in order to strengthen the link between AcXE gene sequence and specificity. Currently, most AcXEs are derived from a limited range of (mostly microbial) sources and have been identified via culture-based bioprospecting methods, restricting current knowledge of AcXEs to data from relatively few microbial species. More recently, the successful identification of AcXEs via genome and metagenome mining has emphasised the huge potential of culture-independent bioprospecting strategies. We note, however, that the functional metagenomics approach is still hampered by screening bottlenecks.The most relevant recent reviews of AcXEs have focused primarily on the biochemical and functional properties of these enzymes. In this review, we focus on AcXE phylogeny, classification and the future of metagenomic bioprospecting for novel AcXEs.     

Molecular cloning, and characterization of a modular acetyl xylan esterase from the edible straw mushroom Volvariella volvacea

A new Volvariella volvacea gene encoding an acetyl xylan esterase (designated as Vvaxe1) was cloned and expressed in Pichia pastoris. The cDNA contained an ORF of 1047 bp encoding 349 amino acids with a calculated mass of 39 990 Da. VvAXE1 is a modular enzyme consisting of an N-terminal signal peptide, a catalytic domain, and a cellulose-binding domain. The amino acid sequence of the enzyme exhibited a high degree of similarity to cinnamoyl esterase B from Penicillium funiculosum, and acetyl xylan esterases from Aspergillus oryzae, Penicillium purpurogenum, and Aspergillus ficuum. Recombinant acetyl xylan esterase released acetate from several acetylated substrates including beta-d-xylose tetraacetate and acetylated xylan. No activity was detectable on p-nitrophenyl acetate. Enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis of 4-methylumbelliferyl acetate was maximal at pH 8.0 and 60 degrees C, and reciprocal plots revealed an apparent K(m) value of 307.7 microM and a V(max) value of 24 733 IU micromol(-1) protein. ReAXE1 also exhibited a capacity to bind to Avicel and H(3)PO(4) acid-swollen cellulose.     

Extracellular Carbohydrate Esterase from the Basidiomycete Coprinopsis cinerea Released Ferulic and Acetic Acids from Xylan

cDNA encoding an extracellular carbohydrate esterase (CcEst1) was cloned from the basidiomycete Coprinopsis cinerea. The recombinant CcEst1 expressed in Pichia pastoris acted on p-nitrophenyl acetate, α-naphthyl acetate, and methyl hydroxycinnamic acids, except for methyl sinapic acid. The enzyme released ferulic and acetic acids from wheat arabinoxylan and acetylated xylan respectively. Activity increased on the addition of endo-β-1,4-xylanase.     

Carbohydrate esterase family 4 enzymes: substrate specificity

The substrate specificity of selected enzymes classified under Carbohydrate Esterase family 4 (CE4) has been examined. Chitin deacetylase from Mucor rouxii and both a native and a truncated form of acetyl xylan esterase from Streptomyces lividans were found to be active on both xylan and several soluble chitinous substrates. Furthermore, the activities of all enzymes examined were significantly increased in the presence of Co(2+) when chitinous substrates were employed. However, the presence of this metal ion did not result in enhancing the activities of the enzymes when xylan was used as substrate. An acetyl xylan esterase from Bacillus pumilus, classified under Carbohydrate Esterase family 7, was found to be inactive towards all chitinous substrates tested. Finally, all enzymes examined were inactive towards cell wall peptidoglycan.