苏云金芽胞杆菌基因组研究

苏云金芽胞杆菌制剂是目前世界上产量最大、使用最广的微生物杀虫剂.近年来,国内外研究人员在苏云金芽胞杆菌的功能基因组学领域开展了深入的研究,取得了丰硕的研究成果.本文拟就苏云金芽胞杆菌的基因组、转录组、蛋白质组及代谢组研究进展进行简要论述.     

双组份系统YvcPQ抑制苏云金芽胞杆菌的芽胞形成

【目的】探究双组份系统YvcPQ影响芽胞形成的机制。【方法】利用β-半乳糖苷酶活性实验验证YvcP对芽胞形成抑制因子KapD的调控作用;通过无痕基因敲除并分别比较突变株与出发菌株的芽胞产率,研究YvcPQ及KapD对芽胞形成的影响;应用细菌单杂交实验、EMSA实验和实时荧光定量PCR技术探究转录调控因子AbrB对yvcPQ操纵子的转录调节。【结果】YvcP可以正调控kapD的表达,从而抑制芽胞形成;yvcPQ不能受YvcP的自调控,而是受AbrB转录激活。【结论】调控因子AbrB能够通过正调控yvcPQ操纵子的转录来提高细胞内YvcP的含量,进而增强YvcP对芽胞形成抑制因子编码基因kapD的表达,最终抑制芽胞的形成。     

苏云金芽胞杆菌6618杀虫菌株的分离和鉴定

从我国不同地区采集118份土样,利用温度筛选法分离获得一株苏云金芽胞杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis,简称Bt)6618,镜检观察发现该菌株能产生典型的菱形晶体,PCR分析表明其含有cry1类杀虫基因。采用SDS-PAGE和质谱分析发现该菌株主要产生130 k D原毒素,其组分由Cry1Ae和Cry1Ac原毒素组成。基因序列分析表明该菌株的cry1Ac基因为已知的cry1Ac1,而cry1Ae为新型杀虫基因。毒力生测表明该菌株对棉铃虫(Helicoverpa armigera)幼虫具有显著的杀虫效果。筛选获得的高毒力Bt菌株6618为丰富我国苏云金芽胞杆菌储备和研发新型高效生物杀虫剂提供了菌株资源。     

苏云金芽胞杆菌G03菌株的比较基因组分析

苏云金芽胞杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis,Bt)对包括鳞翅目、鞘翅目在内的多种昆虫具有特异高效的毒杀活性,并且对非靶标生物安全,是目前研究最多、应用最广的生防微生物。G03是一株对鳞翅目害虫高效的Bt菌株,属于鲇泽亚种,目前已经用于害虫防治。为了进一步分析其与目前市场上防治鳞翅目害虫用的较多的Btk(B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki)菌株HD1之间的差别,明确其遗传学特点,本研究测定了G03基因组,与其他实验室常用菌株进行了基因组比较,重点分析了杀虫相关基因的特点。分析结果显示,G03菌株含有HD1不具有的cry1Ca、cry1Da基因,使其在虫害控制方面更有优势;与HD1相比,G03含有较少的噬菌体、转座子相关基因,这显示G03基因组可能有更好的遗传稳定性,使其在发酵中更稳定。相关研究结果对今后该菌株改良及应用都具有重要的指导意义。     

肠道菌对苏云金芽胞杆菌杀虫活性的研究

苏云金芽胞杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis,Bt)在生长发育过程中伴随芽胞的形成高效表达对昆虫具有特异毒性的杀虫晶体蛋白,从而被广泛应用于害虫防治上。有关Bt的杀虫机制,近年来有学者提出了肠道菌模型,认为肠道菌在Bt发挥杀虫活性中是必须的,也有人提出相反的观点。以棉铃虫作为供试昆虫,利用Cry1Ac10晶体蛋白研究了棉铃虫肠道菌在Bt杀虫过程中所发挥的功能。结果发现,在棉铃虫中肠道菌并非Bt杀虫所必需,并且在肠道菌存在的情况下,Bt杀虫活性反而明显降低,通过肠道菌回接试验发现5号肠道菌对棉铃虫的保护作用最为明显。     

苏云金芽胞杆菌重组工程菌研究进展

苏云金芽胞杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis,Bt)可以产生对多种农业害虫有毒性的晶体蛋白(Insecticidal crystal protein,ICP),是目前世界上使用范围最广、应用最成功的杀虫微生物.已经发现苏云金芽胞杆菌可以对包括鳞翅目、鞘翅目、直翅目等在内的9个目500多种昆虫具有杀虫活性①,同时对某些螨类、吸虫、鞭毛虫及动植物线虫也有一定的活性.     

ERIC-PCR鉴别苏云金芽胞杆菌与蜡状芽胞杆菌的研究

利用ERIC-PCR技术对苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bt)、蜡状芽孢杆菌(Bc)和对照菌基因组DNA进行扩增,回收、标记BtPCR扩增片段,分别与各菌株的基因组DNA进行斑点杂交和Southern杂交,筛选Bt标识序列。结果显示:Bt各菌株均可扩增得到250bp的特异片段;Bt和Bc均可得到600bp的共有扩增片段;以筛选得到的569bp片段为探针,可特异性地与Bt基因组DNA杂交;ERIC-PCR技术可以在DNA指纹图谱水平区分鉴别Bt与Bc菌,正确反映出两者的亲缘关系。结果表明ERIC-PCR技术在Bt的检测及在Bt与Bc的鉴定中具有较强的实用性。     

枯草芽胞杆菌EDR4抑制灰葡萄孢菌的细胞学研究

通过菌丝生长抑制方法测定枯草芽胞杆菌Bacillus subtilis EDR4对灰葡萄孢菌Botrytis cinerea的抑制作用,利用电子显微镜观察受到抑制的灰葡萄孢菌丝形态和细胞结构的变化。结果表明,菌丝生长异常,分支变多,出现不规则膨大和缢缩;线粒体数量异常增多并出现不规则肿胀;细胞质外渗,出现空腔化细胞;细胞器泡囊化解体和细胞崩解,细胞趋于死亡。     

苏云金芽胞杆菌Sigma H对芽胞形成的影响

【目的】检测苏云金芽胞杆菌HD73中的转录调控因子Sigma H(σ~H)对spo0A基因转录的调控作用;异源表达纯化Sigma H蛋白,验证其对spo0A基因启动子的直接结合;检测sigH基因的缺失对苏云金芽胞杆菌HD73芽胞形成和晶体蛋白产生的影响。【方法】通过测定spo0A基因启动子指导的β-半乳糖苷酶活性评价spo0A基因在苏云金芽胞杆菌HD73野生型和sigH缺失突变体中的转录水平;通过PCR扩增苏云金芽胞杆菌HD73的sigH基因并插入到表达载体pET21b上,将质粒转入到表达菌株BL21(DE3)中,得到重组菌株BL21 (pETsigH);利用镍柱亲和纯化和阴离子交换纯化得到纯化的Sigma H蛋白;通过凝胶迁移实验(electrophoretic mobility shift assay,EMSA)验证Sigma H蛋白与spo0A基因启动子的直接结合;通过显微镜观察、活芽胞计数的方法对突变株HDΔsigH进行表型特征分析。【结果】sigH缺失后,spo0A基因转录活性降低;在大肠杆菌中正确表达并纯化出大小约为28kDa的Sigma H-His蛋白;EMSA结果表明纯化后的Sigma H-His蛋白可与spo0A基因启动子结合;镜检和活芽胞计数结果表明突变株HDΔsigH无法产生芽胞和蛋白晶体。【结论】Sigma H蛋白通过与spo0A基因启动子结合直接调控spo0A基因的表达且sigH基因的缺失阻断了苏云金芽胞杆菌中芽胞和晶体蛋白的产生。     

苏云金芽胞杆菌CTC菌株的S-层蛋白可以形成伴胞晶体

苏云金芽胞杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis)CTC菌株产生卵圆形伴胞晶体,晶体蛋白分子量为100kD;透射电子显微镜观察结果表明该菌株有S—层结构,而且在母细胞内可以形成伴胞晶体和S—层的初体结构;其蛋白基因导入苏云金芽胞杆菌无晶体突变株BMB171后,扫描电子显微镜观察结果表明转化子能形成晶体,而其形状与CTC菌株的相同;转化子晶体蛋白的分子量大小也与CTC菌株的相同,为100kD。以上实验结果结合以前晶体蛋白N—末端测序和基因核苦酸序列,表明苏云金芽胞杆菌CTC菌株的S—层蛋白可以形成伴胞晶体。     

The identification ofBacillus thuringiensis

Résumé Deux nouvelles méthodes, analyses d'antigènes H et d'estérases, ont été récemment ajoutées aux tests biochimiques pour l'identification deBacillus thuringiensis. Certains des tests biochimiques se sont montrés valables, d'autres non. Deux études utilisant les antigènes H concordent dans la reconnaissance de 9 groupes qui correspondent étroitement à la classification basée sur les estérases. En utilisant les 3 méthodes, douze types bactériens peuvent être distingués, certains à distribution géographique restreinte. Des antisérums standards pour diagnostics devraient être rendus disponibles à tous les chercheurs intéressés. Des problèmes liés à l'identification sont discutés. La parenté des groupes de bactériesB. cereus etB. thuringiensis est étroite mais une connaissance plus approfondie est nécessaire pour résoudre la question de la nomenclature.

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This paper was presented at the ?International Symposium on the identification and assay of viruses and Bacillus thuringiensisused for insect control?, London 13 th July 1964.     

Classification ofBacillus thuringiensis strains

An updated classification ofB. thuringiensis strains according to flagellar antigens is presented. Twenty-seven antigenic groups and seven subgroups have enabled us to distiguish 34 serovars. Biochemical tests are unable to separate these serovars. The significance of serovars is discussed in comparison with pathogenicity and with reference to the Bacteriological Code.      

Efficient protoplast regeneration ofBacillus thuringiensis andAgrobacterium tumefaciens

Summary Treatment ofBacillus thuringiensis andAgrobacterium tumefaciens taken from the early growth phase (8 h) with lysozyme at 1 mg/ml gave 90–99% protoplast formation and 10–12% protoplast regeneration on the minimal medium in absence of plasma expander (Bovine serum albumin). Enhanced fusion frequency was obtained when protoplasts from 8 h grown cells were used for fusion experiments.     

Subdomain organization ofBacillus thuringiensis entomocidal proteins' N-terminal domains

N-Terminal domain (65 kD) of δ-endotoxin produced byBacillus thuringiensis ssp.alesti, as shown by limited proteolysis, consists of two subdomains of molecular mass 30 and 33 kD that correspond, respectively, to conservative and variable regions of the δ-endotoxin primary structure. Furthermore, proteolysis of these subdomains leads to their conversion into at least two fragments of molecular mass 10 kD stable to proteinase action. Such a pattern of molecular organization appears to be common for several structurally related δ-endotoxins that belong to thekurstaki group. Entomicidal protein produced by ssp.israelensis (70 kD), which differs strongly fromalesti and otherkurstaki group δ-endotoxins, retains a similar type of molecular organization and consists of two subdomains with molecular mass of ～35 kD. Apparently, the characteristic pattern of the δ-endotoxins' molecular structure reflects separation of functions (e.g., host recognition and toxicityper se) between domains and subdomains of these proteins.     

Enhanced spore production ofBacillus thuringiensis by fed-batch culture

Summary Fed-batch culture was carried out to increase cell mass followed by batch culture for spore production ofbacillus thuringiensis. High cell mass obtained by increasing the feeding glucose concentration in constant fed-batch culture which supported fast cell growth resulted in good sporulation during subsequent batch culture, and the maximum cell mass of 72.6 g/L and spore concentration of 1.25×10¹⁰ spores/mL could be obtained.     

Binding and activity ofBacillus thuringiensis delta-endotoxin to invertebrate cells

Fluorescein isothiocyanate was used as a label to detect delta-endotoxin ofBacillus thuringiensis subsp.thuringiensis andisraelensis in binding studies with different in vitro cell systems. Protoxin of the subspeciesthuringiensis could be labelled directly whereas the activated toxin had to be traced indirectly with labelled antibodies. Both protoxin and activated toxin bound to primary midgut cell cultures ofPieris brassicae larvae as well as to cells of an established culture ofDrosophila melanogaster. No binding with either toxin form could be observed with hemocytes ofP. brassicae. Biological activity as shown by the trypan blue viability assay was obtained only with the activated toxin against the midgut cells. Toxin of the subspeciesisraelensis reacted very unspecifically. Binding followed by rapid destruction was obtained with all the tested cultures.Abbreviation FITC fluorescein isothiocyanate     

Esterase electrophoretic polymorphism ofBacillus thuringiensis andBacillus cereus reference strains

The genomic diversity and relationship among 61Bacillus thuringiensis andBacillus cereus reference strains were investigated by electrophoretic analysis of esterase enzymes on native polyacrylamide gel. Polymorphism of the esterolytic bands revealed seven esterases, designed as Est A to Est G in order of decreasing anodal migration. Each esterase showed two to three mobility variants that assigned the analysed strains into 35 electrophoretic types (ETs). This high diversity allowed the identification of several serovar or strain-specific ETs. Cluster analysis of ETs showed three major groups in which the strains belonging to the serovartolworthi were the most distant. The ETs distribution showed thatB. thuringiensis andB. cereus are intermingled in the dendrogram with the resolution of some common serovars ofB. thuringiensis in tight phylogenetic lineages. These results indicate that the esterase enzyme electrophoresis, applied as a sole typing method for the closely related speciesB. thuringiensis andB. cereus is suitable to highlight the intraspecific genetic diversity.     

A rapid and simple method for staining of the crystal protein ofBacillus thuringiensis

Summary A rapid and simple method of staining for the crystal protein (-endotoxin or parasporal body) ofBacillus thuringiensis has been developed. Changes in colonial morphology were observed when cells lost their ability to form crystal protein or both crystal protein and spore.