酸性α-淀粉酶菌株的筛选及其发酵条件研究

自淀粉厂周边土壤分离筛选到一株高效耐酸α-淀粉酶菌株SH3,初步鉴定为酵母菌,发酵粗酶p H范围3.8-8.0,最适作用p H5.0,该酶在80℃下仍有酶活,最适作用温度50℃。经单因素发酵条件的研究与优化,最适温度37℃,培养基初始p H5.0,可溶性淀粉作碳源,蛋白胨为氮源,200 m L装液量。正交试验确定最佳产酶条件为可溶性淀粉15 g/L、蛋白胨30 g/L、37℃、p H4.5,该条件下酶活力为96.8 U/mg。     

泡盛曲霉CAU33固体发酵产β-1,3-1,4-葡聚糖酶发酵条件优化

利用单因素实验法优化了泡盛曲霉(Aspergillus awamori)CAU33利用农业废弃物固体发酵产β-1,3-1,4-葡聚糖酶的发酵条件。产酶的条件包括碳源种类、初始水分含量、氮源种类、初始p H、表面活性剂、培养温度和发酵时间。进一步运用响应面分析法优化了其中主要因素,得到最佳产酶条件为:啤酒糟为碳源、含水量为81.6%、吐温60添加量20g/L、大豆蛋白胨添加量25g/L、自然p H、35℃下培养6d。在优化后的发酵条件下,最大产酶水平达到40 832.9U/g。泡盛曲霉固体发酵产β-1,3-1,4-葡聚糖酶的酶活力高,工业化生产和应用潜力大。     

高产耐高温脂肪酶生产菌的筛选与鉴定

从小笼包蒸屉垫中筛选得到了两株脂肪酶高产菌株J2和J3,经形态观察以及26S rRNA基因(26S rDNA)序列比对鉴定,两株菌分别属于Aureobasidium属的两个变体。200 r/min、30℃下摇瓶发酵3-5 d后,以对硝基苯酚棕榈酸酯(p-NPP)作为底物,用分光光度法测得J2和J3发酵上清液中的脂肪酶酶活分别为10.61 U/m L和14.43 U/m L。对两株菌所产脂肪酶的耐热特性研究显示,菌株J2产脂肪酶的最适反应温度为50℃,并且酶液在50℃保温5 h无酶活损失;另一株菌J3所产脂肪酶的最适反应温度为60℃,酶液在50℃保温5 h后酶活剩余42.19%,在40℃保温5 h没有酶活损失。这表明J2和J3菌株所产脂肪酶具有较好的热稳定性和较高的最适反应温度。     

产几丁质酶菌株S68-CM5产酶条件优化研究

为提高黏质沙雷氏菌株S68-CM5产几丁质酶能力,对产酶发酵条件进行优化研究。利用Plackett-Burman设计和响应面法对培养基和发酵条件进行摸索。结果显示,获得最佳发酵产酶培养基:胶体几丁质1.5%,牛肉膏7 g/L,酵母膏2 g/L,葡萄糖8 g/L,氯化钠3.5 g/L,蛋白胨2 g/L,磷酸氢二钾3.5 g/L;最佳产酶培养条件为:p H6.88,温度27.32℃,摇床转数155.82r/min,培养时间60 h,接种量1%,装液量50 m L/250 m L。优化后产酶量达到7.131 U/m L,比优化前产酶量提高了1.43倍。     

低温脂肪酶的产酶条件优化及其酶学性质

利用单因素筛选和正交试验对Burkholderia sp. SYBC LIP-Y发酵产酶的液体培养基和发酵条件进行了优化,其优化配方为：可溶性淀粉10 g/L、牛肉膏15 g/L、NaNO3 0.252 g/L、橄榄油40ml/L、Triton x-100 10ml/L、初始pH 7.5、接种量10%(V/V),脂肪酶酶活达到85.23U/ml,是优化前的3.63倍。通过对双水相纯化得到的脂肪酶进行酶学性质研究,确定该酶反应的最适pH为10.0,最适温度为30℃,40℃下保温60min酶活性还有80%以上,该脂肪酶为低温脂肪酶,热稳定性好,具有一定的耐醇性,应用前景广阔。     

酶水解菊芋糖浆发酵生产琥珀酸的初步研究

用产菊粉酶的一株黑曲霉菌株进行产酶发酵条件和水解条件研究,在30℃,pH 6.0,摇床转速200 r/min,发酵时间为3 d的最适产酶条件下,酶活可以达到45.9 U/mL.以总糖含量为85.2 g/L的菊芋粉为初始底物,最适酶水解条件为温度50℃,加黑曲霉培养液的量为10%(v/v),水解12 h后,水解率达到99.6%.用此酶解液在5 L搅拌发酵罐中进行琥珀酸发酵,初始还原糖浓度53.5 g/L,36 h发酵产琥珀酸43.8 g/L,琥珀酸产率0.83 g/g,糖利用率99.0%,琥珀酸生产强度1.22 g/(L·h).     

产β-甘露聚糖酶菌株的筛选鉴定及产酶条件的优化

利用刚果红染色法从土壤中筛选到一株产β-甘露聚糖酶的菌株MY271,该菌株经形态学、生理生化及系统发育学方法鉴定为路德维希肠杆菌(Enterobacter ludwigii)。该菌株在初始条件下培养48 h,发酵上清液中β-甘露聚糖酶酶活可达2.87 U/m L。利用单因素试验对该菌产酶发酵条件进行优化以提高酶活,优化所得最佳发酵条件为:接种量9%,装液量50 m L/250 m L,初始p H7.0,发酵温度31℃,发酵周期48 h。最佳碳源为魔芋精粉(添加量0.8%),最佳氮源为蛋白胨(添加量1.9%)。在最佳条件下发酵48 h,发酵上清液中β-甘露聚糖酶活提升到38.42 U/m L,是优化前的13.4倍。     

黑曲霉FS25产β—葡萄糖酶发酵特性的研究

黑曲霉(Aspergillusniger)FS25产β-葡聚糖酶最适碳源为大麦粉,氮源为玉米浆;最佳摇瓶发酵配方为大麦粉6g,玉米浆2g,(NH4)2SO40.4g,FeSO4@7H2O0.01g,Na2HPO4@3H2O0.1g,CaCO30.5g,MgSO4@7H2O0.03g,麦麸0.8g,发酵初始pH为5.0,定容100mL.发酵温度为32℃,250mL三角瓶发酵液的装量为50mL,接种量为1.5mL孢子悬液(1.5×107个/mL);发酵周期为30h,酶活达到80.1u/mL,比初始的产酶水平提高了84.1%.     

中温α-淀粉酶在地衣芽孢杆菌中的异源表达

提高中温α-淀粉酶生产菌株的发酵温度,对减少冷却水消耗降低生产成本有重要意义。本文利用基因删除技术删除了地衣芽孢杆菌CBBD302菌株α-淀粉酶的编码基因(amy L)获得突变株D402。将表达解淀粉芽孢杆菌中温α-淀粉酶基因Ba A的重组质粒p HY-WZX-Ba A转化D402,获得表达中温α-淀粉酶的重组地衣芽孢杆菌D402/p HY-WZX-Ba A。摇瓶发酵实验显示,重组菌最适发酵温度为42℃,比原生产菌株提高8℃,最高产酶水平达到301 U/m L。30 L发酵罐发酵试验,78 h达到最高酶活531 U/m L。重组酶的最适作用温度为60℃,最适作用p H 6.5,在90℃保温20 min可以完全失活,保持了中温α-淀粉酶既能在淀粉糊化温度下保持稳定又便于灭酶的优良性能。     

重组谷氨酸脱羧酶制备γ-氨基丁酸的工艺条件优化

谷氨酸脱羧酶,一种磷酸吡哆醛(PLP)依赖性酶,能专一、不可逆地催化L-谷氨酸脱羧得到γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)。构建了产Lactobacillus brevis WJH3谷氨酸脱羧酶重组大肠杆菌E.coli BL21(DE3)/p ET-24a-gad,以此作为菌种进行摇瓶发酵诱导培养,发酵过程中一次性添加0.05 mmol/L PLP培养24 h,破壁上清酶活达81.7 U/m L,是不添加PLP对照酶活的1.8倍。对酶转化L-谷氨酸钠生成GABA反应条件进行了优化,结果表明,在转化体系不添加PLP的情况下,底物谷氨酸钠浓度为250 g/L,反应初始p H5.0,温度37℃,加酶量60 U/g底物,转速200 r/min,在此条件下反应18 h,GABA转化率达到100%,为γ-氨基丁酸的工业化生产奠定基础。     

Investigation of the mechanism of temperature sensitivity of the electroreceptors of ampullae of lorenzini

In experiments on Black Sea skates (Raja clavata), the potential of the receptor epithelium of the ampullae of Lorenzini and spike activity of single nerve fibers connected to them were investigated during electrical and temperature stimulation. Usually the potential within the canal was between 0 and –2 mV, and the input resistance of the ampulla 250–400 k. Heating of the region of the receptor epithelium was accompanied by a negative wave of potential, an increase in input resistance, and inhibition of spike activity. With worsening of the animal's condition the transepithelial potential became positive (up to +10 mV) but the input resistance of the ampulla during stimulation with a positive current was nonlinear in some cases: a regenerative spike of positive polarity appeared in the channel. During heating, the spike response was sometimes reversed in sign. It is suggested that fluctuations of the transepithelial potential and spike responses to temperature stimulation reflect changes in the potential difference on the basal membrane of the receptor cells, which is described by a relationship of the Nernst's or Goldman's equation type.I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. I. M. Sechenov, Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. Pacific Institute of Oceanology, Far Eastern Scientific Center, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Vladivostok. Translated from Neirofiziologiya, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 67–74, January–February, 1980.     

Principles of organization and evolution of systems of regulation of functions

Evolution of living organisms is closely connected with evolution of structure of the system of regulations and its mechanisms. The functional ground of regulations is chemical signalization. As early as in unicellular organisms there is a set of signal mechanisms providing their life activity and orientation in space and time. Subsequent evolution of ways of chemical signalization followed the way of development of delivery pathways of chemical signal and development of mechanisms of its regulation. The mechanism of chemical regulation of the signal interaction is discussed by the example of the specialized system of transduction of signal from neuron to neuron, of effect of hormone on the epithelial cell and modulation of this effect. These mechanisms are considered as the most important ways of the fine and precise adaptation of chemical signalization underlying functioning of physiological systems and organs of the living organism