植物多糖对巨噬细胞的免疫调节作用

植物多糖是一类广泛存在于植物中具有多种生物学活性的天然大分子物质,对免疫系统的影响普遍认为是通过对天然免疫系统的调节作用,尤其是对巨噬细胞免疫功能的影响. 许多研究表明,植物多糖与巨噬细胞表面多种受体结合启动不同信号途径而发挥生物学作用.本文综述了来源于不同种属的多种植物多糖对巨噬细胞释放活性氧、分泌细胞因子和趋化因子等的免疫调节作用,为新型免疫调节药物的研究开发提供了新的思路.     

盐生隐杆藻胞外多糖(EPAH)抗衰老的实验研究

通过检测实验小鼠血清中的SOD、CAT、MDA、GSH的活性,同时检测肝、脑中脂褐素(Lf)的量以及胸腺系数和脾系数等多项指标,研究了盐生隐杆藻胞外多糖抗衰老活性,并通过耐力实验研究了盐生隐杆藻胞外多糖对小鼠增强耐力的作用.结果显示EPAH能明显降低老龄小鼠肝、脑脂褐素的含量,降低老龄小鼠血清中MDA的含量,增强老龄小鼠血浆中SOD、GSH、CAT的生物学活性,同时增强抗应激能力,提示EPAH有提高小鼠抗衰老的作用.     

植物多糖对神经细胞的保护作用

多糖在自然界中含量丰富,通过糖苷键连接成醛糖或酮糖。多糖是生命活动中重要的营养物质之一,具有许多非常重要且特殊的理化特性和生理活性,如毒性小、较安全、功能多样等。已有研究表明,从植物中提取的水溶性多糖有极其广泛的药理活性,如增强免疫功能、降血糖、调节血脂、抗肿瘤、抗氧化、抗衰老作用等。新近研究发现,人参、枸杞、黄芪、灵芝等水溶性多糖对神经细胞有保护作用。我们简要综述了植物多糖对神经细胞保护作用的研究进展,以期为多糖作为老年神经性疾病的补充与替代治疗药物提供理论依据。     

植物多糖的药理功能研究进展

<正>多糖广泛存在于动物、植物、微生物中,它们是一类生物大分子,因其特有的药理、化学性质及生物学活性,而在石油工业、食品工业、制药工业等领域得到广泛应用。在生化药物生产中,多糖也是与蛋白质、酶及核酸系列的一大类。植物多糖的糖链结合以β-1,3或β-1,6键为主,有的多糖还带有分支,带有分支链的多糖具有抗肿瘤活性。而α型连接的多糖生理活性较弱,但有研究表明[1],α型连接的多糖也具有     

植物多糖在化妆品中的应用研究进展

植物多糖是从植物组织中提取得到的一类高分子聚合物,其生物活性高、功能全面、使用安全。我国植物多糖资源丰富、开发潜力巨大,根据近年来的研究成果,整合概述了植物多糖的提取、分离、纯化工艺,及其在化妆品中保湿补水、抗衰老、美白祛斑、抗敏抑菌、愈创修复等方面的应用,以期为后续研究提供参考。     

多糖硫酸化修饰和多糖硫酸酯的研究进展

硫酸多糖是一类糖羟基上带有硫酸根的多糖,包括从植物中提取的各种硫酸多糖、肝素、天然多糖的硫酸衍生物及人工合成的各种硫酸多糖。硫酸多糖具有抗病毒、抗肿瘤、抗凝血和增强免疫等生物活性,为提高中药多糖的生物活性,可通过硫酸化修饰的方法进行结构改造,获取多糖硫酸酯。本文就多糖的硫酸化修饰方法、多糖硫酸酯的生物学活性及其影响因素、作用机制和临床应用进行了综述。     

食药用真菌多糖及复合多糖生物活性研究

食药用真菌多糖有多种生物学功能,在抗肿瘤、免疫调节作用、抗衰老、降血脂等方面发挥着重要的生物活性.对正常细胞无毒副作用是食药用真菌多糖的突出优点.合适剂量食药用真菌多糖配伍使用时,各多糖间药理作用呈现协同性,可以提高在抗肿瘤、免疫调节等方面的药效.     

归芪多糖延缓衰老作用的研究

本文研究了归芪多糖对衰老小鼠的抗衰老作用。将50只小鼠分为5组,除正常对照组外其余各组均采用D-半乳糖(0.5 g·kg-1)皮下注射建立衰老小鼠模型,以不同剂量的归芪多糖(1 g/kg和0.5 g/kg)给小鼠连续灌胃42 d后,测定其血清中过氧化氢(H2O2)和皮肤组织中羟脯氨酸(Hyp)含量、大脑中单胺氧化酶(MAO)、肝组织中谷胱甘肽-过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)和黄嘌呤氧化酶(XOD)的活性。结果显示,归芪多糖能明显抑制小鼠血清H2O2含量、肝组织XOD和大脑MAO的活性(P<0.01);显著提高肝组织中GSH-PX的活性和皮肤组织中Hyp的含量(P<0.01)。证明归芪多糖可能通过降低衰老小鼠血清H2O2的含量、肝组织XOD和大脑MAO的活性,以及提高肝组织GSH-PX的活性和皮肤组织中Hyp的含量的机制起到一定的抗衰老作用。     

药用昆虫多糖的研究进展

中医以昆虫入药,在两千多年里积累了丰富的临床经验。近年来,随着天然药物研究技术不断的发展,昆虫多糖的生物学活性被不断发现,人们对于药用昆虫多糖的研究也越来越广泛和深入。本综述通过查阅近年来有关药用昆虫多糖的资料文献,从提取分离、结构研究、药理活性三个方面总结、分析了近年来有关药用昆虫多糖的研究成果,希望可以为相关研究人员提供借鉴。目前,昆虫多糖提取分离的方法包括水提醇沉法、碱液提取法和酶解法。尽管药用昆虫多糖的结构研究报道较少,但已发现,昆虫多糖的结构比植物多糖和真菌多糖更复杂,大多为蛋白聚糖,组成的单糖种类较多。昆虫多糖具有多种药理活性,在免疫调节、抗氧化、抗肿瘤、抗血栓及抗过敏等方面作用突出。     

海洋生物多糖的研究与发展

多糖具有多种生理功能,随着陆地资源的消耗,海洋生物多糖的作用逐渐被发现,它不仅具有明显的生物学活性,而且无毒副作用,该将主要从海洋生物多糖的生物学活性及研究现状进行简述。     

Basil polysaccharides: A review on extraction,bioactivities and pharmacological applications

Traditional Chinese Medicine has been widely used in China and is regarded as the most commonly used treatment. As a natural plant used in traditional Chinese Medicine, Basil has various functions associated with a number of its components. There are many compositions in basil including polysaccharides, naphtha, steroids, flavone, coumarins, vitamins, and so on. Among these, polysaccharides play a significant role in based therapeutics. The article summarizes that basil polysaccharides have a lot of biological activities and pharmacological applications, such as their antitumor activity, antioxidant activity, anti-aging activity, immunity enhancement effect, hypolipidemic and anti-atherosclerotic effects, antibacterial effect, treatment of diabetes mellitus, and so on. This review summarized the extraction method, purification method, compositions, pharmacological applications, molecular weight, biological activities, and prospects of basil polysaccharides, providing a basis for further study of basil and basil polysaccharides.     

Fungal enzyme sets for plant polysaccharide degradation

Enzymatic degradation of plant polysaccharides has many industrial applications, such as within the paper, food, and feed industry and for sustainable production of fuels and chemicals. Cellulose, hemicelluloses, and pectins are the main components of plant cell wall polysaccharides. These polysaccharides are often tightly packed, contain many different sugar residues, and are branched with a diversity of structures. To enable efficient degradation of these polysaccharides, fungi produce an extensive set of carbohydrate-active enzymes. The variety of the enzyme set differs between fungi and often corresponds to the requirements of its habitat. Carbohydrate-active enzymes can be organized in different families based on the amino acid sequence of the structurally related catalytic modules. Fungal enzymes involved in plant polysaccharide degradation are assigned to at least 35 glycoside hydrolase families, three carbohydrate esterase families and six polysaccharide lyase families. This mini-review will discuss the enzymes needed for complete degradation of plant polysaccharides and will give an overview of the latest developments concerning fungal carbohydrate-active enzymes and their corresponding families.     

Changing extracellular matrix of cells during development of suspension culture of Triticum timopheevii Zhuk

A study was made of the contents of the main polysaccharide fractions in the cell wall, and extracellular polysaccharides, and of the activity of cell wall enzymes during cultivation of suspension culture of cells of the winter wheat Triticum timopheevii Zhuk. It was shown that within 3 days of cultivation (a phase enriched in dividing cells), on the background of increased callose contents in plant cells, amounts of pectins and hemicelluloses extracted by 4N alkali decreased. The content of polysaccharides reached its initial level by the end of culturing. A parallel analysis of glycosidase activity in cell walls has shown their considerable activation at the stage enriched by dividing cells, which decreased at a transition of culture into the stationary level. The increased activity of hydrolyzing enzymes was combined with an increased efflux of extracellular polysaccharides into culture medium. The detected changes in polysaccharide composition of the cell wall at the first phase indicate its qualitative changes during cell wall reconstruction at the beginning of cytokines, whereas extensive expansion of cell wall was seen on the phase of elongation.     

A quick and inexpensive method for removing polysaccharides from plant genomic DNA.

A quick and inexpensive method has been demonstrated to remove polysaccharide contamination from plant DNA. Isolated plant genomic DNA with polysaccharide contaminants was dissolved in TE (10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4, 1 mM EDTA) with NaCl ranging from 0.5-3.0 M, then precipitated with two volumes of ethanol. Most of the polysaccharides were removed effectively in a single high-salt precipitation at 1.0-2.5 M NaCl. At 3.0 M NaCl, the salt precipitated out of solution. Purified DNA was easily digested by either HindIII or EcoRI and was satisfactory as a template for PCR. The results show that high-salt precipitation effectively removed polysaccharides and their inhibitory effects on restriction enzyme and Taq polymerase activity.     

Bioactive polysaccharides from the stems of the Thai medicinal plant Acanthus ebracteatus: their chemical and physical features

Crude water-soluble polysaccharides were isolated from Acanthus ebracteatus by hot water extraction followed by ethanol precipitation after pre-treatment with 80% ethanol. The crude polysaccharides were separated into neutral and acidic polysaccharides by anion-exchange chromatography. The neutral polysaccharide (A1001) was rich in galactose, 3-O-methylgalactose and arabinose, whereas the acidic polysaccharide (A1002) consisted mainly of galacturonic acid along with rhamnose, arabinose and galactose as minor components indicating a pectin-type polysaccharide with rhamnogalacturonan type I (RG-1) backbone. 3-O-Methylgalactose is also present in the acidic fraction. Both neutral and acidic fractions showed potent effects on the complement system using pectic polysaccharide PM II from Plantago major as a positive control. A small amount of 3-O-methylgalactose present in the pectin seemed to be of importance for activity enhancement in addition to the amount of neutral sugar side chains attached to RG-1. The relationship between chemical structure and effect on the complement system of the isolated polysaccharides is considered in the light of these data. The presence of the rare monosaccharide 3-O-methylgalactose may indicate that this can be used as a chemotaxonomic marker. The traditional way of using this plant as a medical remedy appears to have a scientific basis.     

Polysaccharide lyases: recent developments as biotechnological tools

Polysaccharide lyases, which are polysaccharide cleavage enzymes, act mainly on anionic polysaccharides. Produced by prokaryote and eukaryote organisms, these enzymes degrade (1,4) glycosidic bond by a beta elimination mechanism and have unsaturated oligosaccharides as major products. New polysaccharides are cleaved only by their specific polysaccharide lyases. From anionic polysaccharides controlled degradations, various biotechnological applications were investigated. This review catalogues the degradation of bacterial, plant and animal polysaccharides (neutral and anionic) by this family of carbohydrate acting enzymes.     

Spatial structure of plant cell wall polysaccharides and its functional significance

Plant polysaccharides comprise the major portion of organic matter in the biosphere. The cell wall built on the basis of polysaccharides is the key feature of a plant organism largely determining its biology. All together, around 10 types of polysaccharide backbones, which can be decorated by different substituents giving rise to endless diversity of carbohydrate structures, are present in cell walls of higher plants. Each of the numerous cell types present in plants has cell wall with specific parameters, the features of which mostly arise from the structure of polymeric components. The structure of polysaccharides is not directly encoded by the genome and has variability in many parameters (molecular weight, length, and location of side chains, presence of modifying groups, etc.). The extent of such variability is limited by the “functional fitting” of the polymer, which is largely based on spatial organization of the polysaccharide and its ability to form supramolecular complexes of an appropriate type. Consequently, the carrier of the functional specificity is not the certain molecular structure but the certain type of the molecules having a certain degree of heterogeneity. This review summarizes the data on structural features of plant cell wall polysaccharides, considers formation of supramolecular complexes, gives examples of tissue- and stage-specific polysaccharides and functionally significant carbohydrate-carbohydrate interactions in plant cell wall, and presents approaches to analyze the spatial structure of polysaccharides and their complexes.     

Untersuchungen am Phloemexsudat von Cucurbita pepo L.

Summary Tests for enzymes of gluconeogenesis and of the synthesis and degradation of sucrose and polysaccharides have been carried out in the phloem exudate of Cucurbita pepo. All the enzymes which are necessary for the synthesis of sucrose and polysaccharides from metabolites of the citric acid cycle were found to be present in the exudate, except phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. The polysaccharide synthetase was found to exhibit higher activity with glycogen (which is an unnatural polysaccharide in higher plants) than with starch. In addition, polysaccharide synthetase activity could be increased remarkably with 2 mM glucose-6-phosphate and glycogen as primer. Among the enzymes which catabolize sucrose and polysaccharides (phosphorylase, invertase, sucrose phosphorylase), only sucrose phosphorylase showed activity.     

Enzymatic fingerprinting of Arabidopsis pectic polysaccharides using polysaccharide analysis by carbohydrate gel electrophoresis (PACE)

Plant cell wall polysaccharides vary in quantity and structure between different organs and during development. However, quantitative analysis of individual polysaccharides remains challenging, and relatively little is known about any such variation in polysaccharides in organs of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. We have analysed plant cell wall pectic polysaccharides using polysaccharide analysis by carbohydrate gel electrophoresis. By highly specific enzymatic digestion of a polysaccharide in a cell wall preparation, a unique fingerprint of short oligosaccharides was produced. These oligosaccharides gave quantitative and structural information on the original polysaccharide chain. We analysed enzyme-accessible polygalacturonan (PGA), linear β(1,4) galactan and linear α(1,5) arabinan in several organs of Arabidopsis: roots, young leaves, old leaves, lower and upper inflorescence stems, seeds and callus. We found that this PGA constitutes a high proportion of cell wall material (CWM), up to 15% depending on the organ. In all organs, between 60 and 80% of the PGA was highly esterified in a blockwise fashion, and surprisingly, dispersely esterified PGA was hardly detected. We found enzyme-accessible linear galactan and arabinan are both present as a minor polysaccharide in all the organs. The amount of galactan ranged from ~0.04 to 0.25% of CWM, and linear arabinan constituted between 0.015 and 0.1%. Higher levels of galactan correlated with expanding tissues, supporting the hypothesis that this polysaccharide is involved in wall extension. We show by analysis of mur4 that the methods and results presented here also provide a basis for studies of pectic polysaccharides in Arabidopsis mutants.     

Glycosyltransferases and cell wall biosynthesis: novel players and insights

Plants need an enormous biosynthetic machinery to synthesize the complex polysaccharides that are present in the plant cell wall. The isolation, characterization and mapping of wall mutants, together with biochemical approaches, have led to significant advances in our understanding of both wall polysaccharide synthesis at a molecular level and the function of polysaccharides in plant growth and development. Moreover, potential regulation mechanisms and associated protein factors are emerging from recent data.