艰难梭菌毒素B羧基端的表达与卵黄抗体制备简

目的：在大肠杆菌中可溶性表达艰难梭菌毒素B羧基端（TcdB-e）,免疫产蛋鸡,获得针对TcdB-c的卵黄抗体（IgY）。方法：人工合成TcdB-c的基因,将其克隆至pET32b（＋）载体中,转化大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）,诱导表达产物经金属螯合层析纯化,凝血酶酶切后得到目的蛋白TcdB-c;利用兔红细胞凝集和兔肠袢实验检测目的蛋白活性,用TcdB-c免疫产蛋鸡制备鸡卵黄抗体,分离纯化卵黄抗体并经ELISA测定抗体效价,用兔肠袢实验检测抗体的中和活性。结果：构建了TcdB-c的重组表达载体,诱导表达的融合蛋白相对分子质量约为79000,经凝血酶酶切后的相对分子质量约65000;目的蛋白免疫产蛋鸡后获得效价为1：20000的抗TcdB-C卵黄抗体,且该抗体可以中和TcdB-c对兔小肠的毒性作用。结论：获得了具有生物学活性的TcdB-C,并制备了针对TcdB-c的鸡卵黄抗体,为利用基因工程方法防治艰难梭菌感染打下了基础。     

样品制备过程对测定水中溶解态微囊藻毒素的影响简

系统比较了5种不同材质滤膜对于制备溶解态微囊藻毒素的影响,发现了影响藻毒素测定样品前处理的关键操作步骤。结果表明,醋酸纤维滤膜(CA filter)最多可吸附样品中79%的藻毒素,导致测得的MCs浓度严重偏低。玻璃纤维(GF/C)滤膜和聚醚砜(PES)材质滤器对制备溶解态微囊藻毒素过程影响很小。另外,发现离心法无法完全去除野外水华样品中藻细胞,反而可能导致藻细胞破裂,释放藻毒素,影响水中溶解态微囊藻毒素的测定。研究结果将对发展水体中溶解态藻毒素测定标准方法提供依据。     

三丁基锡和微囊藻毒素对小鼠肝脏p-Ezrin的影响简

正埃兹蛋白(Ezrin)是连接细胞膜和细胞骨架之间的膜细胞骨架连接蛋白,通过其C端、N端分别与细胞骨架和细胞膜蛋白结合,属于ERM(Ezrin-radixin-moesin)家族成员。由于Ezrin在细胞中的特殊位置,不仅在细胞的运动、黏附等正常生理活动中起重要作用,而且能调控黏附分子,参与癌细胞信号转导。Ezrin在细胞中有活化和失活两种状态,目前认为主     

Molecular modeling studies on the interactions of aflatoxin B1 and its metabolites with the peripheral anionic site of human acetylcholinesterase

Aflatoxins are secondary metabolites of the fungi Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus. Among them, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is the most frequent type in nature and the most carcinogenic for mammals. It can contaminate many kinds of food like seeds, oil, olives, milk, dairy products, corn and meat, causing acute and chronic damages to the organism, especially in the liver, being, for this reason, considered highly hepatotoxic. AFB1 is also a mixed inhibitor of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE). This fact, together with its high toxicity and carcinogenicity, turns AFB1 into a potential chemical and biological warfare agent, as well as its metabolites. In order to investigate this, we performed inedited molecular modeling studies on the interactions of AFB1 and its metabolites inside the peripheral anionic site of human AChE (HssAChE), to verify their stability, suggest the preferential ways of inhibition, and compare their behavior to each other. Our results suggest that all metabolites can be better inhibitors of HssAChE than AFB1 and that AFBO and AFM1, the most toxic and carcinogenic metabolites of AFB1, are also the most effective HssAChE inhibitors among the AFB1 metabolites.

Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma     

水稻稻瘟病拮抗菌株的筛选

从水稻病健叶、茎和根组织以及稻田土分离得到的 90个菌株中 ,筛选出对稻瘟病菌分生孢子萌发和菌丝生长均有较强抑制能力的 2个菌株 ,并对这 2个菌株进行室外盆栽试验。结果表明 ,它们均可显著地降低稻瘟病的发生。经初步鉴定 ,这 2个拮抗菌株分别为Enterobactersp.(X2 3 )和Streptomycessp .(Y42 )。     

Warfare,terrain, and political expansion

Very little explicit attention has been paid to the determinants of political borders and why they form at one location rather than another. With a statistically significant frequency, the political borders on the island of Tahiti at contact coincided with ridge formations that radiated from the island's interior and crossed the coastal plain to meet the sea in steep cliffs or bluffs. Since warfare had become the primary means of political expansion by contact, the determinants of this striking correlation appear to have been the strategic problems these features posed to the extension of armed might. These same processes were at work on many other Polynesian islands with the result that contactera variations in the degree of political unification and even sociopolitical development can be traced in considerable part to variations in island topography.     

Prion疾病疫苗研究策略

朊病毒病是一类侵袭人类及多种动物中枢神经系统的致死性退行性脑病,目前缺乏有效的预防和治疗方法。朊病毒病的重组蛋白亚单位疫苗、DNA疫苗、合成肽疫苗、病毒样颗粒疫苗、树突状细胞疫苗、黏膜免疫疫苗等已取得一定进展,但现有的免疫策略仅能部分克服免疫耐受,诱导较低或中等滴度的抗体,对PrPSc感染动物模型只能提供部分保护,Prion疫苗研究任重而道远。     

猪瘟疫苗研究进展

猪瘟是猪的一种重要传染病,给世界养猪业造成了巨大的经济损失。疫苗免疫是预防该病的主要手段。本文综述了猪瘟流行现状、传统疫苗、亚单位疫苗、活载体疫苗、标记疫苗、核酸疫苗的研究进展,并对它们的发展趋势作了初步探讨和展望。     

Approaches To New Vaccines

ABSTRACT:?

The explosive technological advances in the fields of immunology and molecular biology in the last 5 years had an enormous impact on the identification of candidate vaccines against diseases, which until a few years ago seemed uncontrollable. Increased knowledge of the immune system has helped to define the mechanisms that underlie successful immunization and is now being exploited to develop improved versions of existing vaccines and new vaccines against emerging pathogens, tumors, or autoimmune diseases. An understanding of the mechanisms of action of novel adjuvants and the development of new vector and delivery systems will have a major impact on vaccine strategies. The use of DNA encoding antigens from pathogenic viruses, bacteria, and parasites as vaccines is a new approach that is receiving considerable attention. This and other innovative approaches, including vaccine production in plants, are appraised in this review. The successful eradication of smallpox and the imminent eradication of poliomyelitis by worldwide immunization campaigns provide positive examples of how the vaccine-mediated approach can lead to disease elimination; with the advent of new vaccines and improved delivery systems, there is no scientific reason why these successes cannot be repeated.     

Vaccines for colorectal cancer: an update

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is known as the third most common and fourth leading cancer associated death worldwide. The occurrence of metastasis has remained as a critical challenge in CRC, so that distant metastasis (mostly to the liver) has been manifested in about 20%-25% of patients. Several screening approaches have introduced for detecting CRC in different stages particularly in early stages. The standard treatments for CRC are surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy, in alone or combination. Immunotherapy is a set of novel approaches with the aim of remodeling the immune system battle with metastatic cancer cells, such as immunomodulatory monoclonal antibodies (immune checkpoint inhibitors), adoptive cell transfer (ACT) and cancer vaccine. Cancer vaccines are designed to trigger the intense response of immune system to tumor-specific antigens. In two last decades, introduction of new cancer vaccines and designing several clinical trials with vaccine therapy, have been taken into consideration in colon cancer patients. This review will describe the treatment approaches with the special attention to vaccines applied to treat colorectal cancer.     

利用纳米材料制作多肽疫苗佐剂的思考

纳米粒子与生物体有着密切的关系,DNA/蛋白质复合体就在15～20 nm之间,多种病毒颗粒也是纳米级的超微粒子.多肽抗原需要与适当载体形成复合物才能诱导有效的免疫应答,但载体效应难以避免.纳米佐剂可以避免载体效应的发生,而且还是巨噬细胞(Mφ)、树突状细胞(DC)的首选吞噬目标.纳米化的有机药物可提高其生物利用度、制剂的均匀性、分散性和吸收性;脂质体可使药物更快地到达靶向部位,而且特异性更强.目前主要用理化的方法制作纳米材料,几乎所有的生化药品,特别是DNA药物的研究开发都可引入纳米材料,多肽疫苗的分子佐剂更是如此.     

Polymerase Chain Reaction Test for Differentiation of Five Toxin Types of Clostridium perfringens

In order to avoid the use of experimental animals, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method was applied to differentiate Clostridium perfringens into five toxin types. Twenty-two out of 23 strains tested produced the toxin(s) corresponding to the toxin gene(s) identified by PCR, and vice versa. Consequently, the gene typing was consistent with conventional typing by animal tests. Twenty-five strains were identified as types different from original ones by the PCR method as well as a toxin neutralization test. These findings suggest that the PCR method, which is easy and timesaving, is applicable to identify the toxin types of C. perfringens as an alternative to animal tests, and that beta-, epsilon- and iota-toxin genes might be lost by long-term preservation. The reasons why the strains lost the genes are discussed.