Molecular cloning and expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae of a laccase gene from the ascomycete Melanocarpus albomyces

The lac1 gene encoding an extracellular laccase was isolated from the thermophilic fungus Melanocarpus albomyces. This gene has five introns, and it encodes a protein consisting of 623 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence of the laccase was shown to have high homology with laccases from other ascomycetes. In addition to removal of a putative 22-amino-acid signal sequence and a 28-residue propeptide, maturation of the translation product of lac1 was shown to involve cleavage of a C-terminal 14-amino-acid extension. M. albomyces lac1 cDNA was expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae under the inducible GAL1 promoter. Extremely low production was obtained with the expression construct containing laccase cDNA with its own signal and propeptide sequences. The activity levels were significantly improved by replacing these sequences with the prepro sequence of the S. cerevisiae alpha-factor gene. The role of the C-terminal extension in laccase production in S. cerevisiae was also studied. Laccase production was increased sixfold with the modified cDNA that had a stop codon after the native processing site at the C terminus.     

里氏木霉纤维二糖水解酶Ⅱ在毕赤酵母中的高效表达

本工作采用巴氏毕赤酵母Pichiapastoris表达系统进行了里氏木霉Trichodermareesei纤维二糖水解酶Ⅱ(CellobiohydrolaseII)的表达。用RT-PCR的方法从经稻草粉诱导的里氏木霉培养物中分离出纤维二糖水解酶Ⅱ的基因,将其插入到巴氏毕赤酵母的表达载体pPICZαA中,并使之处于α-因子信号肽序列的下游,得到重组质粒pPICZαA-cbh2。通过电穿孔的方法用线性化的pPICZαA-cbh2转化巴氏毕赤酵母GS115菌株,经过大量筛选后得到可以高效表达纤维二糖水解酶的毕赤酵母菌株P.pastorisCBHⅡ1。在甲醇诱导的条件下培养P.pastorisCBHⅡ1,培养液中的CMC活性可达到3.82U/mL,SDS-PAGE分析结果表明纤维二糖水解酶在P.pastorisCBHⅡ1中的表达量远远高于里氏木霉。对表达产物进行了LC-MS分析,结果表明所表达的蛋白为里氏木霉的纤维二糖水解酶。     

Effect of codon optimization on the expression of Trichoderma reesei endoglucanase 1 in Pichia pastoris

Trichoderma reesei cellulases are important biocatalysts for a wide range of industrial applications that include the paper, feed, and textile industries. T. reesei endoglucanase 1 (egl1) was successfully expressed as an active and stable catalyst in Pichia pastoris for the first time. Codon optimization was applied to egl1 of T. reesei to enhance its expression levels in P. pastoris. When compared with the originally cloned egl1 gene of T. reesei, the synthetic codon optimized egl1 gene (egl1s) was expressed at a higher level in P. pastoris. Batch fermentations of both clones with the same copy number under controlled conditions indicated that codon optimized EGI enzyme activity increased to 1.24 fold after 72 h of methanol induction. Our research indicated that P. pastoris is a suitable host for cellulase production.     

Characterization of Trichoderma reesei cellobiohydrolase Cel7A secreted from Pichia pastoris using two different promoters

Heterologous expression of T. reesei cellobiohydrolase Cel7A in a methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris was tested both under the P. pastoris alcohol oxidase (AOX1) promoter and the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAP) promoter in a fermentor. Production of Cel7A with the AOX1 promoter gave a better yield, although part of the enzyme expressed was apparently not correctly folded. Cel7A expressed in P. pastoris is overglycosylated at its N-glycosylation sites as compared to the native T. reesei protein, but less extensive than Cel7A expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The k(cat) and K(m) values for the purified protein on soluble substrates are similar to the values found for the native Trichoderma Cel7A, whereas the degradation rate on crystalline substrate (BMCC) is somewhat reduced. The measured pH optimum also closely resembles that of purified T. reesei Cel7A. Furthermore, the hyperglycosylation does not affect the thermostability of the enzyme monitored with tryptophane fluorescence and activity measurements. On the other hand, CD measurements indicate that the formation of disulfide bridges is an important step in the correct folding of Cel7A and might explain the difficulties encountered in heterologous expression of T. reesei Cel7A. The constitutive GAP promoter expression system of P. pastoris is nevertheless well suited for activity screening of cellulase activities in microtiter plates. With this type of screening method a faster selection of site-directed and random mutants with, for instance, an altered optimum pH is possible, in contrast to the homologous T. reesei expression system.     

Molecular Cloning and Expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae of a Laccase Gene from the Ascomycete Melanocarpus albomyces

The lac1 gene encoding an extracellular laccase was isolated from the thermophilic fungus Melanocarpus albomyces. This gene has five introns, and it encodes a protein consisting of 623 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence of the laccase was shown to have high homology with laccases from other ascomycetes. In addition to removal of a putative 22-amino-acid signal sequence and a 28-residue propeptide, maturation of the translation product of lac1 was shown to involve cleavage of a C-terminal 14-amino-acid extension. M. albomyces lac1 cDNA was expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae under the inducible GAL1 promoter. Extremely low production was obtained with the expression construct containing laccase cDNA with its own signal and propeptide sequences. The activity levels were significantly improved by replacing these sequences with the prepro sequence of the S. cerevisiae α-factor gene. The role of the C-terminal extension in laccase production in S. cerevisiae was also studied. Laccase production was increased sixfold with the modified cDNA that had a stop codon after the native processing site at the C terminus.     

Cloning and expression of Trichoderma reesei cellobiohydrolase I in Pichia pastoris.

Pichia pastoris was transformed with the Trichoderma reesei cbh1 gene, and the recombinant enzyme was purified and analyzed kinetically and by circular dichroism. The P. pastoris rCBH I was recognized by MoAb raised to T. reesei CBH I but was found in multiple molecular weight species on SDS-PAGE gels. Carbohydrate content determination and SDS-PAGE western analysis indicated that the recombinant protein was hyperglycosylated, although a species very similar in molecular weight to the T. reesei enzyme could be isolated chromatographically. The P. pastoris rCBH I also demonstrated activity toward soluble and insoluble substrates (i.e., pNPL and Sigmacell), although at a level significantly lower than the wild-type enzyme. More seriously, the yeast-expressed enzyme showed non-wild-type secondary structure by circular dichroism. We conclude that P. pastoris may not serve as an adequate host for the site-directed mutagenesis of T. reesei CBH I.     

A lignin peroxidase-encoding cDNA from the white-rot fungus Phlebia radiata: characterization and expression in Trichoderma reesei

The nucleotide sequence of a cDNA coding for a lignin peroxidase (Lgp) of the white-rot fungus, Phlebia radiata, has been determined. By amino acid (aa) sequencing, it has been shown that the protein product of this gene is the LIII Lgp of Pb. radiata. The isolated gene and the putative aa sequence are about 60% homologous to published Lgp sequences from the fungus, Phanerochaete chrysosporium. The aa thought to be involved in the catalysis of LIII are revealed by comparison with the yeast cytochrome c peroxidase. The P. radiata Lgp-encoding gene (lgp3) was expressed in the fungus, Trichoderma reesei, under the cellobiohydrolase-encoding cbh1 gene promoter. Lgp3 mRNA was produced by the T. reesei transformants. No Lgp protein, however, could be detected.     

用毕赤酵母表达理氏木霉的β-葡萄糖苷酶基因

目的:为提高β-葡萄糖苷酶的产量,用毕赤酵母取代理氏木霉用于生产,以弥补理氏木霉在大规模生产中的缺陷。方法:用套叠PCR法从理氏木霉基因组中扩增β-葡萄糖苷酶基因(bglⅠ)。用T4DNA连接酶和限制性DNA内酶将bglⅠ重组于P.pastoris表达载体pPIC9K的多克隆位点,获得含bglⅠ的重组表达载体pPIC9K-bglⅠ。通过电转法将其pPIC9K-bglⅠ载体转化于P.pastoris基因组,筛选高G418抗性以及高表达bglⅠ酶的重组子作为工程菌。结果:用BMGY-BMMY培养基体系,在摇瓶中发酵48 h,表达BglⅠ30 mg/L,在P.pastoris中表达的BglⅠ能水解对硝基苯-β-D-葡萄糖苷具有β-葡萄糖苷酶活性。其酶活力为56 U/L发酵液。结论:通过这种方法,可以成功地用毕赤酵母表达理氏木霉的β-葡萄糖苷酶基因。     

PDX1 regulation of FABP1 and novel target genes in human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells

To improve the thermal stability and cellulose-binding capacity of Cryptococcus sp. S-2 lipase (CSLP), the cellulose-binding domain originates from Trichoderma reesei cellobiohydrolase I was engineered into C-terminal region of the CSLP (CSLP-CBD). The CSLP and CSLP-CBD were successfully expressed in the Pichia pastoris using the strong methanol inducible alcohol oxidase 1 (AOX1) promoter and the secretion signal sequence from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (α factor). The recombinant CSLP and CSLP-CBD were secreted into culture medium and estimated by SDS-PAGE to be 22 and 27 kDa, respectively. The fusion enzyme was stable at 80 °C and retained more than 80% of its activity after 120-min incubation at this temperature. Our results also found that the fusion of fungal exoglucanase cellulose-binding domain to CSLP is responsible for cellulose-binding capacity. This attribute should make it an attractive applicant for enzyme immobilization.     

Production and characterization of a secreted, C-terminally processed tyrosinase from the filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei

A homology search of the genome database of the filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei identified a new T. reesei tyrosinase gene tyr2, encoding a protein with a putative signal sequence. The gene was overexpressed in the native host under the strong cbh1 promoter, and the tyrosinase enzyme was secreted into the culture supernatant. This is the first report on a secreted fungal tyrosinase. Expression of TYR2 in T. reesei resulted in good yields, corresponding to approximately 0.3 and 1 g.L(-1) tyrosinase in shake flask cultures and laboratory-scale batch fermentation, respectively. T. reesei TYR2 was purified with a three-step purification procedure, consisting of desalting by gel filtration, cation exchange chromatography and size exclusion chromatography. The purified TYR2 protein had a significantly lower molecular mass (43.2 kDa) than that calculated from the putative amino acid sequence (61.151 kDa). According to N-terminal and C-terminal structural analyses by fragmentation, chromatography, MS and peptide sequencing, the mature protein is processed from the C-terminus by a cleavage of a peptide fragment of about 20 kDa. The T. reesei TYR2 polypeptide chain was found to be glycosylated at its only potential N-glycosylation site, with a glycan consisting of two N-acetylglucosamines and five mannoses. Also, low amounts of shorter glycan forms were detected at this site. T. reesei TYR2 showed the highest activity and stability within a neutral and alkaline pH range, having an optimum at pH 9. T. reesei tyrosinase retained its activity well at 30 degrees C, whereas at higher temperatures the enzyme started to lose its activity relatively quickly. T. reesei TYR2 was active on both l-tyrosine and l-dopa, and it showed broad substrate specificity.     

黄瓜膨胀素的重组表达及活性分析

目的:提高纤维素的酶水解效率和开发高效的纤维素酶水解过程。方法:采用RT-PCR方法从黄瓜胚轴细胞中分离了膨胀素S1的cDNA,并使之与毕赤酵母表达质粒pPICZ(A连接,形成重组质粒pPICZ(A-exs1。通过电转化方法,用质粒pPICZ(A-exs1转化巴氏毕赤酵母GS115,得到重组菌株P.pastoris-exs1。在该重组菌株中,膨胀素的基因通过同源重组整合在毕赤酵母的染色体上,并处于毕赤酵母甲醇氧化酶启动子的下游。重组菌株P.pastoris-exs1在甲醇诱导下可合成并分泌膨胀素。结果:培养上清液没有纤维素酶活性,但具有破坏滤纸纤维素结晶结构的能力。培养上清液与里氏木霉纤维素酶等量混合后,可使纤维素酶的滤纸酶活力提高50%。结论:采用巴氏毕赤酵母GS115重组成功表达了黄瓜膨胀素,其表达产物可以促进纤维素酶对滤纸的水解。     

Increased production of xylanase by expression of a truncated version of the xyn11A gene from Nonomuraea flexuosa in Trichoderma reesei

We have previously shown that the Nonomuraea flexuosa Xyn11A polypeptides devoid of the carbohydrate binding module (CBM) have better thermostability than the full-length xylanase and are effective in bleaching of pulp. To produce an enzyme preparation useful for industrial applications requiring high temperature, the region encoding the CBM was deleted from the N. flexuosa xyn11A gene and the truncated gene was expressed in Trichoderma reesei. The xylanase sequence was fused to the T. reesei mannanase I (Man5A) signal sequence or 3' to a T. reesei carrier polypeptide, either the Man5A core/hinge or the cellulose binding domain (CBD) of cellobiohydrolase II (Cel6A, CBHII). The gene and fusion genes were expressed using the cellobiohydrolase 1 (cel7A, cbh1) promoter. Single-copy isogenic transformants in which the expression cassette replaced the cel7A gene were cultivated and analyzed. The transformants expressing the truncated N. flexuosa xyn11A produced clearly increased amounts of both the xylanase/fusion mRNA and xylanase activity compared to the corresponding strains expressing the full-length N. flexuosa xyn11A. The transformant expressing the cel6A CBD-truncated N. flexuosa xyn11A produced about 1.9 g liter-1 of the xylanase in laboratory-scale fermentations. The xylanase constituted about 25% of the secreted proteins. The production of the truncated xylanase did not induce the unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway. However, the UPR was induced when the full-length N. flexuosa xyn11A with an exact fusion to the cel7A terminator was expressed. We suggest that the T. reesei folding/secretion machinery is not able to cope properly with the bacterial CBM when the mRNA of the full-length N. flexuosa xyn11A is efficiently translated.     

用GAP启动子在毕节酵母中组成型表达人血管抑制素

为探索用GAP启动子(PGAP)取代AOX1启动子(PAOX1),在毕节酵母(P．pastortis)中组成型表达外源蛋白的可能性,应用PCR方法从P．pastoris染色体中扩增了GAP启动子,以其取代诱导型表达载体pPIC9K上的PAOX1,构建了组成型表达载体pGAP9K。将人血管抑制素(AS)基因重组于pGAP9K的多克隆位点,获得含As基因的重组质粒pGAP9K-AS。转化P．pastorisGSll5,对获得的高拷贝转化子P．pastorisGSll5(pGAP9K-AS)进行组成型表达,同时以诱导型转化子P．pastoris GSll5(pPIC9K-AS)作为对照。SDS-PAGE结果显示：组成型转化子于培养4d后AS的表达水平已达到高峰,分泌量为58mg／L;而诱导型转化子诱导4d后表达的AS仅是组成型表达的70％,诱导6d后达到高峰,表达量也只是组成型表达系统表达高峰时(4d)的86％。CAM分析和抗癌实验结果显示：P．pastortis GS115(pGA．P9K-S)和P．pastoris GS115(pPIC9K-AS)表达的AS均具有抑制血管生成和C57BL／6J实验小鼠的B16黑色素瘤的生长,其平均瘤重抑制率分别达到90．61％和90．54％。以上结果表明,以GAP启动子构建的组成型表达系统具有发酵时间较短、表达水平较高、不用甲醇诱导、操作系统比较简单等优点,PGAP可以取代PAOX1在P．pastoris中表达AS及其他外源蛋白。     

Production and characterization of the Talaromyces stipitatus feruloyl esterase FAEC in Pichia pastoris: identification of the nucleophilic serine

Feruloyl esterases constitute an interesting group of enzymes that have the potential for use over a broad range of applications in the agri-food industries. We report the over-expression and characterization of a novel feruloyl esterase exhibiting broad substrate specificity from Talaromyces stipitatus (FAEC) in Pichia pastoris. Using various gene constructions, we have investigated the use of alternative signal peptides to produce an authentic feruloyl esterase featuring the N-terminal sequence determined for the native enzyme. We demonstrate that additional amino acids at the N-terminus of the FAEC sequence do not influence the catalytic capacity of the enzyme, and that the nature of the signal sequence has a limited effect on the yield of the secreted enzyme, with the T. stipitatus FAEC signal sequence producing 297 mgL(-1), the Neurospora crassa Fae-1 260 mgL(-1), and the Saccharomyces cerevisiae alpha-factor secretion signal 214 mgL(-1). Mature FAEC contains two internal peptide sequences that correspond with the consensus motif G-X-S-X-G that contains the catalytic serine nucleophile, which is conserved in the esterase enzyme superfamily. The serine residues at the center of these peptide motifs have been independently mutated and the corresponding enzymes have been over-expressed in P. pastoris to identify the candidate nucleophilic residue responsible for catalyzing the enzymatic reaction. Purified recombinant FAEC containing S465A retained the esterase activity and appeared unaffected by the amino acid modification. In contrast, FAEC activity containing S166A was below the HPLC detection limit, suggesting that serine 166 constitutes the nucleophile.     

Expression of the Trichoderma reesei tyrosinase 2 in Pichia pastoris: isotopic labeling and physicochemical characterization

Trichoderma reesei tyrosinase TYR2 has been demonstrated to be able to oxidize various phenolic compounds and also peptide and protein bound tyrosine, and thus is of great interest for different biotechnological applications. In order to understand the reaction mechanism of the enzyme it would be essential to solve its three dimensional structure. Pichia pastoris is a suitable expression system for the production of recombinant enzymes for NMR studies and therefore we expressed TYR2 in this host. As a result of extensive optimization, the production yield of active histidine tagged tyrosinase purified from P. pastoris shake flask cultures was increased from 2.5 to 24 mg/L. Correct copper concentration in the growth medium was critical for the expression of this copper containing enzyme. Our analysis showed that TYR2 expressed in P. pastoris is post-translationally modified; the C-terminal domain of 153 amino acids of the protein is proteolytically cleaved off from the catalytic domain and the only potential N-glycosylation site is glycosylated. The activities of TYR2 expressed in P. pastoris and T. reesei on diphenolic L-dopa and monophenolic L-tyrosine were rather similar. The TYR2 expressed in P. pastoris showed the same physicochemical properties in CD and unfolding assays as the native TYR2 enzyme. Uniform isotopic (15)N-labeling of TYR2 was carried out with (15)NH(4)SO(4) in minimal medium to assess the suitability of the expression system for investigation by NMR spectroscopy.     

里氏木霉GH61家族糖苷酶的高效表达及酶学特性研究

【目的】GH61家族糖苷水解酶具有葡聚糖氧化酶活性,通过对葡聚糖链的随机氧化而破坏木质纤维素的结晶结构,从而使木质纤维素容易被纤维素酶降解。重组表达、纯化获得里氏木霉的GH61家族糖苷水解酶(TrGH61,原名为EGⅣ),并研究其在纤维素酶水解木质纤维素中的作用。【方法】通过Overlap PCR将里氏木霉丙酮酸脱羧酶的启动子、纤维二糖水解酶cbh1的信号肽、EGⅣ基因和PDC终止子依次连接构建了里氏木霉的表达盒,通过该表达盒使TrGH61蛋白基因整合到里氏木霉的基因组DNA上进行同源表达。研究表达产物TrGH61的水解活性、与纤维素酶水解协同效应,以及TrGH61作为金属氧化酶的特性研究。【结果】在PDC启动子的作用下,TrGH61得到高效表达,摇瓶培养的表达量达到2.33 g/L。TrGH61有微弱的内切葡萄糖苷酶活性,比活力为0.02 IU/mg,但能显著提高纤维素酶水解稻草粉的活性,协同度最高可达1.998。低浓度的金属离子Cu2+、Co2+和还原性电子供体还原型谷胱甘肽、L-抗坏血酸、焦性没食子酸均能显著促进其水解效应。TrGH61能够降低稻草粉纤维素聚合度和结晶度。【结论】通过PDC启动子可以实现TrGH61蛋白高效组成型表达,TrGH61作为纤维素酶活性促进因子,通过破坏纤维素结晶结构作用机制协同增强纤维素酶水解木质纤维素。