Low serum selenium concentration as a possible factor for persistent goiter in Iranian school children

Selenium deficiency can have adverse effect on thyroid metabolism and response to iodine supplementation. The aim of this study was to determine relationship between prevalence of goiter, thyroid hormone profile, urinary iodine and serum selenium concentrations in Iranian schoolchildren. In a cross- sectional study, 1188 schoolchildren in the age group of 8-13 years were evaluated for goiter prevalence. Urine and serum samples were collected from 500 children and assayed for urinary iodine concentration, thyroid hormone profile and serum selenium concentration. The overall goiter prevalence was 39.6% and the median urinary iodine excretion, indicated to an adequate iodine intake. The mean serum selenium concentration was 119.1 +/- 31 mug/l with significant difference between boys and girls (108.4 +/- 26.2 mug/l vs 127.7 +/- 32.1 mug/l). An increase in free T4 concentration was observed in those with a lower selenium level and there was a significant relationship between the presence or absence of goiter and serum selenium concentration. Selenium supplementation may be an advisable measure to optimize thyroid hormone metabolism and decrease the prevalence of goiter in schoolchildren with low serum selenium concentration.     

Serum selenium levels in healthy slovak children and adolescents

Blood serum selenium levels were measured in 891 healthy children and adolescents (aged 11–18 yr, 450 girls and 441 boys) residing in both rural and urban areas from eight regions of Slovakia. Subjects were divided into four age groups (11–12 y, 13–14 y, 15–16 y, and 17–18 y). Serum selenium concentration was determined by the electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometric method. The mean (±SD) serum selenium concentrations were 0.750 ±0.255 μmol/L in girls and 0.773 ±0.235 μmol/L in boys. A large proportion of the individuals (25.7% in girls, 18.1% in boys) exhibited serum selenium levels under 0.57 μmol/L (45 μg/L). An increasing trend of the serum selenium values with age has been observed in both boys (p < 0.01) and girls (p < 0.05). Boys had higher serum selenium levels in the all age groups but the differences were not statistically significant.     

Determination of selenium in serum by FI-HG-AAS and calculation of dietary intake

A method was developed for the determination of selenium concentration in serum by flow injection-hydride generation-atomic absorption spectrometry (FI-HG-AAS) following microwave digestion of serum samples and reduction of selenate to selenite. The detection limit of the method was 0.3 μg Se/L and the characteristic concentration, corresponding to the 0.0044 absorbance signal, was 0.12 μg Se/L. The results from the analysis of two Seronorm standard reference materials showed good agreement with the certified values. The method was then used to analyze selenium in sera of Austrian and Slovenian people for the calculation of dietary intakes. The selenium concentrations in sera of mothers at delivery, their neonates, and the male and female adults were 71 ± 14, 42 ± 6, 75 ± 21, and 65 ± 16 μg/L for the Austrians and 62 ± 15, 34 ± 7, 70 ± 12, and 66 ± 15 μg/L for the Slovenians. The dietary intakes of selenium of the mothers and the male and the female adults were calculated as 52, 37, and 46 μg/d for the Austrians and 45, 38, and 32 μg/d for the Slovenians.     

Tumor markers in leukemia: evaluation of serum levels of different forms of sialic acid, Regan isoenzyme and lactate dehydrogenase.

A sensitive and specific serum marker can greatly help in the early diagnosis of malignancy as well as in monitoring the treatment of cancer patients. The present work was initiated for determining serum levels of Total Sialic Acid (TSA), Lipid Bound Sialic Acid (LSA), Free Sialic Acid (FSA). Regan Isoenzyme (RI) and Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH), so as to evaluate their value as potential tumor markers. Fifty patients with anemia and 78 patients with leukemia were studied. The leukemia group consisted of 32 cases of Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML), 29 cases of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) and 17 cases of Acute Lymphatic Leukemia (ALL). The levels were compared with the values obtained from 88 healthy individuals. Compared to the healthy controls, all the biomarkers were significantly elevated in patients with anemia as well as in those with leukemia. However, in leukemia patients significantly higher levels of TSA, LSA, FSA and LDH were observed compared to anemia patients. TSA levels were significantly higher in AML patients compared to CML and ALL patients. LSA levels were also significantly higher in AML patients compared to ALL patients. LSA was the most sensitive (84.6%) while FSA and RI levels were the most specific (78.0%) markers for leukemia. The combined use of the markers showed increased sensitivity and specificity (100.0% and 98.0%, respectively). The study suggested that the biomarkers investigated might be used for differentiating anemic from leukemic conditions, however, more in-depth studies are indicated to assess their utility in classifying various leukemias.     

Serum selenium concentration in healthy children living in Tehran

INTRODUCTION: Selenium is one of the essential trace elements which is more notified in children in recent years. Reliable age-specific reference values for selenium in children in Iran are not clear and are important for the identification of selenium deficiency and some other researches that is the aim of this study. METHODS: Serum samples of 216 healthy children were analyzed by using hydride generation and flame atomic absorption spectroscopy to measured selenium level. RESULTS: The mean and standard deviation of serum selenium level in children 0-16 years old (mean: 39.83 months) was 72.14+/-16.80 microg/l. There was significant difference in serum selenium concentration between two sexes which was 76.78+/-15.24 microg/l and 69.56+/-17.09 microg/l in girls and boys respectively (P value=0.002). There was also a positive correlation between higher selenium serum concentration and age in both sexes. CONCLUSION: Essential trace element's normal ranges are fundamental data which could use in many studies. Serum selenium concentration in healthy Iranian children that found in this study is very close to serum concentration of European children. Our findings may reveal nutritional culture's similarity.     

Serum selenium concentration related to myocardial infarction and fatty acid content of serum lipids.

A longitudinal case-control study of 33 patients with one or more risk factors for coronary heart disease and 64 controls showed that the serum selenium concentration (range 0.63-1.33 mumol/l (50-105 micrograms/l] was not associated with development of clinical manifestations of coronary heart disease during a follow up of five to seven years. The content of polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially eicosapentaenoic acid, in serum cholesterol esters and phospholipids was positively correlated with selenium concentration. As a low content of polyunsaturated fatty acids in serum lipids was an independent risk factor for coronary heart disease in these subjects it may be hypothesised that the high coronary risk in subjects with a very low serum selenium concentration (less than 0.57 mumol/l (less than 45 micrograms/l] might be due not to selenium deficiency but to the coexisting low concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids in serum.     

Serum selenium levels in Slovak population

Blood serum selenium levels were measured in 576 healthy middle aged adults (40–60 yr, 255 men and 321 women) residing in both urban and rural areas in four districts of Slovakia. Serum selenium was determined by electrothermal AAS. The mean (±SD) serum selenium concentration was 0.852±0.335 μmol/L, ranging from 0.219–2.30 μmol/L. A large proportion of the individuals (19.62%) exhibited serum selenium levels under 0.57 μmol/L (45 μmol/L). There was no significant correlation between serum, selenium concentration and age, sex, and smoking status. There were significant differences between districts. The lowest mean (±SD) serum selenium was 0.664±0.269 μmol/L, the highest mean serum selenium (±SD) was 0.975±0.361 μmol/L. This differences could probably be attributed to the selenium, content in the soil of the different areas, which would contribute to the average daily selenium intake. In comparison with serum selenium levels in other European countries, the concentrations of selenium in the Slovak population are relatively low.     

Mercury and selenium in whole blood and serum in relation to fish consumption and amalgam fillings in adolescents

Mercury and selenium in whole blood and serum of 245 17-year old Swedish adolescents were analysed. The relationships between these elements' concentrations and the consumption of fish as well as the number of dental amalgam fillings were studied. The geometric means (GM) of the mercury concentrations were 1.1 microg/L in blood and 0.43 microg/L in serum. The mean selenium concentration in blood was 110 microg/L and the GM of the serum selenium concentration 110 microg/L. Fish species with dietary restrictions due to elevated mercury Levels (i.e. pike, perch, pikeperch, burbot, eel and halibut) were consumed on average 0.7 times/month and fish species without such restrictions 4.1 times/month. Despite this comparatively low fish consumption, the adolescents' blood mercury concentrations were positively correlated with fish consumption. Of the adolescents, 39% had amalgam fillings (mean 2 +/- 1.5). Serum mercury was influenced by the number of amalgam fillings, by fish consumption, blood and serum levels of selenium and the residential area. Blood and serum selenium concentrations were not influenced by fish consumption, but were positively associated with the serum mercury concentration.     

A contribution to the world selenium map

Atomic absorption spectrophotometric method was used to determine the serum selenium levels of 86 healthy individuals. Variations in age, sex, and geographically different urban regions of Yugoslavia were investigated. A group of 63 healthy children, ages 8–15 yr, were examined. Mean±standard deviation of the serum selenium concentration was 57±9 μg/L; age and geographic area had no effect on the Se status of children, but the difference between boys and girls was significant (P<0.05). A group of 23 men from Zagreb, ages 22–37 yr, were examined. The group was divided into three age subgroups and no difference was found among these groups. The mean Se concentration was 69±18 μg/L, and a statistically significant difference was found only between the group of adults and the group of children (P<0.05).     

Significance of serum trace element status in patients with rheumatic heart disease: a prospective study

It is known that certain trace elements can affect various heart diseases. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the changes in concentrations of certain serum trace elements in patients with chronic rheumatic heart disease (RHD). Serum analysis of selenium (Se), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) trace elements was assayed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. RHD patients had significantly lower serum concentrations of Se and Zn than control subjects (p < 0.05 and p < 0.001, respectively). However, the serum Cu concentration was significantly higher in RHD patients than in controls (1.93 +/- 0.59 microg/L vs 1.06 +/- 0.29 microg/L; p < 0.001). Similarly, the Cu/Zn ratio in RHD patients was higher than in control subjects (4.70 +/- 0.92 vs 1.68 +/- 0.45; p < 0.001). Additionally, no significant correlation was found among these trace element concentrations and the functional capacity classes (p > 0.05). RHD patients had decreased serum Se and Zn element concentrations and increased serum Cu element concentration. We suggest that Se and Zn deficiency might be contributory factors in the development of rheumatic heart disease, and a high Cu concentration and a high Cu/Zn ratio might reflect an ongoing inflammatory process in this disease.     

Selenium and amino acid composition of selenoprotein P, the major selenoprotein in rat serum

Selenoprotein P is the second plasma selenoprotein to be purified. It is a glycoprotein and has been shown to be distinct from plasma glutathione peroxidase. This study characterizes selenoprotein P further. Deglycosylation of the protein shifts its migration on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis from Mr 57,000 to Mr 43,000, indicating it has a substantial carbohydrate component. Measurement of selenium indicates a selenium content of 7.5 +/- 1.0 atoms/molecule based on a polypeptide weight of 43,000. Amino acid analysis accounts for all the selenium as selenocysteine. The protein is also rich in cysteine (17 residues) and histidine (23 residues). Fragmentation of selenoprotein P by trypsin and by cyanogen bromide produces peptides with varying selenium content. This indicates that selenium-rich regions of the protein exist. The concentration of selenoprotein P determined by radioimmunoassay in serum from control rats is 26.3 +/- 4.5 micrograms/ml and in serum from selenium-deficient rats it is 2.7 +/- 0.8 micrograms/ml. Depletion of selenoprotein P from control serum using an immunoaffinity column indicates that over 60% of serum selenium in the rat is contained in this protein. These results demonstrate that selenoprotein P is the major form of selenium in rat serum. It is the first selenoprotein described which has more than one selenium atom/polypeptide chain.     

Selenium status in Turkey

This study was initiated to evaluate the status of selenium in Turkish residents. Serum selenium level of 76 healthy children, living in Ankara, aged 2 mo-13 y was determined by a spectrofluorometric method. Average selenium level was found to be 88.1 +/- 12.4 micrograms/L (mean +/- SD). Selenium levels showed a tendency to increase with age and mean selenium level in early infancy was lower than that of school children; no relation to the sex and hematological parameters such as hemoglobin concentration and white blood cell counts were observed.     

Sex, age, geographical location, smoking, and alcohol consumption influence serum selenium concentrations in the USA: third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994.

Selenium has been reported to reduce the risk for heart diseases and cancer. We examined the association of sex, age, geographical location, serum cotinine concentrations, a measure of smoking intensity, and alcohol consumption with serum selenium concentrations in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 1988-1994. Study sample consisted of 14,619 apparently healthy individuals (male: 7,102; female: 7,517) aged 14 to >90 years. Sex, age, geographical location, serum cotinine concentrations, and alcohol consumption significantly influenced serum selenium concentrations (P < 0.05). The mean (+/- standard error) serum selenium concentration in men (124.5 +/- 0.20 ng/mL) was significantly higher than in women (122.0 +/- 0.20 ng/mL) (P < 0.0001). Men in the 31-50 y age group had the highest mean serum selenium concentration. In the same age group, women had the lowest mean serum selenium concentration. In both sexes, participants living in the Midwest and West had significantly higher serum selenium concentrations than those living in South and Northeast geographical locations. Serum cotinine was negatively associated with serum selenium concentrations in both men (beta = -0.0108; P < 0.0001 for trend) and women (beta = -0.0097; P < 0.0001 for trend). Alcohol consumption is positively associated with serum selenium in women (beta = 0.0462; P = 0.0044 for trend) but not in men (beta = 0.0015; P = 0.8496 for trend). Although, sex, age, geographical location, smoking, and alcohol intake influenced serum selenium concentrations, clinically low serum selenium concentrations are not common in the USA.     

The renal excretion of selenium.

The excretion of selenium in urine was determined in West German healthy volunteers. Women excrete 17.7 +/- 4.2 micrograms Se/d and men 19.0 +/- 9.0 micrograms Se/d. The daily selenium excretion per gram creatinine is 13.5 +/- 3.8 micrograms Se/g crea for women and 9.8 +/- 3.3 micrograms Se/g crea for men. The clearance of selenium from the plasma is calculated with 0.18 mL/min. The selenium excretion per day is positively correlated with the 24 h excretion of urea and creatinine. The correlation of the selenium excretion with the urea excretion is most probably owing to the fact that the selenium intake of West Germans is linked primarily to foods with high protein contents. That the selenium excretion is directly correlated with the creatinine excretion is an indicator that the muscle, which accounts for nearly 50% of the whole body selenium in West German adults, influences the selenium excretion in urine. The positive correlation of the selenium excretion with the potassium excretion also indicates that the muscle mass contributes significantly to the selenium excretion in urine. Another indicator that the selenium excretion is influenced by the muscle is that after intensive muscular activity (running), selenium excretion is enhanced. The 24 h selenium excretion is dependent on the glomerular filtration rate of the kidney characterized by the creatinine clearance. This result is important, because if the selenium excretion is used as parameter for the selenium status of humans, the kidney function should be known. This is a limitation for the use of the urinary selenium excretion as parameter for the selenium status. This is especially important for patients whose glomerular filtration rate is low. The 24 h selenium excretion is further influenced by the 24 h urine volume. Selenium losses via urine may be concomitant with protein losses in urine.     

The apparent effect of iron supplementation on serum selenium levels in teenage pregnancy

Numerous studies have suggested a significant role of selenium in the prevention of gynecological carcinoma. These were epidemiological and prospective in humans and therapeutic in laboratory animals. However, no studies have been reported regarding the normal serum selenium levels during pregnancy. The maternal total blood volume increases 30-50% during the second and third trimesters, resulting in lower measured serum levels for those metabolites, which are not increased significantly during pregnancy. A longitudinal study of the serum selenium levels in teenage pregnancy during the last two trimesters and 3 mo postpartum showed progressive elevation from 49 +/- 7 microg/dL after the 32nd week of pregnancy to 114 +/- 7 microg/dL at term, which was statistically significant (p < or = 0.001). Prenatal supplementation with 18 mg of iron per day prevented this elevation. The results of this study suggest that serum selenium levels in women normally double during pregnancy and this doubling is prevented by the minimal daily supplementation of 18 mg of iron, which may be due to increased absorption of selenium into the erythrocytes and incorporation into the glutathione peroxidase enzyme.     

Effects of selenium and serum on selenoprotein W in cultured L8 muscle cells

When rat L8 muscle cells were cultured to examine the effects of serum and selenium concentration on selenoprotein W levels and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activities, no significant differences (P > 0.05) were found in selenoprotein W levels and GPX activities during differentiation. With three different forms of selenium, selenoprotein W levels and GPX activities were shown to increase in L8 myotubes cultured in media with these selenocompounds. Selenite was utilized more efficiently than selenocysteine for both selenoprotein W and GPX activity, but selenium as selenomethionine was less available. Both the protein content and mRNA levels for selenoprotein W were affected by the selenium content of the media. Northern blot data indicated that the expression of selenoprotein W mRNA increased significantly when L8 myotubes were cultured with selenium (P > 0.05). L8 myotubes cultured in 10% calf serum (CS) versus 2% CS with or without addition of 10 m selenium indicated that the increase of selenoprotein W level in L8 myotubes cultured with higher serum concentration (10% CS) is due to the higher selenium concentration in media rather than serum itself.     

Characterization of selenium status of inhabitants in the region Ústi nad orlici,czech republic by inaa of blood serum and hair and fluorimetric analysis of urine

Selenium is an essential trace element and its isufficient status may cause serious health complications for both individuals and the whole populations. To investigate the selenium status of the subpop-ulation in northeastern Bohemia represented by the region ústí nad Orlicí, 253 serum, 469 urine, and 31 hair samples from 470 randomly selected volunteers between 6 and 65 yr of age have been analyzed for selenium concentration. Serum and hair Se were detected by instrumental neutron activation analysis (means: 55 ±11 Μg Se/L sera, 0.268 ±0.040 Μg Se/g hair). Urine Se was measured by fluorimetry (12 ±5 Μg Se/L urine) with coanalyses of Lyphocheck urine, SRM Urine 2670, and Seronorm urine for quality control of the method. Results proved significant age-dependent differences, but gender differences were not significant. The frequency plot of serum Se proved maximal frequencies in adults between 55 and 70 Μg Se/L and in children in the range 45–55 Μg Se/L. The same plots of urine Se for both age groups showed maximal frequency in the limits 8–15 Μg Se/L. All indices used (Se in serum, urine, and hair) confirmed mild to severe selenium deficiency in the population of the region.     

Human serum albumin-bound selenium (Se-HSA) in serum and its correlation with other selenium species

IntroductionSelenium (Se) is a trace element with different toxicological and nutritional properties according to its chemical forms. Among the wide range of selenium species, human serum albumin-bound selenium (Se-HSA) has still uncertain composition in terms of organic or inorganic selenium species. This study aimed at investigating the relation between Se-HSA levels with total selenium and the specific organic and inorganic selenium species.MethodsWe determined levels of total selenium and selenium species in serum of participants enrolled in two populations of the Emilia-Romagna region, in Northern Italy. Anion exchange chromatography coupled with inductively coupled plasma dynamic reaction cell mass spectrometry was used as quantification method. Correlations between Se-HSA and the other selenium compounds were analyzed using linear regression and restricted cubic spline regression models, adjusted for potential confounders.ResultsThe first cohort comprised 50 participants (men/women: 26/24) with median (interquartile range, IQR) age 50 (55−62) years, while the second was composed of 104 participants (M/W: 50/54), median (IQR) age 48 (44−53) years. Median (IQR) levels of total selenium were 118.5 (109−136) µg/L and 116.5 (106−128) µg/L, respectively, while Se-HSA was 25.5 µg/L (16.2–51.5) and 1.1 (0.03–3.1) µg/L, respectively. In both populations, Se-HSA was positively associated with inorganic selenium species. Conversely, Se-HSA was inversely associated with organic selenium, especially with selenoprotein P-bound-Se (Se-SELENOP) and less strongly with selenomethionine-bound-Se (Se-Met), while the relation was null or even positive with other organic species. Evaluation of non-linear trends showed a substantially positive association with inorganic selenium, particularly selenite, until a concentration of 30 µg/L, above which a plateau was reached. The association with Se-SELENOP was inverse and strong until 100 µg/L, while it was almost null at higher levels.ConclusionsOur findings seem to indicate that Se-HSA incorporates more selenium when circulating levels of inorganic compounds are higher, thus supporting its mainly inorganic nature, particularly at high circulating levels of selenite.     

Changes in serum and tissue fibronectin during ontogeny

It has been proved that both in bovine and rat serum fibronectin concentration increases with age. While in foetal bovine the serum fibronectin concentration was 77 +/- 5 micrograms/ml, in adult cows the concentration of this protein reached 150.0 +/- 5.5 micrograms/ml. In newborn rats, the corresponding fibronectin concentration in the serum was 227 +/- 25 micrograms/ml as compared to 455 +/- 47 micrograms/ml in adult individuals. On the contrary, a drop in fibronectin concentration was found in the bovine glomerular basement membrane: fibronectin represents 3.8 +/- 0.6% of total protein in the newborn, while in animals older than two months this protein was not detectable. Accordingly, in newborn rats fibronectin represents 5.1 +/- 0.6% of total protein in the glomerular basement membrane and drops dramatically to 0.4 +/- 0.1% after one year of life with no detectable changes thereafter. In the alveolar basement membrane the changes are similar as in the glomerular basement membrane. While in newborn rats this protein represents 13.2 +/- 0.5% of total basement membrane protein, it drops to 3.2 +/- 0.3% after two years of life.     

Changes of serum selenium in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus

Gestational diabetes is one of the most common diseases in pregnancy. In the present work, the possible relationship between serum selenium concentration and gestational diabetes was investigated. Blood samples of 234 pregnant women were collected, including 98 subjects with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), 46 subjects with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), and 90 normal pregnant women (NPW). An additional 17 samples of normal women of fertile age (NW) were collected for comparison. The hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry was used for selenium determination. The mean serum selenium levels obtained for each group were 0.0741±0.0167 mg/L for NPW, 0.0631±0.0132 mg/L for IGT, 0.0635±0.0120 mg/L for GDM, and 0.108±0.0170 mg/L for NW. Serum selenium levels were significantly lower in pregnant woman with IGT (p<0.001) and GDM (p<0.001) than in NPW. Furthermore, an inverse correlation between the serum selenium concentration and the gestational period was also observed. Selenium supplementation during gestation for pregnant women, especially with IGT and GDM, should be considered.