耐氨固氮菌在水稻根际的存活时间

耐氮固氮菌接种水稻后,能够附着秧苗根系移动而迁移,其数量随时间增长逐渐减少,耐氨固氮菌在水稻根际存活时间早造为７—８周,晚造５—８周．它们在水稻根际附近的泥土中存在时间较短,为５周左右。初步测定结果表明,当水稻根际有耐氨固氮菌存在时,接种耐氨固氮菌的水稻根际乙炔还原活性比对照高１－２倍。     

耐氨固氮菌分泌物对水稻秧苗生长的影响*

研究了催娩克氏菌(Klebsiella oxytoca)的不同菌株(耐氨固氮型、野生型、不固氮型)对杯栽水稻秧苗生长的影响,发现耐氨固氮菌可分泌某种植物生长促进物质。此类物质可被阳离子树脂吸附,在80℃下活性不受影响。在适宜浓度下,可使水稻秧苗的根重和苗重增加30％。     

耐氨固氮菌分泌物对水稻秧苗生长的影响

研究了催娩克氏菌（Klebsiella oxytoca)的不同菌株（耐氨固氮型,野生型,不固氮型）对杯栽水稻秧苗生长的影响,发现耐氨固氮菌可分泌某种植物生长促进物质,此类物质可被阳离子树脂吸附,在80℃下活性不受影响,在适宜浓度下,可使水稻秧苗的根重和苗重增加30%。     

小麦,玉米接种耐氨固氮菌试验初步分析

１９８９—１９９２年,在广东省部分县市进行了小麦、王米施用耐氨固氮菌大田对比试验,小麦接种耐氨固氮菌后,接菌区小麦的穗氏、有效穗、每穗粒数均比不接菌区明显增加,株高、成穗率、千粒重比对照略有增加,平均每亩比对照增产１６．７ｋｇ干麦,平均增产率为８．１％。玉米接种耐氨固氮菌后,接菌区玉米的茎粗、收获时的青叶片数、单苞重均比对照区明显增加,秃顶度比对照区明显减小,晒干率：出米率略有增加,平均每亩比对照增产５２．８ｋｇ玉米,平均增产率为１１．８９％。     

水稻对耐氨固氮工程菌株的响应

耐氨固氮工程菌（下称工程菌）催娩克氏杆菌（Ｋｌｅｂｓｉｅｌｌａ）ＮＧ１３９０和阴沟肠杆菌（Ｅｎｔｅｒｏｂａｃｔｅｒｃｌｏａｃａｅ）Ｅ２６１３的基因组带有组成型ｎｉｆＡ,其固氮酶的生成不受氨的阻遏,因此在有氨条件下具有固氮能力。接种固氮菌分别在两个水稻品系,即籼稻品种Ｃ５４４４和粳稻品种秀水－０４进行试验。水稻种植在灭菌土壤的塑料桶,生长至扬花后期取样分析表明,接种固氮菌能促进水稻的生长和植株含氮量的增加。接种工程菌ＮＧ１３９０的植株其生物量、总氮和固氮率（Ｎｄｆａ％）超过接种野生型ＮＧ１３的水稻。Ｅ２６１３接种Ｃ５４４４也获得类似的结果。应用１５Ｎ同位素稀释法证明了固氮菌接种水稻形成的联合固氮体系,存在细菌的固氮作用,而植株中氮素成分的增加可能来自细菌固定的氮。     

乙炔还原-MPN(最可能数)法测水稻根系固氮菌数的研究

本文重点介绍了乙炔还原-MPN法测定水稻根系固氮菌数的结果,并与经典方法滤纸条-MPN法及TTC-MPN法进行了比较。乙炔还原-MPN法具有实验周期短、专一性强和判断客观等优点,是一种快速准确地测定水稻根系固氮菌数及初步筛选高活性固氮菌株的有效手段。     

水稻接种耐铵型固氮工程菌株的效应

田间试验结果表明,接种联合固氮菌,特别是它们的耐铵工程菌含氮量大都产生良好的效果,应用(?)N稀释法在田间试验证明,所接种的联合固氮菌确具有固氮作用,但较微弱,而耐铵工程菌株效果较好,其固氮率为13-20％左右,应用不固氮(nif)菌株为对照,也确证了联合固氮菌除产生激素的作用效果外。在整个生长季节中,固氮作用也是不可忽视的。接种后水稻增产率为5-8％。     

混合培养对固氮菌和纤维素分解菌生长及固氮的影响

对筛选的自生固氮菌和纤维素分解菌进行混合培养 ,研究了菌数与菌液含氮量的变化情况 ,并与其单独培养进行了比较。实验证明 :在混合培养条件下 ,两种菌能相互利用、相互促进 ,混合培养液的菌数增加 ,固氮菌的固氮能力提高。这两种菌可混合培养制成混合菌剂。。     

接菌壮秧剂对低磷土壤水稻秧苗生理生化特性的影响

通过苗床培养试验,研究了在低磷土壤上接菌壮秧剂对水稻品种东农423秧苗生理生化特性的影响.结果表明,在低磷土壤上施用接种5406放线菌和溶磷青霉菌P77的壮秧剂可增加植株地上部的含磷量和吸磷量,减少根部的含磷量和吸磷量;提高水稻秧苗的硝酸还原酶活性,增加可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质的含量,减少硝态氮在植物体内的积累;其Chl a、Chl b、Chl a Chl b和类胡萝卜素含量呈降低趋势,但Chl a/Chl b比值的变化不明显;以上各指标除根部含磷量和Chl a/Chl b外,其它与对照差异均达到极显著水平(P<0.01).研究发现,接菌壮秧剂可以有效改善水稻秧苗的磷素营养状况,且接种P77的效果好于5406,2种菌的接种浓度均以5×107cfu/g效果较佳.     

用遗传工程技术强化水稻结合性固氮的研究

本文介绍甘蔗、玉米、水稻等粮食作物和经济作物根际固氮微生物及固氮活性的存在,阐明水稻可以根据这一存在,运用工程技术的成就,将固氮基因引入水稻根面细菌,强化水稻形成结合性固氮,以便为水稻提供氮素营养的可能性。试验证明,带有固氮基因质核粒(PRD_1)转入根面受体菌或采用结合转移,均能获得成功。在获得转化体的同时,探讨培育抗氨、泌氨高效菌株的途径、提出水稻种子催芽拌种,或蘸根头肥时加入高效的固氮菌株以强化形成结合性固氮的可能性。     

根瘤菌在大麦和水稻根上形成拟瘤的细胞结构

用3种方法使紫云英根瘤菌(Rhizobium astragali Huikui)、田菁根瘤菌(R.sesbania sp.)分别入侵大麦(hordeum vulgare L.)和水稻(Oryza sativa L.),形成拟瘤状组织。一是用一定磁场强度处理根瘤菌和植物,并接种培养。二是用含有水稻幼苗根提取物的培养基培养根瘤菌,接种水稻。三是重复别人用2,4-D外源激素处理植物,接种根瘤菌。镜检观察,用紫云英根瘤菌接种形成的大麦根拟瘤细胞结构非常精细,保持各种细胞器。有侵入线结构和根瘤菌从侵入线释放。根瘤菌被宿主细胞来源的膜包围,成为拟菌体。这些形态结构与豆科根瘤细胞相似,有共生状态特征,但拟菌体有泡状化现象。田菁根瘤菌入侵水稻根形成的拟瘤,在细胞间隙和细胞内都有细菌分布。受侵染的细胞结构粗糙,根瘤菌裸露,无胞膜包围。用2,4-D处理接种根瘤菌的拟瘤细胞结构也如此,但在维管系统内有大量密集的细菌存在。这种结构完全不同于豆科根瘤细胞结构,细菌与植物细胞的形态学相互关系是一种非共生联合作用。     

Population dynamics of a motile and a non-motile Azospirillum lipoferum strain during rice root colonization and motility variation in the rhizosphere

Abstract: Azospirillum lipoferum 4B and non-motile A. lipoferum 4T have been simultaneously isolated from rice rhizosphere at the same frequency. A. lipoferum 4T showed stable morphological and metabolic traits which are atypical for A. lipoferum species such as lack of motility, carbohydrate metabolism and laccase activity. Inoculation experiments showed that A. lipoferum 4T, but not A. lipoferum 4B, needed rice roots to stabilize in sterile soil. Both strains were able to colonize efficiently rice roots (10⁸ cfu g⁻¹ fresh roots) but motile form 4B remained dominant. In spite of their phenotypical differences, A. lipoferum 4B and 4T co-existed without exclusion in sterile soil (planted or not) and rice rhizosphere. Inoculation of rice roots with A. lipoferum 4B showed that rice rhizosphere enhanced the frequency of appearance of stable non-motile forms (40%). This percentage was weaker in plantlet growth medium (4%). However, these non-motile bacteria kept the same biochemical traits than the motile parental strain 4B (carbohydrates metabolism, laccase activity).     

Does Seeding After Wildfires in Rangelands Reduce Erosion or Invasive Species?

Mitigation of ecological damage caused by rangeland wildfires has historically been an issue restricted to the western United States. It has focused on conservation of ecosystem function through reducing soil erosion and spread of invasive plants. Effectiveness of mitigation treatments has been debated recently. We reviewed recent literature to conduct a meta‐analysis of seeding after wildfires to determine if seedings may (1) protect ecosystems against soil erosion and (2) reduce invasion or abundance of undesirable nonnative plant species. Effectiveness of postfire seedings was examined in 8 erosion and 19 invasive species cases. Seeding has little effect on erosion during the first year after fire and is highly dependent upon initial establishment and coverage of species in successive years. Among all seeding cases, 28% reduced, 67% were neutral, and 5% increased invasive species abundance. Older seedings were more likely to show reductions in invasives than younger seedings. Seedings with high plant establishment were more likely to reduce invasives than those with low establishment. Studies are needed that examine (1) frequency of adequate establishment of postfire seedings and causal factors of success or failure, (2) long‐term impacts of seeding along a range of initial establishment and concomitant plant coverage over time as it relates to erosion and abundance of invasive plant species, and (3) auxiliary treatments designed to increase likelihood of germination and establishment given the inevitable variability of environmental conditions. These studies would aid land managers in deciding when postfire treatments are required and their likely level of success.     

不同类型特种稻种质营养及功能性成分含量的差异

本研究以具有有色种皮、巨胚、甜味、香味、糯性等单一特殊性状或2个以上特殊性状聚合于一体的新创制特种稻种质39份和1份白米种质(对照)为试验材料,进行了黑米、黑褐米、红米、香糯米、黑巨胚糯米、红巨胚糯米、巨胚糯米、黑甜米、红甜米、白甜米等不同类型特种稻种质的营养及功能性成分含量的差异评价。结果表明,供试特种稻类型在大部分氨基酸含量和矿质元素含量上与白米差异不显著,只在个别氨基酸和矿质元素含量上与白米呈显著或极显著差异。黑褐米、红米、黑巨胚糯米、红巨胚糯米、巨胚糯米、红甜米和白甜米等7种类型的赖氨酸含量显著或极显著高于白米,高2.91%~24.68%;黑米、黑褐米、红米、香糯米、黑巨胚糯米和红甜米等6种类型的铁含量显著或极显著高于白米,高17.62%~68.09%;黑褐米、红米、黑巨胚糯米、红巨胚糯米、黑甜米、红甜米、白甜米等7种类型的钙含量显著或极显著高于白米,高23.56%~49.46%;黑米、黑褐米、红米、黑甜米、红甜米、白甜米等6种类型的锌含量显著或极显著高于白米,高12.21%~55.87%。由此表明,具有有色种皮、巨胚、甜味、香味、糯性等单一特殊性状或2~3个特殊性状的聚合对赖氨酸含量与铁、钙和锌含量的提高方面具有一定的增加效应,认为在今后以赖氨酸、铁、钙和锌含量为目标性状的功能性水稻育种中,多个特殊性状的聚合将是增加上述功能性成分含量的有效途径之一。通过鉴定评价,从创新种质中还筛选出一些功能性成分含量相对较高的优异种质,白甜米1553和红巨胚糯米1476的赖氨酸含量较高,比白米分别高29.37%和23.42%;红米1439和红米1440的铁含量较高,比白米分别高99.05%和80.00%;黑甜米1511和黑甜米1515的硒含量较高,比白米分别高194.14%和136.48%;白甜米1551和香糯米1446的γ-氨基丁酸含量较高,比白米分别高14.56%和11.83%;黑巨胚糯米1464和黑米1432的花色苷含量较高,比供试18份有色稻米的平均值分别高253.23%和248.83%。这些新创制的功能性成分含量较高的水稻种质有待于今后在育种、生态适应性鉴定与产业化中进一步得到利用。     

Short Communication: Induction of systemic resistance and salicylic acid accumulation in Oryza sativa,L. in the biological suppression of rice blast caused by treatments with Pseudomonas spp.

Two strains of rice-associated pseudomonads Pseudomonas fluorescens 7-14 and P. putida V14i caused an induced systemic resistance (ISR) in three cultivars of rice. ISR response coincided with increased levels of salicylic acid and biological suppression (25%) of rice blast disease. When the strains of the bacteria with lacZY molecular marker tracking system were applied to rice seeds as a seed-coat, they persisted on rice roots for entire duration of the crop (110 days) but migrated to the rice shoot only up to 14 to 16 days. Bacteria applied as a root-dip did not migrate to aerial parts of the rice plant. Bacteria infiltrated into the rice stem survived for 20 days after the treatment and were not detected on the surface of the stem. It is suggested that the ISR triggered by these bacteria which were spatially separated from the rice blast pathogen, is an important mechanism for the biological suppression of rice blast.     

Rapid detection of Staphylococcus aureus using bioluminescent enzyme immunoassay

A bioluminescent enzyme immunoassay (BLEIA) method for detecting protein A-bearing Staphylococcus aureus was developed using biotinylated firefly luciferase. The BLEIA was able to detect protein A at one pg ml-1 and 103 cfu ml-1 level of Staph. aureus. The BLEIA showed significant signals with overnight cultures of all 24 Staph. aureus strains, and the BLEIA did not show any significant signals with overnight cultures of all 44 strains of coagulase-negative staphylococci and the other genus bacteria. After 5 h cultivation beginning at approximately 50 cfu ml-1, the BLEIA was able to detect all 35 Staph. aureus strains isolated from healthy humans.     

Characterization of acetic acid bacteria in traditional acetic acid fermentation of rice vinegar (komesu) and unpolished rice vinegar (kurosu) produced in Japan

Bacterial strains were isolated from samples of Japanese rice vinegar (komesu) and unpolished rice vinegar (kurosu) fermented by the traditional static method. Fermentations have never been inoculated with a pure culture since they were started in 1907. A total of 178 isolates were divided into groups A and B on the basis of enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-PCR and random amplified polymorphic DNA fingerprinting analyses. The 16S ribosomal DNA sequences of strains belonging to each group showed similarities of more than 99% with Acetobacter pasteurianus. Group A strains overwhelmingly dominated all stages of fermentation of both types of vinegar. Our results indicate that appropriate strains of acetic acid bacteria have spontaneously established almost pure cultures during nearly a century of komesu and kurosu fermentation.     

Origin,dispersal, cultivation and variation of rice

There are two cultivated and twenty-one wild species of genus Oryza. O. sativa, the Asian cultivated rice is grown all over the world. The African cultivated rice, O. glaberrima is grown on a small scale in West Africa. The genus Oryza probably originated about 130 million years ago in Gondwanaland and different species got distributed into different continents with the breakup of Gondwanaland. The cultivated species originated from a common ancestor with AA genome. Perennial and annual ancestors of O. sativa are O. rufipogon and O. nivara and those of O. glaberrima are O. longistaminata/, O. breviligulata and O. glaberrima probably domesticated in Niger river delta. Varieties of O. sativa are classified into six groups on the basis of genetic affinity. Widely known indica rices correspond to group I and japonicas to group VI. The so called javanica rices also belong to group VI and are designated as tropical japonicas in contrast to temperate japonicas grown in temperate climate. Indica and japonica rices had a polyphyletic origin. Indicas were probably domesticated in the foothills of Himalayas in Eastern India and japonicas somewhere in South China. The indica rices dispersed throughout the tropics and subtropics from India. The japonica rices moved northward from South China and became the temperate ecotype. They also moved southward to Southeast Asia and from there to West Africa and Brazil and became tropical ecotype. Rice is now grown between 55°N and 36°S latitudes. It is grown under diverse growing conditions such as irrigated, rainfed lowland, rainfed upland and floodprone ecosystems. Human selection and adaptation to diverse environments has resulted in numerous cultivars. It is estimated that about 120000 varieties of rice exist in the world. After the establishment of International Rice Research Institute in 1960, rice varietal improvement was intensified and high yielding varieties were developed. These varieties are now planted to 70% of world's riceland. Rice production doubled between 1966 and 1990 due to large scale adoption of these improved varieties. Rice production must increase by 60% by 2025 to feed the additional rice consumers. New tools of molecular and cellular biology such as anther culture, molecular marker aided selection and genetic engineering will play increasing role in rice improvement.     

Studies on the effect of inoculation of activated sludge with bacteria actively degrading hydrocarbons on the biodegradation of petroleum products

Eighteen strains of bacteria were isolated from activated sludge purifying petroleum-refining wastewaters. These strains were plated on solidified mineral medium supplemented with oil fraction in concentration 1000 mg/l. Four of the strains that grew best in the presence of oil were selected for further studies. The strains were identified based on Bonde's scheme and microscopic observations. Three of them belonged to the genus Arthrobacter and one to the genus Micrococcus. Stationary cultures of single strains and their mixtures were set up in mineral medium containing oil (sterile and non-sterile) as sole carbon source in concentration 1000 mg/l. The oils were found to be removed the most efficiently by a mixture of the strains. After 14 days of culture the amount of oil was utilized by from 63 to 95%. In the next stage of the studies the bacteria were used to inoculate activated sludge. Stationary cultures of the activated sludge were set up in mineral medium with oil. The utilisation of petroleum products by non-inoculated activated sludge (control), activated sludge inoculated with a single strain or a mixture of all four strains was examined. In both inoculated activated sludge cultures approximately 80% of the oils were removed, compared to 60% in the control activated sludge. Therefore, inoculated activated sludge showed 20% higher effectiveness of removal of petroleum derivatives.