稳定同位素分析在鸟类食性及营养级结构中的应用

稳定同位素分析(stable isotope analysis,SIA)自20世纪70年代末引入鸟类生态学领域以来,在研究鸟类食性和营养级结构方面展现了强大的发展潜力和广泛的应用前景。总结了该技术在鸟类食源组成和营养级结构方面研究的前期准备、实验流程、数据分析和研究进展等,重点阐述了其在鸟类保护与管理方面的应用。鉴于稳定同位素在生物体内存在分馏现象,从鸟类不同组织和部位对营养级富集因子、转化周期、同位素印记的差异,提出了完善该方法的建议和应用前景。     

应用稳定性同位素技术（δ13C、δ15N）研究长江中游干流主要鱼类的营养级

应用稳定性同位素技术（δ13C、δ15N）对2011年3月至2013年12月采自长江中游干流宜昌、荆州、石首、监利、城陵矶、鄂州、九江和湖口江段的44种鱼类及3种水生无脊椎动物进行了营养级研究。长江中游干流鱼类的δ13C值范围﹣33.83‰（鳙Aristichthys nobilis） ~ ﹣17.36‰（南方鲇Silurus meridionalis）,δ15N值范围4.83‰（泥鳅Misgurnus anguillicaudatus）~ 15.13‰（翘嘴鲌Culter alburnus）。以梨形环棱螺（Bellamya purificata）的δ15N均值5.48‰作为营养级基准线（营养级 = 2）,计算出该江段水生动物的营养级处于2.42 ~ 4.88,主要集中在2.83 ~ 3.61之间,鱼类平均营养级为3.28。营养级大于2.83的鱼类种类数量占了总生物种数的80.85%。大刺鳅（Mastacembelus armatus）和长春鳊（Parabramis pekinensis）营养级最低,分别为2.42 ± 0.49和2.56 ± 0.52,营养层级大于4.0的高级消费者为太湖新银鱼（Neosalanx taihuensis）、短颌鲚（Coilia brachygnathus）、鳙和长蛇鮈（Saurogobio dumerili）,分别为4.88 ± 0.01、4.37 ± 0.27、4.32 ± 0.35和4.09 ± 0.78,小黄黝鱼（Micropercops swinhonis)、鱤（Elopichthys bambusa）、鱖（Siniperca chuatsi）、翘嘴鲌、青鱼（Mylopharyngodon piceus）和南方鲇的营养级分别3.99、3.92 ± 0.16、3.89 ± 0.27、3.87 ± 0.62、3.59 ± 0.69和3.59 ± 0.57。本研究旨为长江中游渔业资源评估及其合理利用提供基础科学资料,为进一步研究长江中游干流渔业资源营养结构的动态变化及受人为活动干扰影响等提供科学参考依据。     

冶金区节肢动物碳、氮稳定同位素组成及营养级关系

通过测定辽宁省葫芦岛锌厂不同生境植物和主要消费者的碳、氮稳定同位素比值,研究冶金区不同消费者碳、氮稳定同位素组成及不同消费者之间的关系.结果表明:节肢动物δ13C、δ15N值的变化范围分别为-12.61‰～-29.63‰、1.73‰～9.94‰,变化幅度较大.研究区植物以C3植物居多,导致不同群落生境动物δ13C值较低;螳螂、蜘蛛δ15N比值高于其他动物;通过营养级模型计算可知不同消费者之间的关系,蝗虫、蚱蜢等草食性动物形成第二营养级,即初级消费者;第三营养级包括蜘蛛、螳螂,为次级消费者.     

集约化生产对农田土壤碳氮含量及δ13C和δ15N同位素丰度的影响

集约化生产下农田土壤碳、氮含量变化是衡量土壤肥力持久性的重要指标.对常规水稻-蚕豆轮作地、露地蔬菜地、3年塑料大棚地和10年以上塑料大棚地的土壤pH、电导率(EC)、土壤有机碳(SOC)和总氮(TN)含量及δ13C和δ15N同位素丰度进行测定,研究了集约化生产程度对土壤特性的影响.结果表明:与水稻-蚕豆轮作地相比,露地蔬菜地、3年塑料大棚地和10年以上塑料大棚地0 ～20 cm耕层土壤pH分别降低1.1、0.8和0.7,而土壤EC分别是水稻-蚕豆轮作地的4.2、4.9和5.2倍;土壤碳、氮含量随塑料大棚地生产年限的增加总体上呈先增大后减小的趋势.与水稻-蚕豆轮作地相比,10年以上塑料大棚地0～20、20～40、40 ～60、60 ～ 80、80 ～ 100 cm土层的土壤SOC含量分别下降了54％、46％、60％、63％和59％,土壤TN含量分别下降了53％、53％、71％、82％和85％.农田集约化生产程度显著影响土壤SOC、TN含量和δ13C、δ15N丰度,土壤δ13C丰度与SOC含量呈显著负相关.土壤δ13C丰度可作为评价农田土壤碳循环受人为干扰强度的指标.     

基于稳定同位素技术的南海北部蓝圆鲹的营养生态位

蓝圆鲹(Decapterus maruadsi)是南海北部重要的经济鱼类之一。根据2019年9—10月在南海北部陆架区采集的样品,利用稳定同位素分析蓝圆鲹的营养生态位变化。结果表明：以长肋日月贝作为营养级计算的基线,蓝圆鲹营养级范围2.77～4.19,平均值为3.81;δ¹⁵N值范围7.29‰～12.10‰,平均值为10.83‰;δ¹³C值范围-19.32‰～-16.10‰,平均值为-17.94‰;δ¹⁵N与δ¹³C值呈正相关;δ¹⁵N和δ¹³C值随体长增大而升高,在约100 mm体长附近达到峰值,后趋于稳定并略有下降;C/N值随体长增大而降低,至约100 mm体长达到最低值,后略有升高;不同水深样品的C/N值无显著性差别(P>0.05);在对大体长样品(≥140 mm)分析发现,雌性蓝圆鲹的δ¹⁵N值显著高于雄性(P<0.05),但δ¹³C值和C/N值无显著差别(P>0.05)。     

稳定同位素技术在土壤跳虫研究上的应用

稳定同位素技术的发展和应用是20世纪90年代生态学研究方法最重要的进步之一.许多生态学过程都伴随着同位素比率的变化,根据这些变化可以追踪生态系统的物质循环和能量流动.近年来,许多学者把稳定同位素技术引入到土壤生态学,主要用于研究土壤碳循环和土壤生物之间的营养关系,在很大程度上提升了对地下生态系统的理解.跳虫作为土壤动物群落的重要组分,它的食性和营养位置一直存在着许多不确定性.稳定同位素技术的应用,为确定跳虫的食物来源、营养位置和营养关系提供了一个强大的工具.本文综述了稳定同位素技术在跳虫食性和营养级研究上的应用,并指出了不足之处以及今后的发展方向.     

不同林型地表甲虫食性及营养级关系：基于碳氮稳定同位素分析

土壤动物联结着生态系统地上与地下部分的物质循环和能量流动,对生态系统的结构、功能及过程起着重要的调控作用。地表甲虫作为典型的大型土壤动物,在食物网中占有重要的位置,因此对不同林型地表甲虫的δ¹³C、δ¹⁵N同位素特征及营养关系研究对了解森林土壤动物的食性特征进而保护森林生物多样性是十分必要的。采集了小兴安岭凉水自然保护区6种不同林型的地表甲虫共10科31种,利用稳定同位素技术测定了甲虫中的δ¹³C、δ¹⁵N含量,并分析不同林型内地表甲虫的δ¹³C、δ¹⁵N值及营养级差异。结果表明6、7月份不同林型地表甲虫的δ¹³C、δ¹⁵N值差异显著(P<0.05),其中δ¹³C值在原始阔叶红松林和次生白桦林显著高于落叶松人工林和阔叶红松择伐林。δ¹⁵N值在阔叶红松择伐林显著高于其他5种林型。不同林型地表甲虫的营养级差异显著(P<0.05),林型内各物种营养级差异不显著(P...     

用稳定性同位素技术确定高寒草甸生态系统中动物营养级模型

根据稳定性同位素技术原理建立了高寒草甸生态系统中动物的营养级模型 (3)、 (7)和 (9)式。 3个模型分别描述了每种食物资源对动物的贡献大小 (PCV)、食物资源 (Ai)占取食动物 (P)的整个食物的比例 (PAiP)、动物在高寒草甸生态系统中的营养级 (TLc) :PCVAi =cos (ΔαPAi)ΖPAi(3)PAiP =PCVAi∑i=1PCVAi× % (7)TLc =1 (αc-αTL1) /Δαcd (9)式中 ,ΔαPAi为捕食者P与食物Ai 的取食角 ,ΖPAi为捕食向量与食物向量之间的欧氏距离 ,αc 是消费者的向量角 ,αTL1是第一营级的向量角 ,利用系数Δαcd是消费者与食物向量角之差 (为一常数 )。同时 ,给出了判断高寒草甸两个物种之间捕食或营养关系模型 (ΖS1 S2 ) :当cos (Δα) /PCVmin≤ΖS1 S2 ≤cos (Δα) /PCVmax时存在捕食关系 ,并为上下级营养关系 ;当ΖS1 S2 cos (Δα) /PCVmax时 ,不存在捕食关系 ,前式为同一营养级 ,后式为相隔一个至几个营养级。模型 (9)式得到的结果与张晓爱等 (1999)报道一致。     

应用稳定同位素测定贵州凤冈麻湾洞洞穴陆生动物的食物来源及营养级

以贵州凤冈麻湾洞洞穴生态系统为研究对象,运用δ¹³C、δ¹⁵N测定了洞穴动物及其有机碳源的同位素比值,分析了洞穴生态系统的营养级关系及洞穴动物食源。结果表明:洞内植物δ¹³C范围为-41. 78‰～-38. 80‰,较洞外植物低;δ¹⁵N范围为-1. 31‰～1.23‰,在洞外陆源有机质δ¹⁵N范围内;洞穴土壤有机质的δ¹³C范围为-31. 09‰～-24.95‰,δ¹⁵N范围为-1.08‰～7.72‰;洞穴动物δ¹³C范围为-30.41‰～-12.02‰,δ¹⁵N范围为2.07‰～8.94‰;洞穴土壤有机质对动物的食源贡献率超过72%,远高于植物对动物的食源贡献率,即洞穴土壤有机质是洞穴动物的主要食物来源。麻湾洞生态系统主要由4个营养层次组成:植物为第一营养层次;闪夜蛾、螺类、马陆类处于第二营养层次;裸灶螽、长头地蜈蚣处于第三营养层次;蜘蛛类处于第三或第四营养层次。即大部分同种(或同类群)...     

C和δ15N)对比

对细叶小羽藓(Haplocladium microphyllum)新老组织及其根际土壤的碳氮含量和同位素组成进行了分析,探讨了苔藓衰老过程控制元素和同位 素变化的机制以及苔藓对土壤的贡献。同种组织碳氮含量之间的相关性反映了苔藓固碳能力和氮需求的相互联系。新生组织碳氮含量明显高于 衰老组织且存在相关性,反映了苔藓衰老过程体内碳氮物质向新生组织迁移的生理特征。两种组织之间同位素组成(δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N)没有明显差 异,说明组织间的物质迁移没有产生明显的同位素分馏,其原因可能在于细叶小羽藓形态结构简单,体内物质迁移对碳氮同位素组成的影响较 小。相反,苔藓组织与根际土壤之间的有机碳/ 氮信息没有相关性,这可能与苔藓植物长期滞留营养物质、缓慢的分解和成土速度有关,反映了 该研究区苔藓层对土壤碳氮累积的贡献较小。     

应用稳定同位素研究广西东方洞食物网结构和营养级关系

稳定性同位素技术已经成为研究生态系统食物网结构和营养级关系及其动态变化的重要手段。应用稳定同位素技术(δ13C和δ15N)研究了东风洞的食物网结构和营养级关系。研究结果表明,东风洞主要为腐食食物链,由于在洞穴内黑暗带中无光照也无植物生长,所以碳源主要为东风洞中的土壤有机质,作为第一营养级;主要摄食关系为马陆与土壤有机物质,螺类与土壤有机物质等;在该洞生态系统中,将3种马陆直接作为初级消费者,以隅蛛和其它马陆平均值之间的差值(2.04‰)作为东风洞食物网稳定氮同位素的富集因子。根据营养级模型可知,马陆类群、细长钻螺等土壤动物,裸灶螽和涂闪夜蛾形成第二营养级,即初级消费者;第三营养级包括蜘蛛类、盲蛛、地蜈蚣以及黑眶蟾蜍,为次级消费者。     

Use of stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes in insect trophic ecology

Insects are the most diverse organisms and often the most abundant animals in some ecosystems. Despite the importance of their functional roles and of the knowledge for conservation, the trophic ecology of many insect species is not fully understood. In this review, I present how stable carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) isotopes have been used to reveal the trophic ecology of insects over the last 30 years. The isotopic studies on insects have used differences in C isotope ratios between C₃ and C₄ plants, along vertical profiles of temperate and tropical forest stands, and between terrestrial and aquatic resources. These differences enable exploration of the relative importance of the food resources, as well as movement and dispersal of insects across habitats. The ¹³C‐enrichment (approximately 3‰) caused by saprotrophic fungi can allow the estimation of the importance of fungi in insect diets. Stable N isotopes have revealed food resource partitioning across diverse insect species above and belowground. Detritivorous insects often show a large trophic enrichment in ¹³C (up to 3‰) and ¹⁵N (up to 10‰) relative to the food substrates, soil organic matter. These values are greater than those commonly used for estimation of trophic level. This enrichment likely reflects the prevalence of soil microbial processes, such as fungal development and humification, influencing the isotopic signatures of diets in detritivores. Isotope analysis can become an essential tool in the exploration of insect trophic ecology in terms of biogeochemical C and N cycles, including trophic interactions, plant physiological and soil microbial processes.     

基于稳定同位素技术的长湖鱼类营养结构研究

本研究应用碳、氮稳定同位素技术分析了2017年秋季（10月）和2018年春季（3月）湖北省荆州长湖鱼类营养结构特征,构建了δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N稳定同位素双位图,并计算了7个相关的量化指标。结果显示：所采集的16种鱼类,δ¹³C均值范围为（-27.7±0.8）‰~（-24.8±0.1）‰,δ¹⁵N的均值范围为（11.4±0.3）‰~（16.6±0.5）‰。营养生态位分析显示,长湖鱼类以偏肉食性鱼类黄颡鱼的营养级最高（3.28±0.2）,草鱼的营养级最低（1.74±0.1）。稳定同位素的量化指标表明,长湖春季鱼类群落核心生态位空间（standard ellipse area, SEA）、生态位总空间（total area, TA）和基础食物来源（δ¹³C range, CR）均高于秋季,两个季度的营养多样性（centrifugal distance, CD）和鱼类群落的整体密度（mean nearest neighbor distance, MNND）相似,但春季的营养长度（δ¹⁵N range, NR）和鱼类群落营养生态位分布范围（standard deviation of nearest neighbor distance, SDNND）值低于秋季。说明春季长湖的生态位总空间（TA上升）和基础食物来源（CR上升）较为丰富,但因鱼类种类的食性相近,其群落的总食物链降低（NR下降）。该研究可为分析拆围后长湖鱼类群落结构特征积累基础数据,也为长湖的渔业管理策略提供依据。     

Challenges using stable isotopes for estimating trophic levels in marine amphipods

In marine food web studies, stable isotopes of nitrogen (δ¹⁵N) and carbon (δ¹³C) are widely used to estimate organisms’ trophic levels (TL) and carbon sources, respectively. For smaller organisms, whole specimens are commonly analyzed. However, this “bulk method” involves several pitfalls since different tissues may fractionate stable isotopes differently. We compared the δ¹⁵N and δ¹³C values of exoskeleton versus soft tissue, in relation to whole specimens, of three common Arctic amphipods in Svalbard waters: the benthic Anonyx nugax, the sympagic (ice-associated) Gammarus wilkitzkii and the pelagic Themisto libellula. The δ¹⁵N values of the exoskeletons were significantly lower than those of the soft tissues for A. nugax (10.5 ± 0.7‰ vs. 15.7 ± 0.7‰), G. wilkitzkii (3.3 ± 0.3‰ vs. 8.3 ± 0.4‰) and T. libellula (8.6 ± 0.3‰ vs.10.8 ± 0.3‰). The differences in δ¹³C values between exoskeletons and soft tissues were insignificant, except for A. nugax (−21.2 ± 0.2‰ vs. −20.3 ± 0.2‰, respectively). The δ¹⁵N values of whole organisms were between those of the exoskeletons and the soft tissues, being similarly enriched in ¹⁵N as the exoskeletons (except G. wilkitzkii) and depleted in ¹⁵N by 1.2–3.7‰ compared to the soft tissues. The δ¹⁵N-derived TLs of the soft tissues agreed best with the known feeding preferences of the three amphipods, which suggest a potential underestimation of 0.5–1.0 TL when stable isotope analyses are performed on whole crustaceans with thick exoskeletons. The insignificant or small differences in δ¹³C values among exoskeletons, soft tissues and whole specimens, however, suggest low probability for misinterpretations of crustaceans’ primary carbon source in marine ecosystems with distinctly different δ¹³C-carbon sources.     

基于碳氮稳定同位素技术研究辽东湾海蜇的食性和营养级

应用稳定同位素技术分析了渤海辽东湾海蜇及其可能摄食饵料生物的碳、氮稳定同位素比值,对其食物组成和营养级进行了研究.结果表明： 辽东湾海蜇的δ¹³C值范围是-20.27‰～-23.06‰,跨度为2.79‰,平均值为-21.33‰;δ¹⁵N值范围是6.82‰～10.03‰,跨度为3.21‰,平均值为8.25‰.海蜇的饵料生物主要包括悬浮物、浮游植物、鱼卵、≤1000 μm 浮游动物、1000～1500 μm 浮游动物和＞1500 μm 浮游动物,其中以≤1000 μm 浮游动物为主,贡献率高达71%～88%;其他饵料生物的重要性由高到低依次为>1500 μm浮游动物、1000～1500 μm浮游动物、悬浮物、浮游植物和鱼卵,其平均贡献率分别为6%～19%、0%～22%、0%～10%、0%～8%、0%～2%.经检验发现,海蜇伞径长与δ¹⁵N的相关性不显著(P >0.05),而与δ¹³C呈显著负相关(P<0.05).以悬浮物为基准的辽东湾不同伞径组海蜇的营养级范围为2.79～3.88,平均营养级为3.28.本研究结果说明,海蜇作为大型浮游动物在辽东湾生态系统中对小型浮游动物的能量传递起着关键的调控作用,研究结果将为深入研究辽东湾生物群落的营养结构及整个生态系统的物质循环与能量流动提供基础资料.     

Measuring the trophic ecology of ants using stable isotopes

Ants are prominent components of most terrestrial arthropod food webs, yet due to their highly variable diet, the role ants play in arthropod communities can be difficult to resolve. Stable isotope analysis is a promising method for determining the dietary history of an organism, and has the potential to advance our understanding of the food web ecology of social insects. However, some unique characteristics of eusocial organisms can complicate the application of this technique to the study of their trophic ecology. Using stable isotopes of N and C, we investigated levels of intraspecific variation both within and among colonies. We also examined the effect of a common preservation technique on δ¹⁵N and δ¹³C values. We discuss the implications of our results on experimental design and sampling methods for studies using stable isotopes to investigate the trophic ecology of social insects. Received 4 February 2005; revised 23 June 2005; accepted 4 July 2005.     

Nitrogen stable isotopes indicate differences in nitrogen cycling between two contrasting Jamaican montane forests

Background and aims

The aim of this study is to enhance our knowledge of nitrogen (N) cycling and N acquisition in tropical montane forests through analysis of stable N isotopes (δ¹⁵N).

Methods

Leaves from eight common tree species, leaf litter, soils from three depths and roots were sampled from two contrasting montane forest types in Jamaica (mull ridge and mor ridge) and were analysed for δ¹⁵N.

Results

All foliar δ¹⁵N values were negative and varied among the tree species but were significantly more negative in the mor ridge forest (by about 2 ‰). δ¹⁵N of soils and roots were also more negative in mor ridge forests by about 3 ‰. Foliar δ¹⁵N values were closer to that of soil ammonium than soil nitrate suggesting that trees in these forests may have a preference for ammonium; this may explain the high losses of nitrate from similar tropical montane forests. There was no correlation between the rankings of foliar δ¹⁵N in the two forest types suggesting a changing uptake ratio of different N forms between forest types.

Conclusions

These results indicate that N is found at low concentrations in this ecosystem and that there is a tighter N cycle in the mor ridge forest, confirmed by reduced nitrogen availability and lower rates of nitrification. Overall, soil or root δ¹⁵N values are more useful in assessing ecosystem N cycling patterns as different tree species showed differences in foliar δ¹⁵N between the two forest types.     

Fertilization alters nitrogen isotopes and concentrations in ectomycorrhizal fungi and soil in pine forests

To assess how nitrogen (N) availability affected ectomycorrhizal functioning and to test a theoretical model of ectomycorrhizal ¹⁵N partitioning, we measured C/N and δ¹⁵N in soils and nine fungal taxa in two Swedish N addition experiments. Sporocarp C/N and soil C/N decreased with fertilization, implying that N uptake per unit fungal growth increased. The S horizon was more responsive than the F and H horizons to changes in N addition, with N turnover for these horizons of 24, 57, and 57 y, respectively. Fungal and soil δ¹⁵N patterns identified fungal N sources, with N acquisition primarily from the S, F, or H horizon for two, five, and two taxa, respectively. With increasing N availability, sporocarp ¹⁵N enrichment increased in five taxa, in agreement with our model of fungal-plant N partitioning. However, it decreased in Lactarius rufus and Russula aeruginea, perhaps indicating shifts towards greater inorganic N uptake in these two taxa. This may relate to the generally lower sensitivity of these taxa to N deposition compared to the Cortinarius and Suillus taxa that fit our model of ¹⁵N partitioning.     

增温、增雨对荒漠草原植物和土壤总氮及稳定氮同位素的影响

剖析气候变化下植物和土壤氮含量关系,有助于了解植物—土壤氮循环,揭示植物群落和土壤演替趋势。收集了增温(环境温度、增温2℃和4℃)增雨(自然降水量、降水量增加25%和50%)6年析因实验处理后荒漠草原优势物种和土壤样品,通过对叶片和土壤的总氮(Total nitrogen, TN)、有效氮(Available nitrogen, AN)以及稳定氮同位素(Stable nitrogen isotopes, δ¹⁵N)测定分析,探究了增温增雨后荒漠草原植物和土壤氮含量变化趋势以及控制植物—土壤氮循环的主要因子。结果表明：(1)单独增温和同时增温增雨使土壤TN、AN和δ¹⁵N值升高但不显著(P>0.05);单独增雨显著降低了土壤AN(P<0.05)。(2)单独增温使短花针茅(Stipa breviflora)和栉叶蒿(Neopallasia pectinata)叶片TN升高,而冷蒿(Artemisia frigida)和蒙古葱(Allium mongolicum)叶片TN降低;单独增雨和同时增温增雨显著降低了4个物种叶片TN(P<...