某石油泄漏场地土壤二甲苯空间分布的三维插值

为精确界定污染场地中污染物三维空间分布范围,本文以中国某石油储罐泄露污染场地为研究对象,采用最近邻点法、反距离加权法及克里金法3种三维空间插值模型,对场地中特征污染物二甲苯进行三维空间插值计算及污染分布表征,比较不同插值模型的计算精度,揭示场地中实际受污染土方量。结果表明,反距离加权法预测平均误差为4.94,均方根误差为14.11,其精度明显高于另外2种模型,界定的污染分布范围较符合实际污染情况,通过该方法进行插值后计算受污染土方量为666.2 m~3。研究结果对该类型污染场地污染物空间分布表征和修复治理决策制定提供科学依据。     

反距离加权插值法在污染场地评价中的应用

确定污染场地的土壤修复范围在实际操作中存在很大的难度.本文以北方某废弃农药厂为例,结合专家判定采样法与网格采样法,采用地统计学方法中的反距离加权空间插值法,分两种情形将大于土壤环境基准值的区域划定为治理范围.结果表明,由于国家土壤环境二级标准主要适用于农业生产的土地,依据反距离加权空间插值后,以此标准确定的治理范围较大,而基于健康风险水平阈值所确定的修复范围和修复成本较小,较合理且经济可行.采用风险评价的反距离加权插值法确定污染场地的污染范围,为今后的场地评价和土壤修复提供了思路.     

农田表层土壤镉的典型空间插值方法对比研究

空间插值对于土壤重金属空间分布和污染评价具有重要意义, 以广东省广州市某地区农田表层土壤重金属镉的调查监测结果为例, 选取具有代表性的反距离加权、径向基函数、普通克里金、简单克里金、泛克里金5 种空间插值方法, 进行空间插值及土壤等级划分, 比较不同插值方法结果精度, 分析不同插值方法结果差异。研究结果表明: 不同插值方法识别的土壤镉浓度空间分布特征和土壤等级划分存在差异, 主要体现在局部极值向外过渡区域存在较大不确定性, 其中径向基函数精度最高, 克里金插值法对数据存在“压缩”效应较强。因此, 在开展土壤重金属污染调查时应考虑土壤重金属样本数据特征和空间结构特征, 选择合适的插值模型, 并适当加大土壤重金属浓度过渡区域采样密度。     

污染场地土壤生态风险评估研究进展

随着我国快速城市化以及产业结构的调整,遗留下了大量的污染场地,发展和实施污染场地土壤生态风险评估是进行大规模污染场地修复行动的必要条件。本文围绕污染场地土壤生态风险评估的科学原理、框架构建及技术方法等方面的关键问题: 1)评估框架的场地实际针对性;2)概念模型的不确定性;3)土壤复合污染毒性机制;4)评估终点筛选;5)评估方法和框架构建等展开讨论,指出土壤复合污染的制毒机制,即污染物生物有效性和联合效应是污染场地土壤生态风险评估的关键科学问题。耦合美国环保局四步法和欧盟层级法的“证据-权重法”评估框架适用于野外复杂环境条件下的土壤污染生态风险评估。建议今后重点开展以下5个方面的工作: 1)污染场地土壤生态风险评估技术框架与风险管控技术框架之间的联合;2)概念模型研究;3)基于过程的场地土壤污染物反应运移模型研究;4)场地土壤复合污染生态毒理学机制研究;5)生态系统高水平生态风险评估终点研究。旨在为形成我国本土污染场地土壤生态风险评估技术指南提供理论基础和构架。     

基于无人机的冬小麦拔节期表层土壤有机质含量遥感反演

快速监测大面积分布的盐渍化麦田土壤有机质含量,可为推进盐渍土改良和促进碳循环研究提供数据支撑。通过野外采样与获取无人机遥感影像,分别基于裸土和植被情况,采用多元线性回归(MLR)、偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)和支持向量机回归(SVR)3种方法,建立区域有机质含量遥感模型,并进行检验和对比,确定最优的土壤有机质含量反演模型;最后基于最优模型进行研究区表层土壤有机质的反演,并与插值结果进行比较。结果表明: 经5×5的中值滤波处理后的光谱与土壤表层有机质对应最优;3种模型中,SVR模型的预测精度最高,PLSR次之,MLR效果最差。对比两种变量的建模效果,基于植被的SVR建模效果最好,其建模决定系数(R²)、均方根误差(RMSE)分别为0.89、0.20,验证R²、RMSE分别为0.82、0.24;基于裸土的建模效果不理想,最优的也是SVR模型,其建模R²、RMSE分别为0.63、0.26,验证R²、RMSE分别为0.61、0.25。根据最优模型反演得到该区域有机质含量为17.51～22.53 g·kg^-1,平均值为19.51 g·kg^-1,与实地调查结果较为一致;插值结果与反演结果相比,精度受到限制。综上,基于无人机多光谱可以对盐渍土冬小麦拔节期土壤有机质含量进行快速、大范围精准估测。     

某废弃采油井场周边土壤石油污染及微生物分布特征研究

以某废弃采油井井场做为研究对象, 对油井不同方位、距离和深度剖面土壤石油含量和物理化学性质进行测试, 并利用实时定量PCR 技术对场地细菌和真菌生物量展开调查, 以期能够为修复工作提供数据基础。结果显示, 该场地遭受了严重石油污染和盐碱污染。土壤细菌16S rDNA 和真菌ITS rDNA 定量调查结果显示, 细菌和真菌的生物量均高于普通土壤, 尤其石油含量与细菌16S rDNA 基因具有一定的正相关性, 土壤的生态系统的健康和稳定性变弱。通过土壤三氮的测定, 结合石油和微生物量的对比得出, 嗜油微生物大量生长导致了土壤硝化作用的减弱和NH4+的积累、土壤N 素的缺失和土壤健康及稳定性的减弱。因此, 有必要对该污染场地进行治理。基于分析数据, 提出了 一些该污染场地的修复建议。     

某大型化工场地土壤中多环芳烃(PAHs)污染现状与风险评价

以东北某大型化工场地为研究区域,采集了18个剖面点,4个土层,共计95个土壤样品;使用GC/MS检测了16种PAHs。本研究主要分析PAHs在该场地浅层(0～3 m)土壤的分布特征及在土壤剖面中的垂直分布特征,采用终生致癌风险进行了健康风险评价。结果表明:浅层土壤∑PAHs范围为0.13～553.5 mg·kg~(-1),均值67.0 mg·kg~(-1),化学品公司和热电厂周围土壤样点中PAHs含量相对较高; 0～3、4～7 m土壤层中PAHs以中环4环为主,8～11 m土壤层PAHs以低环2～3环为主。场地中未受扰动的土壤样品PAHs浓度随土壤深度增加而减小,受扰动的样点在深度大于16 m仍有较高浓度的PAHs。根据我国《土壤环境质量建设用地土壤污染风险管控标准》,BaP浓度超出一类建设用地筛选值60.6倍。健康风险评估显示,场地ILCRs值为9.6×10~(-11)～7.2×10~(-5),具有潜在致癌风险。     

不同土地利用类型下土壤粒径分形分析——以黄土丘陵沟壑区为例

土壤粒径分布影响土壤的水力特性、土壤肥力状况以及土壤侵蚀等,是重要土壤物理特性之一。在水蚀严重的黄土丘陵沟壑区,不同的土地利用类型对水土流失的阻截作用不同,因而进一步导致其土壤粒径分布的差异。对不同土地利用类型下土壤粒径分布的分形和多重分形分析发现：黄绵土土壤粒径分布包含有3个无标度区间,分别为粘粒域、粉粒域和砂粒域;土壤粒径分布的分形维数D、粉粒域维数Dsilt、砂粒域维数Dsand、信息维数D1、信息维数/容量维数D1/D0与土壤细颗粒含量和有机质含量成显著的正相关关系;土地利用对分形维数D、粉粒域维数Dsilt、砂粒域维数Dsand、容量维数D0、信息维数D1、信息维数/容量维数比值D1/D0的影响较显著。这表明这些分形和多重分形参数可以作为反映土壤物理性质和土壤质量的潜在性指标,其实用性有待进一步探讨。     

多环芳烃和重金属复合污染土壤生物修复研究进展

多环芳烃(PAHs)和重金属是土壤环境中有机和无机污染物的典型代表，二者来源广泛且能在土壤中长期存在，极易造成复合污染。研究表明，PAHs和重金属共存时会发生复杂的相互作用，使复合污染土壤修复往往比单一污染土壤修复更加困难。生物修复具备成本低、不造成二次污染、适用于大范围修复等优势，是极具应用前景的PAHs和重金属复合污染土壤修复技术。本文总结了土壤中PAHs和重金属复合污染的分布特点及交互作用，对PAHs和重金属复合污染土壤生物修复技术作用机理及研究进展进行了综述，并对PAHs和重金属复合污染土壤生物修复技术的发展提出了展望。     

植物对土壤中铀的吸收与富集

核工业发展导致重金属铀排放和扩散,并造成了地表土壤的污染,对人类的生存环境产生了极其不利的影响。如何修复铀污染土壤成为亟待解决的问题。近年来发展起来的植物修复技术以其成本低廉、安全和环保的特点成为修复铀污染土壤的新选择。寻找理想的铀富集植物是这一技术的基础和关键。该文通过实验模拟铀污染的土壤（土壤中铀的浓度为100 mg.kg–1）,进行一次和二次铀污染土壤的植物修复后,从4个方面对植物修复铀污染土壤效果进行评估,即富集铀的浓度、生物提取量、生物富集系数（BFS）和转运系数（TFS）。实验结果表明：第1次修复时,四季香油麦菜（Lactuca dolichophylla）地上部富集铀的浓度为1.67×103 mg.kg–1,生物富集系数和转移系数均大于3;第2次修复时,麦冬（Ophiopogon japoni-cus）富集铀的浓度与第1次修复相比变化不大,而吊兰（Chlorophytum comosum）、四季豆（Phaseolus vulgaris）和艾蒿（Artemisia lavandulaefolia）富集铀的浓度与第1次修复相比均减少4–8倍;施加土壤改良剂鸡粪肥、海藻肥和柠檬酸后发现海藻肥和柠檬酸能够增强植物对铀污染土壤的修复;对两次修复土壤中铀的形态进行对比分析,发现二次修复时土壤中生物有效态铀的含量降低,造成第2次修复的难度增加。     

Assessing the risk costs in delineating soil nickel contamination using sequential Gaussian simulation and transfer functions

Geostatistical simulated realization maps can represent the spatial heterogeneity of the studied spatial variable more realistically than the kriged optimal map because they overcome the smoothing effect of interpolation. The difference among realizations indicates spatial uncertainty. These realizations may serve as input data to transfer functions to further evaluate the resulting uncertainty in impacted dependent variables. In this study, sequential Gaussian simulation was used to simulate the spatial distribution of soil nickel (Ni) in the top soils of a 31 km² area within the urban-rural transition zone of Wuhan, China. Simulated realizations were then imported into transfer functions to calculate the health risk costs caused by Ni polluted areas ignored in remediation due to underestimation of the Ni contents and the remediation risk costs caused by unnecessary remediation of unpolluted areas due to overestimation of the Ni contents. The uncertainty about the input Ni content values thus propagated through these transfer functions, leading to uncertain responses in health risk costs and remediation risk costs. The spatial uncertainty of the two forms of risk costs were assessed based on the response realizations. Because the risk of exposure of soil Ni to humans and animals is generally greater in contaminated arable lands than in industrial and residential areas, the effect of land use types was also taken into account in risk cost estimation. Results showed that high health costs mainly appear in the southwest part of the study area, while high remediation costs mainly occur in the east, middle and northwest of the study area, and that most of the south part of the study area was delineated as contaminated according to the minimum expected cost standard. This study shows that sequential Gaussian simulation and transfer functions are valuable tools for assessing risk costs of soil contamination delineation and associated spatial uncertainty.     

Assessing the applicability of phytoremediation of soils with mixed organic and heavy metal contaminants

Soil pollution is a major environmental problem and many contaminated sites are tainted with a mixture of organic and heavy metal contaminants. Compared to other remedial strategies, phytoremediation is a low cost, environmentally-friendly, sustainable means of remediating the contamination. This review first provides an overview of phytoremediation studies where the soil is contaminated with just one type of pollutant (heavy metals or organics) and then critically evaluates the applicability of phytotechnologies for the remediation of contaminated sites where the soil is polluted by a mixture of organic and heavy metal contaminants. In most of the earlier research studies, mixed contamination was held to be detrimental to plant growth, yet there were instances where plant growth was more successful in soil with mixed contamination than in the soil with only individual contaminants. New effective phytoremediation strategies can be designed for remediation of co-contaminated sites using: (a) plants species especially adapted to grow in the contaminated site (hyperacumulators, local plants, transgenic plants); (b) endophytic bacteria to enhance the degradation in the rizhosphere; (c) soil amendments to increase the contaminants bioavailability [chelating agents and (bio)surfactants]; (d) soil fertilization to enhance the plant growth and microbial activity in the soil; and (e) coupling phytoremediation with other remediation technologies such as electrokinetic remediation or enhanced biodegradation in the rhizosphere.     

Methodology for using contaminated soil leachability testing to determine soil cleanup levels at contaminated petroleum underground storage tank (UST) sites

The costs of environmental remediation at leaking petroleum underground storage tank (UST) sites are influenced significantly by soil cleanup levels. The use of conservative generic soil cleanup levels may be inappropriate at some sites contaminated by leaking petroleum USTs. At many contaminated sites, a primary objective of site remediation is long‐term protection of water resources (e.g., groundwater) from pollution. Leaching of pollutants from residual soil contamination to groundwater is a primary consideration in establishing site‐specific soil cleanup levels at fuel‐contaminated sites. The use of laboratory soil leachability testing methods may be useful in objectively evaluating the leaching potential of contaminants from residual soil contamination and estimating potential groundwater impacts. Developing soil cleanup levels that are protective of water resources must include a technically sound integration of site‐specific soil leachability data and contaminant attenuation factors. Evaluation of the leaching potentials of soil contaminants may also provide essential supplementary information for other site characterization methods that may be used to evaluate risks to human health. Contaminant leachability testing of soils may provide a cost‐effective and technically based method for determining soil cleanup levels that are protective of groundwater resources at contaminated petroleum UST sites.     

根瘤菌-豆科植物共生体系在重金属污染环境修复中的地位、应用及潜力

土壤重金属污染严重影响了人类健康和生态系统稳定,已成为亟待解决的现实问题。在重金属污染地,氮素的极端不足是植被恢复主要限制因子之一。根瘤菌-豆科植物共生体系是固氮能力最强的生物固氮体系,在促进重金属污染地氮素循化和营养元素积累中具有重要作用。本文阐述土壤重金属污染的修复方法及其特点,微生物抗重金属的机理及促植物生长和重金属积累的特性,根瘤菌-豆科植物共生体系在土壤重金属污染修复中的优越性,研究现状及应用潜力。提出应用"豆科植物-根瘤菌共生体系"修复重金属污染土壤的新思路和新任务。     

Suitability of aromatic plants for phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated areas: a review

Abstract

This review briefly elucidates the research undertaken and benefits of using aromatic plants for remediation of heavy metal polluted sites. A sustainable approach to mitigate heavy metal contamination of environment is need of the hour. Phytoremediation has emerged to be one of the most preferable choices for combating the metal pollution problem. Aromatic plants can be used for remediation of contaminated sites as they are non-food crops thus minimizing the risk of food chain contamination. Most promising aromatic plants for phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated sites have been identified from families – Poaceae, Lamiaceae, Asteraceae, and Geraniaceae. They act as potential phytostabilisers, hyper accumulators, bio-monitors, and facultative metallophytes. Being high value economic crops, monetary benefits can be obtained by growing them in tainted areas instead of food crops. It has been observed that heavy metal stress enhances the essential oil percentage of certain aromatic crops. Research conducted on some major aromatic plants in this context has been highlighted in the present review which suggests that aromatic plants hold a great potential for phytoremediation. It has been reported that essential oil from aromatic crops is not contaminated by heavy metals significantly. Thus, aromatic plants are emerging as an ideal candidate for phytoremediation.

Highlights

? Aromatic plants hold a great potential for phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated sites.

? Being high value economic crops, monetary benefits can be obtained by growing them in contaminated areas instead of food crops.

? Research done on some major aromatic plants in this context has been highlighted in the present review.     

Heavy Metal Contamination in the Brownfield Soils of Cleveland

The results esults of a survey of heavy metal contamination at Cleveland area brownfields and public spaces are presented. Soils were analyzed using a 24?h, 1N HCl extraction procedure. The study was conducted to seek brownfield soils that manifest properties of “old” sequestered contamination and to develop a better understanding of the nature and extent of heavy metal burdens at brownfield sites in the Greater Cleveland area. The results indicated that Cleveland brownfields commonly yield soil burdens well above remediation triggers for residential soils and often yield values above industrial remediation triggers. It was also discovered that public areas in the vicinity of brownfields commonly have heavy metal contamination significantly above background levels and occasionally above residential remediation triggers. These results indicate that brownfields redevelopment initiatives should proceed with caution. The appropriate remediation goals or restrictions must be imposed to control urban exposure to heavy metal contamination.     

Uncertainty-based dynamic multimedia human health risk assessment for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a land oil exploitation area

With the increasing development of the petrochemical industry and the growing demand for oil, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) pollutions in the environment, especially in petroleum exploitation areas, are caused by the discharge of waste from the petroleum extraction process into an environmental system. This study aims to develop a new health risk assessment approach based on interval dynamic multimedia fugacity (IDMF) model and uncertainty analysis that could analyze the human exposure risk level for PAH contamination. The developed IDM health risk assessment (IDMHRA) approach is applied to assess previous, current, and future risks at a case study site in Daqing, Heilongjiang, China, from 1985 to 2020 for model validation. The human health risk assessment results show that 11 PAHs (NAP, ANT, FLA, PYR, BaA, CHR, BbF, BkF, BaP, IPY, and DBA) in the study site require further remediation efforts in terms of their unacceptable non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk. The results of risk source analysis reveal that soil media is the main risk pathway as compared with other exposure pathways. It can be seen that remediation process for soil contamination in the study site is urgently demanded. The assessment results demonstrate that the developed IDMHRA approach provides an effective tool for decision-makers and environmental managers to make remediation decisions in contaminated sites.     

Developments in Bioremediation of Soils and Sediments Polluted with Metals and Radionuclides. 3. Influence of Chemical Speciation and Bioavailability on Contaminants Immobilization/Mobilization Bio-processes

The biotransformation of metals is an exciting, developing strategy to treat metal contamination, especially in environments that are not accessible to other remediation technologies. However, our ability to benefit from these strategies hinges on our ability to monitor these transformations in the environment. That’s why remediation of contaminated sediments and soil requires detailed in situ characterization of the speciation of the toxic substances and their transformations with respect to time and spatial distribution. The present paper gives an overview of the literature regarding research performed in the laboratory as well as in the field.     

土壤复合污染的联合修复技术研究进展

复合污染是土壤污染的主要存在形式,其中重金属、有机污染物等是主要的污染源。例如,共存于土壤中铅和镉会发生交互作用,从而增强了镉的迁移能力。此前单一的物理、化学、生物等修复手段对复合污染的修复效果并不明显。联合修复技术的使用可以在一定程度上克服使用单一的修复手段存在的缺点,提高修复效率、降低修复成本。最近有研究表明,综合利用化学氧化和超声波方法可以在很短的时间内将土壤中的甲苯和二甲苯完全氧化为CO和CO2。介绍了综合利用物理、化学、生物等方法对土壤复合污染修复的进展,并对研究中需要注意的问题及未来的发展趋势说明。