介绍一种脑神经分泌细胞的染色方法

<正> 昆虫脑神经分泌细胞能分泌多肽激素,控制昆虫的生长、发育及变态。但是这类细胞的类型与分布仍不完全清楚。昆虫种类繁多,脑神经分泌细胞的结构与种类都具有明显的差别。因此,选择比较理想的染色法对不同昆虫     

基因工程胰岛素分泌细胞的研究

在体外构建胰岛素分泌细胞系作为糖尿病患者的胰岛细胞的代用品是国外进行糖尿病基因治疗的主要内容。１．β细胞系工程β细胞是人胰腺郎格罕氏细胞,早已被用来治疗糖尿病［１］,但是用胰腺移植治疗糖尿病有免疫排斥、供体有限以及必须纯化胰腺等困难。β细胞工程则可避...     

棉铃虫消化系统的组织学研究

棉铃虫前肠和后肠上皮向内褶突甚深,肠腔狭小,甚至呈星芒状;中肠上皮排列整齐,肠腔始终很大。幼虫中肠具有围食膜。前肠环肌在外,纵肌在内;中、后肠环肌在内,纵肌在外。中肠上皮细胞有3类：柱状细胞、杯状细胞和再生细胞。柱状细胞是最基本的一类,大型,顶膜具有条纹边,电镜下为规则的象栅栏一般的散杆。杯状细胞为幼虫所特有,具有1条开口于肠腔的狭颈及很大的坛状中空部分,狭颈内及顶虞都具有微绒毛。再生细胞小型,或单个散生,或聚生。中肠的分泌形式为局部分泌。     

奥尼罗非鱼肠道杯状细胞分布及分型观察

本研究利用石蜡切片结合阿利新蓝-高碘酸Schiff(AB-PAS)和醛品红-阿利新蓝(AF-AB)染色法研究奥尼罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus♀×Oreochromis aureus♂)肠道内杯状细胞的分布与分型。结果发现,奥尼罗非鱼肠道黏膜层较厚,有大量肠绒毛突起,肠绒毛的数量从前肠到后肠逐渐减少。杯状细胞主要位于肠绒毛上皮细胞间,形状大多为椭圆或近似圆形,也有呈细长梭形。经统计分析可知,肠道黏膜上皮单位面积中杯状细胞数量从前肠到后肠逐渐增多,前肠、中肠、后肠杯状细胞平均数量分别为(230.0±4.9)个/mm~2、(287.9±7.5)和(336.7±10.0)个/mm~2,具有较大差异,三者间两两相比差异显著(P0.05)。奥尼罗非鱼肠道杯状细胞以中性-酸性双染为主,酸性杯状细胞在肠道各段所占比例较低,且以硫酸化亚型杯状细胞为主,缺少羧酸化亚型杯状细胞。     

四种鲤科鱼肠道中高血糖素免疫活性内分泌细胞的研究

应用过氧化物酶抗过氧化物酶(PAP)免疫组织化学技术,用4种哺乳动物中培育出的抗血清对草鱼、青鱼、鲤和翘嘴红鲌4种鲤科鱼的肠内分泌细胞进行免疫、组织化学的鉴别和定位.证实了高血糖素免疫活性内分泌细胞在草鱼整个肠道中均呈阳性反应;在鲤、青鱼前肠中仅有少量阳性反应;在翘嘴红鲌肠道中未见阳性反应。胃蛋白酶原(Pepsinogen)、凝乳酶(Prochymosin)和神经特异烯醇酶(Neuron specific enolase)3种抗血清在4种鱼的肠道中均未发现阳性反应.本文重点描述草鱼高血糖素免疫活性内分泌细胞在肠道各段的分布,密度及其形态学特征,还就其可能的生理功能与草食性哺乳动物胃肠道中该类内分泌细胞进行比较和讨论。     

内分泌细胞中溶酶体对激素分泌调节的作用

Enzyme cytochemistry and immunocytochemistry were utilized to study the morphological alterations of the lysosomes and associated crinophagic and autophagic structures in the hypo-secreting pituitary gonadotrophin and Leydig cells induced by exogenous androgen. The lysosomes and autophagic vacuoles in the electron micrographs were quantitatively analysed. The morphological and quantitative data led to the following conclusions: 1) The hypo-secreting gonadotrophin showed an increase in the number of lysosomes and an enhancement of crinophagy. It demonstrated once again that the lysosomes in the protein and polypeptide hormone secreting cells play a role in the regulation of secretion process by means of the crinophagy. 2) The hypo-secreting Leydig cells showed an increase in the number of lysosomes and an enhancement of autophagic activity. This indicated that the lysosomes in the steroid hormone secreting cells also function in the regulation of hormone secretion but by means of autophagy which scavenge a part of steroid-producing apparatus and hormone. The autophagy might have similar effect in regulation of steroid secretion to the crinophagy in regulation of protein secretion.     

补体对枯否细胞吞噬分泌功能的影响

枯否细胞是肝内定居的具有分泌功能的巨噬细胞群,本文综述了十来年中补体对枯否细胞吞噬分泌功能影响的研究成果,提出补体的过度活化可能导致枯否细胞功能失常,进而使内源性感染的可能性增加、介导肝损伤。     

分泌表达bFGF的中国仓鼠卵巢(CHO)细胞的构建及其特性分析

CHO细胞在无血清或无蛋白培养条件下培养通常会遇到贴壁能力差,细胞活力差等问题。通过构建分泌型bFGF基因,克隆到pIRESneo3表达载体上,转染CHO细胞,通过MTT法间接检测细胞培养上清中bFGF表达,并在无蛋白培养基中观察细胞的生长。结果显示转染的CHO细胞表达bFGF,且分泌的bFGF有生物活性;转染的CHO细胞在无蛋白培养基中较未转染的CHO细胞的贴壁能力和活力强。成功改造了CHO细胞,为CHO细胞在无血清或无蛋白条件下大规模培养提供了基础。     

胰腺β细胞的离子通道和胰岛素分泌

1 .胰腺β细胞膜上几种重要的离子通道和动作电位β细胞内的离子通道特性和胰岛素分泌的机制研究是深入了解糖尿病的基础。 2 0世纪 70年代初 ,胰岛 (ｉｓｌｅｔ)电生理研究表明 ,葡萄糖刺激伴随着β细胞膜电势的变化 ,并推测其与胰岛素分泌相关[1] 。 2 0世纪 70年代末 ,Ｎｅｈｅｒ等[2 ] 发明了膜片钳记录技术 ,大大促进了包括β细胞在内的单细胞电生理的研究。1 .1　Ｋ 通道　　 2 0世纪 80年代前期 ,各种不同膜片钳构型的研究都表明 ,葡萄糖刺激下β细胞的膜电势变化源于膜上一种Ｋ 通道活性的改变 ,因其可直接被ＡＴＰ关闭而被命名为…     

Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein: localization in secretory granules of Paneth cells in the mouse small intestine

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-binding protein (LBP) is an acute-phase protein involved in the host’s response to endotoxin and mainly synthesized and secreted to the blood by the liver. But in addition, LBP is also made by extrahepatic cells, including the enterocyte-like cell line Caco-2. To study in closer detail the synthesis and storage of LBP in the intestinal mucosal epithelium, we performed an immunolocalization of LBP in mouse small intestine. By immunofluorescence microscopy, an antibody recognizing the 58–60 kDa protein of LBP distinctly labeled a small population of cells located deep into the crypts. This cell population was also positive for lysozyme and α-defensin 4, identifying Paneth cells as the main intestinal LBP-producing cells. By immunogold electron microscopy, intense labeling was observed in the secretory granules of these cells. We conclude that Paneth cells express LBP together with other proteins acting in the innate immune response of the gut, such as lysozyme, defensins and intelectin.     

Hes1-deficient mice show precocious differentiation of Paneth cells in the small intestine

We have previously shown that Hes1 is expressed both in putative epithelial stem cells just above Paneth cells and in the crypt base columnar cells between Paneth cells, while Hes1 is completely absent in Paneth cells. This study was undertaken to clarify the role of Hes1 in Paneth cell differentiation, using Hes1-knockout (KO) newborn (P0) mice. Electron microscopy revealed premature appearance of distinct cells containing cytoplasmic granules in the intervillous region in Hes1-KO P0 mice, whereas those cells were absent in wild-type (WT) P0 mice. In Hes1-KO P0 mice, the gene expressions of cryptdins, exclusively present in Paneth cells, were all enhanced compared with WT P0 mice. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated increased number of both lysozyme-positive and cryptdin-4-positive cells in the small intestinal epithelium of Hes1-KO P0 mice as compared to WT P0 mice. Thus, Hes1 appears to have an inhibitory role in Paneth cell differentiation in the small intestine.     

Luminal mucin in the large intestine of mice,rats and guinea pigs

Summary The luminal and epithelial mucin was studied histochemically in the large intestine of mice (Mus musculus), rats (Rattus rattus) and guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) using freeze-substitution and vapor-fixation methods. Neutral mucin decreased and acid mucin increased in the epithelium from the cecum to the distal colon. Vacuolated cells contained more acid mucin than goblet cells. Luminal mucin always contained neutral mucin, which formed the main constituents in the cecum and in the proximal colon. Sialo-mucin increased from the cecum to the distal colon. Sulfo-mucin appeared only in the distal colon. Except in the cecum a luminal mucin layer (LML) was found at the epithelial surface. In the proximal colon LML was not entirely continuous and varied in composition and thickness (182.4 ± 170.1, 150.5 ± 110.4, 30.0 ± 28.9 (m), in mice, rats and guinea pigs, respectively), and contained many bacteria. In the distal colon LML was compact, homogeneous and thin (33.6 ± 18.8, 16.1 ± 7.3, 29.1 ± 20.0 (m), in mice, rats and guinea pigs, respectively) containing few bacteria. Possible functions of the luminal mucin and their regional differentiations were discussed.Supported by a grant from Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (En 65/9). A preliminary part of this study was presented at 5th ISRP (September 1979), Clermond-Ferrand, France. Authors thank Miss G. Becker for her technical assistance     

Bethanechol and a G-protein activator,NaF/AlCl3, induce secretory response in Paneth cells of mouse intestine

Summary Paneth cells located at the bottom of intestinal crypts may play a role in controlling the bacterial milieu of the intestine. Using morphometry to clarify the secretory mechanism of the Paneth cells, we studied the ultrastructural changes in mouse Paneth cells produced following intra-arterial perfusion with Hanks' balanced salt solution containing a cholinergic muscarinic secretagogue (bethanechol), a neuroblocking agent (tetrodotoxin), or a G-protein activator (NAF/AlCl₃). Bethanechol (2×10^-4 mol/l) induced Paneth-cell secretion. Many Paneth cells massively exocytosed their secretory material into the crypt lumen; the enhanced secretion caused degranulation and vacuole formation. However, tetrodotoxin (2×10^-6 mol/l) did not prevent the bethanechol-enhanced secretion by the Paneth cells. NaF (1×10^-2 mol/l) and AlCl₃ (1×10^-5 mol/l) induced massive exocytosis of the Paneth cells; the exocytotic figures were similar to those observed in mice stimulated by bethanechol. G-protein activation was followed by a sequence of intracellular events, resulting in exocytosis.     

Shuttling of information between the mucosal and luminal environment drives intestinal homeostasis

The gastrointestinal tract is a passageway for dietary nutrients, microorganisms and xenobiotics. The gut is home to diverse bacterial communities forming the microbiota. While bacteria and their metabolites maintain gut homeostasis, the host uses innate and adaptive immune mechanisms to cope with the microbiota and luminal environment. In recent years, multiple bi-directional instructive mechanisms between microbiota, luminal content and mucosal immune systems have been uncovered. Indeed, epithelial and immune cell-derived mucosal signals shape microbiota composition, while microbiota and their by-products shape the mucosal immune system. Genetic and environmental perturbations alter gut mucosal responses which impact on microbial ecology structures. On the other hand, changes in microbiota alter intestinal mucosal responses. In this review, we discuss how intestinal epithelial Paneth and goblet cells interact with the microbiota, how environmental and genetic disorders are sensed by endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy responses, how specific bacteria, bacterial- and diet-derived products determine the function and activation of the mucosal immune system. We will also discuss the critical role of HDAC activity as a regulator of immune and epithelial cell homeostatic responses.