软骨血管生成抑制因子抑制血管生成的研究

小牛气管软骨经盐酸胍抽提,丙酮分级沉淀,膜超滤,柱层析等步骤得到软骨血管生成抑制因子(cartilage angiogenesis inhibiting factor,CAIF).SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳显示CAIF由单一组分组成,分子量为27700.通过[ ³H]-TdR掺入,活细胞检测等方法测定CAIF对内皮细胞、Hela细胞、QGY7703细胞与小鼠骨髓细胞、人皮肤成纤维细胞等的DNA合成的影响,以及细胞毒作用.采用鸡胚绒毛尿囊膜实验测定CAIF对血管生成的抑制效应.结果显示:CAIF对内皮细胞产生强的抑制作用,对Hela细胞抑制很弱,对QGY7703细胞、小鼠骨髓细胞、人皮肤成纤维细胞均无抑制作用;对鸡胚绒毛尿囊膜的血管生成产生明显的抑制作用.提示CAIF能较特异地抑制血管生成,CAIF达到电泳纯,是专一性较强的血管生成抑制因子.     

血管生成拟态和肿瘤的关系

血管生成拟态指由恶性肿瘤细胞而非血管内皮细胞连接形成的、能为肿瘤提供血供的管网状结构．存在于恶性黑素瘤、卵巢癌、前列腺癌、炎性乳腺癌和某些软组织肉瘤。其发生和肿瘤细胞呈现出多潜能的胚胎样表型有关。进一步研究血管生成拟态的分子机制,探索有效的拮抗其过程的方案,有可能提供一种能有效治疗肿瘤、并且对正常生理过程的影响较小的策略     

苏铁(Cycas revoluta Thunb.)种子的胚与胚乳解剖结构研究

对苏铁(Cycas revoluta Thunb.)种子的胚和胚乳组织进行了解剖研究。结果表明:苏铁种子为有胚乳种子,兼有胚乳和外胚乳,成熟时具直立型胚。胚乳的表层细胞含有角蜡质,胞核大,不含淀粉粒;中层细胞胞核明显;内层细胞胞核不明显,富含淀粉颗粒,淀粉粒单脐点明显。胚孔端的胚乳内陷成一凹槽,似贮藏窖。成熟的子叶胚为倒生胚胎,位于胚乳细胞解体后形成的囊腔中,子叶胚长度在胚乳中占到种子的1/3至2/3,已达到生理成熟阶段。双子叶直立,半合生。胚状体基部呈喙状突起,喙状突起下端连着一根肠叠着的丝状吸器,吸器基部连着一个小气囊。胚芽由顶端分生组织和数枚真叶组成,此时真叶已具羽状叶原基和绒毛原始体。在胚状体中发现有长管细胞及螺纹加厚的导管,在子叶中脉有数条并列的螺环纹导管。     

Ad-Ang1-IRES-VEGF165腺病毒载体的构建及其促血管形成作用

目的:构建人血管生成素1(Ang1)和血管内皮生长因子VEGF165 (VEGF165)的共表达腺病毒载体Ad-Ang1-IRES-VEGF165(简称Ad-AV),为研究Ad-AV转基因细胞表达产物血管诱生活性提供实验依据。方法:采用IRES介导的Ang1和VEGF165双基因腺病毒共表达模式,通过常规的基因克隆和重组技术,构建Ad-AV双基因共表达腺病毒载体,经感染人胚肾QBI-293A细胞(293A)进行扩增和效价测定后,再感染WI-38人胚肺成纤维细胞,均用ELISA法检测VEGF、Ang1目的基因的表达,并采用鸡胚尿囊膜血管形成实验(CAM)法分析其对血管形成的影响。结果: 扩增的Ad-AV腺病毒效价可达4×10¹⁰pfu/ml;Ad-AV不仅能在293A细胞中成功表达目的基因Ang1、VEGF,而且在WI-38成纤维细胞也能成功表达,其表达产物具有显著的促进CAM上血管生成的活性。结论:成功构建并获得了Ad-Ang1-IRES-VEGF165重组病毒子, 目的基因均能在人胚肾和人胚肺成纤维细胞中表达,其表达产物具有诱导血管形成的功能。     

鲨鱼软骨制剂抑制血管生成的研究

以鲨鱼软骨为原料,经盐酸胍抽提,丙酮分级沉淀, 超滤等步骤得到鲨鱼软骨制剂(shark cartilage preparation,SCP). 利用整装细胞扫描电镜方法测定SCP对血管内皮细胞骨架系统的影响,体外细胞迁移实验测定它对内皮细胞迁移的抑制效应,及鸡胚绒毛尿囊膜实验测定对血管生成的抑制效应. 结果表明SCP能显著抑制内皮细胞的骨架形成;显著抑制内皮细胞的迁移,并有明显的浓度依赖关系;显著抑制鸡胚绒毛尿囊膜的血管生成. 细胞骨架是细胞分裂增殖及运动迁移的基础,血管内皮细胞的运动迁移又是血管生成的基础,因此SCP的作用机理可能是通过抑制细胞骨架的形成,抑制内皮细胞的运动迁移,从而抑制血管生成.     

顺式CA1P对肿瘤细胞增殖和血管生成的影响

目的:研究顺式考布他汀二磷酸四钠(cis-CA1P)对体外培养肿瘤细胞增殖的作用,以及对鸡胚尿囊膜血管和离体培养的大鼠主动脉环血管生成的影响。方法:通过测定MTT评价药物对体外培养肿瘤细胞的作用;建立培养鸡胚尿囊膜模型、离体培养大鼠动脉环,研究顺式CA1P对血管生成的影响。结果:顺式CA1P对MGC-803人胃癌细胞、U937人急性髓系白血病细胞、A375人黑色素瘤细胞、HCT116人结肠癌细胞、MDA-MB-231人乳腺癌细胞、K562人白血病细胞具有显著的生长抑制作用,且呈明显的浓度依赖性;顺式CA1P呈剂量依赖性抑制鸡胚尿囊膜血管及离体培养的大鼠主动脉环血管生成,并可以抑制血管内皮细胞的运动及血管网络状结构形成。结论:顺式CA1P具有抑制肿瘤细胞增殖和抗血管生成的作用。     

關於黑斑蛙(Rana nigromaculata Hallowell)生殖細胞來源的研究

Ⅰ.緒論關於蛙類生殖細胞之來源,一般胚胎學教本多依據B.Allen(1907)在Rana pipiens的研究,稱孵化期的幼小蝌蚪(身長,6—7毫米),由腸道頂部擠出一列内胚層細胞,當時尚未見有任何異於其他組成腸道的內胚層細胞的分化,但因其將與生殖細胞來源有關,故名之爲生殖細胞嵴。由於中胚層左右侧板在此區域會合而使該列內胚層細胞與腸道分離而爲生殖細胞索,它的位置就在剛形成的腸系膜基部。不久該索縱裂爲左右兩條,各稍向側方遷移,依附在後主靜脈下壁的外方,微微向體腔中垂懸,同時有體腔膜間皮細胞將其包圍,一齊構成生殖嵴。其中所     

原核表达人MMP-2PEX片段对乳腺癌细胞BICR-H1的生长及转移的抑制

目的:克隆表达人源基质金属蛋白酶-2(MMP-2)的C－端类血红素结合域片段PEX,在鸡胚脲囊膜模型上研究PEX对血管发生,乳腺癌BICR-H1的生长及转移抑制作用。方法:构建人源PEX的原核表达载体pET-28a(+)-PEX-His,转化大肠杆菌BL21DE3-pLys,异丙基β-D硫代半乳糖苷(IPTG)诱导PEX蛋白;包涵体蛋白经尿素变性后,通过Ni-NTA 琼脂糖鏊合柱纯化、复性蛋白;观察其对人脐静脉血管内皮细胞增殖和鸡胚脲囊膜血管生长的影响;用带有绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)的腺病毒感染高转移人乳腺癌细胞BICR-H1,接种细胞到10日鸡胚脲囊膜上致瘤,通过静脉注射不同剂量PEX后,观察瘤重、体积和肺转移。结果:5~30μg经原核表达纯化的人PEX蛋白能有效抑制人脐静脉血管内皮细胞增殖能力,表现为时间和剂量依赖效应,并可抑制鸡胚脲囊膜血管发生。BICR-H1的生长及转移在10μg PEX作用时可得到有效抑制,30μg时则完全抑制,未见有肿瘤在接种部位的形成,更未观察到肺脏的转移灶。结论:原核表达纯化的人源PEX具有抑制血管生成、进而抑制乳腺癌BICR-H1细胞的生长和转移作用,是潜在的抗血管发生治疗肿瘤药物,有进一步研发价值。     

血管内皮细胞发育及分子机制

心血管系统是胚胎发育中最先形成的器官之一, 为机体提供营养成分和氧气。血管发育包括两部分, 一是内皮祖细胞(Angioblast)聚集形成血管原基(Vasculogenesis), 二是从已有血管形成新的血管分支(Angiogenesis)。此后由初级内皮细胞管召集平滑肌细胞形成功能性血管(Vessel maturation)。内皮祖细胞起源途径包括：由Flk1阳性中胚层细胞到成血成血管细胞(Hemangioblast)到血管内皮祖细胞; 或由Flk1阳性中胚层细胞直接到血管内皮祖细胞。Flk1阳性中胚层细胞受到vegf、flk1、cloche、lycat、etsrp等关键基因或信号通路的调节, 其中核心问题是原肠期中胚层如何形成Flk1阳性中胚层细胞及进一步分化成血管内皮祖细胞和成血血管细胞。文章集中评述内皮祖细胞发育、分化及其分子遗传调控机制, 并展望本领域未来发展方向。     

湖北双蝴蝶的胚胎发生

对湖北双蝴蝶大孢子发生、雌配子体形成、受精、胚及胚乳发育过程进行了解剖学观察研究.结果显示:(1)子房2心皮,1室-侧膜胎座,薄珠心,单珠被,倒生胚珠,胚珠列数为4列;大孢子母细胞减数分裂形成的4个大孢子多呈直线形排列,少数为"T"形四分体,合点端的大孢子具功能;胚囊发育为蓼型;3个反足细胞宿存至8-细胞原胚.(2)珠孔受精;胚乳发育为核型;胚发育为茄型.(3)果实成熟时,种子发育至球形胚阶段.     

Hedgehog signaling is essential for endothelial tube formation during vasculogenesis

During embryonic development, the first blood vessels are formed through the aggregation and subsequent assembly of angioblasts (endothelial precursors) into a network of endothelial tubes, a process known as vasculogenesis. These first vessels generally form in mesoderm that is adjacent to endodermal tissue. Although specification of the angioblast lineage is independent of endoderm interactions, a signal from the endoderm is necessary for angioblasts to assemble into a vascular network and to undergo vascular tube formation. In this study, we show that endodermally derived sonic hedgehog is both necessary and sufficient for vascular tube formation in avian embryos. We also show that Hedgehog signaling is required for vascular tube formation in mouse embryos, and for vascular cord formation in cultured mouse endothelial cells. These results demonstrate a previously uncharacterized role for Hedgehog signaling in vascular development, and identify Hedgehog signaling as an important component of the molecular pathway leading to vascular tube formation.     

A Distinct Mechanism of Vascular Lumen Formation in Xenopus Requires EGFL7

During vertebrate blood vessel development, lumen formation is the critical process by which cords of endothelial cells transition into functional tubular vessels. Here, we use Xenopus embryos to explore the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying lumen formation of the dorsal aorta and the posterior cardinal veins, the primary major vessels that arise via vasculogenesis within the first 48 hours of life. We demonstrate that endothelial cells are initially found in close association with one another through the formation of tight junctions expressing ZO-1. The emergence of vascular lumens is characterized by elongation of endothelial cell shape, reorganization of junctions away from the cord center to the periphery of the vessel, and onset of Claudin-5 expression within tight junctions. Furthermore, unlike most vertebrate vessels that exhibit specialized apical and basal domains, we show that early Xenopus vessels are not polarized. Moreover, we demonstrate that in embryos depleted of the extracellular matrix factor Epidermal Growth Factor-Like Domain 7 (EGFL7), an evolutionarily conserved factor associated with vertebrate vessel development, vascular lumens fail to form. While Claudin-5 localizes to endothelial tight junctions of EGFL7-depleted embryos in a timely manner, endothelial cells of the aorta and veins fail to undergo appropriate cell shape changes or clear junctions from the cell-cell contact. Taken together, we demonstrate for the first time the mechanisms by which lumens are generated within the major vessels in Xenopus and implicate EGFL7 in modulating cell shape and cell-cell junctions to drive proper lumen morphogenesis.     

Involvement of vessels and PDGFB in muscle splitting during chick limb development

Muscle formation and vascular assembly during embryonic development are usually considered separately. In this paper, we investigate the relationship between the vasculature and muscles during limb bud development. We show that endothelial cells are detected in limb regions before muscle cells and can organize themselves in space in the absence of muscles. In chick limbs, endothelial cells are detected in the future zones of muscle cleavage, delineating the cleavage pattern of muscle masses. We therefore perturbed vascular assembly in chick limbs by overexpressing VEGFA and demonstrated that ectopic blood vessels inhibit muscle formation, while promoting connective tissue. Conversely, local inhibition of vessel formation using a soluble form of VEGFR1 leads to muscle fusion. The endogenous location of endothelial cells in the future muscle cleavage zones and the inverse correlation between blood vessels and muscle suggests that vessels are involved in the muscle splitting process. We also identify the secreted factor PDGFB (expressed in endothelial cells) as a putative molecular candidate mediating the muscle-inhibiting and connective tissue-promoting functions of blood vessels. Finally, we propose that PDGFB promotes the production of extracellular matrix and attracts connective tissue cells to the future splitting site, allowing separation of the muscle masses during the splitting process.     

Endoderm is required for vascular endothelial tube formation, but not for angioblast specification

Angioblasts, the precursor cells that comprise the endothelial layer of blood vessels, arise from a purely mesodermal population. Individual angioblasts coalesce to form the primary vascular plexus through a process called vasculogenesis. A number of reports in the literature suggest that signals from the adjacent endoderm are necessary to induce angioblast specification within the mesoderm. We present evidence, using both embryological and molecular techniques, indicating that endoderm is not necessary for the induction of angioblasts. Xenopus embryos that had endoderm physically removed at the onset of gastrulation still express vascular markers. Furthermore, animal caps stimulated with bFGF form angioblasts in the absence of any detectable endodermal markers. These results show that endoderm is not required for the initial formation of angioblasts. While Xenopus embryos lacking endoderm contain aggregates of angioblasts, these angioblasts fail to assemble into endothelial tubes. Endothelial tube formation can be rescued, however, by implantation of endodermal tissue from sibling embryos. Based on these studies in Xenopus, and corroborating experiments using the quail embryo, we conclude that endoderm is not required for angioblast specification, but does play an essential role in the formation of vascular tubes.     

Development of the hemochorial maternal vascular spaces in the placenta through endothelial and vasculogenic mimicry

The maternal vasculature within the placenta in primates and rodents is unique because it is lined by fetal cells of the trophoblast lineage and not by maternal endothelial cells. In addition to trophoblast cells that invade the uterine spiral arteries that bring blood into the placenta, other trophoblast subtypes sit at different levels of the vascular space. In mice, at least five distinct subtypes of trophoblast cells have been identified which engage maternal endothelial cells on the arterial and venous frontiers of the placenta, but which also form the channel-like spaces within it through a process analogous to formation of blood vessels (vasculogenic mimicry). These cells are all large, post-mitotic trophoblast giant cells. In addition to assuming endothelial cell-like characteristics (endothelial mimicry), they produce dozens of different hormones that are thought to regulate local and systemic maternal adaptations to pregnancy. Recent work has identified distinct molecular pathways in mice that regulate the morphogenesis of trophoblast cells on the arterial and venous sides of the vascular circuit that may be analogous to specification of arterial and venous endothelial cells.     

Complexity in the vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor (VPF/VEGF)-receptors signaling

The adult vasculature results from a network of vessels that is originally derived in the embryo by vasculogenesis, a process whereby vessels are formed de novo from endothelial cell (EC) precursors, known as angioblasts. During vasculogenesis, angioblasts proliferate and come together to form an initial network of vessels, also known as the primary capillary plexus. Sprouting and branching of new vessels from the preexisting vessels in the process of angiogenesis remodel the capillary plexus. Normal angiogenesis, a well-balanced process, is important in the embryo to promote primary vascular tree as well as an adequate vasculature from developing organs. On the other hand, pathological angiogenesis which frequently occurs in tumors, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetic retinopathy and other circumstances can induce their own blood supply from the preexisting vasculature in a route that is close to normal angiogenesis. Vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor (VPF/VEGF) is perhaps the most important of pro-angiogenic cytokine because of its ability to regulate most of the steps in the angiogenic cascade. The main goal of this review article is to discuss the complex nature of the mode of action of VPF/VEGF on vascular endothelium. To this end, we conclude that more research needs to be done for completely understanding the VPF/VEGF biology with relation to angiogenesis.     

Paracrine VEGF/VE-cadherin action on ovarian cancer permeability

Ascites formation associated with neoplasms is most likely due to increased vascular permeability, a process in which vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular permeability factor (VEGF/VPF) plays a pivotal role. We hypothesized that tumor-derived VEGF/VPF modulates ascites formation through a paracrine effect on both tumor and peritoneal vessels. We investigated human vascular endothelial permeability using a newly developed dual-chamber permeability assay by co-culturing human umbilical vein cells with and without ovarian cancer cell lines (OVCAR-3, Hey-A8, and OCC-1) in the presence or absence of a human VEGF monoclonal antibody and VE-cadherin function-blocking antibody. This method permits determination of mechanisms by which substances released from neoplasms and other sources of vascular endothelial cell secretagogues modulate vascular permeability and likely other pathologic states.     

Ancestral Vascular Lumen Formation via Basal Cell Surfaces

The cardiovascular system of bilaterians developed from a common ancestor. However, no endothelial cells exist in invertebrates demonstrating that primitive cardiovascular tubes do not require this vertebrate-specific cell type in order to form. This raises the question of how cardiovascular tubes form in invertebrates? Here we discovered that in the invertebrate cephalochordate amphioxus, the basement membranes of endoderm and mesoderm line the lumen of the major vessels, namely aorta and heart. During amphioxus development a laminin-containing extracellular matrix (ECM) was found to fill the space between the basal cell surfaces of endoderm and mesoderm along their anterior-posterior (A-P) axes. Blood cells appear in this ECM-filled tubular space, coincident with the development of a vascular lumen. To get insight into the underlying cellular mechanism, we induced vessels in vitro with a cell polarity similar to the vessels of amphioxus. We show that basal cell surfaces can form a vascular lumen filled with ECM, and that phagocytotic blood cells can clear this luminal ECM to generate a patent vascular lumen. Therefore, our experiments suggest a mechanism of blood vessel formation via basal cell surfaces in amphioxus and possibly in other invertebrates that do not have any endothelial cells. In addition, a comparison between amphioxus and mouse shows that endothelial cells physically separate the basement membranes from the vascular lumen, suggesting that endothelial cells create cardiovascular tubes with a cell polarity of epithelial tubes in vertebrates and mammals.     

VEGF and vascular fusion: implications for normal and pathological vessels.

The avian embryo is well suited for the study of blood vessel morphogenesis. This is especially true of investigations that focus on the de novo formation of blood vessels from mesoderm, a process referred to as vasculogenesis. To examine the cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating vasculogenesis, we developed a bioassay that employs intact avian embryos. Among the many bioactive molecules we have examined, vascular epithelial growth factor (VEGF) stands out for its ability to affect vasculogenesis. Using the whole-embryo assay, we discovered that VEGF induces a vascular malformation we refer to as hyperfusion. Our studies showed that microinjection of recombinant VEGF165 converted the normally discrete network of embryonic blood vessels into enlarged endothelial sinuses. Depending on the amount of VEGF injected and the time of postinjection incubation, the misbehavior of the primordial endothelial cells can become so exaggerated that for all practical purposes the embryo contains a single enormous vascular sinus; all normal vessels are subsumed into a composite vascular structure. This morphology is reminiscent of the abnormal vascular sinuses characteristic of certain neovascular pathologies. (J Histochem Cytochem 47:1351-1355, 1999)     

Cellular and molecular analyses of vascular tube and lumen formation in zebrafish

Tube and lumen formation are essential steps in forming a functional vasculature. Despite their significance, our understanding of these processes remains limited, especially at the cellular and molecular levels. In this study, we analyze mechanisms of angioblast coalescence in the zebrafish embryonic midline and subsequent vascular tube formation. To facilitate these studies, we generated a transgenic line where EGFP expression is controlled by the zebrafish flk1 promoter. We find that angioblasts migrate as individual cells to form a vascular cord at the midline. This transient structure is stabilized by endothelial cell-cell junctions, and subsequently undergoes lumen formation to form a fully patent vessel. Downregulating the VEGF signaling pathway, while affecting the number of angioblasts, does not appear to affect their migratory behavior. Our studies also indicate that the endoderm, a tissue previously implicated in vascular development, provides a substratum for endothelial cell migration and is involved in regulating the timing of this process, but that it is not essential for the direction of migration. In addition, the endothelial cells in endodermless embryos form properly lumenized vessels, contrary to what has been previously reported in Xenopus and avian embryos. These studies provide the tools and a cellular framework for the investigation of mutations affecting vasculogenesis in zebrafish.