水稻OsPLD3和OsPLD4基因及其启动子

磷脂酶D(Phospholipase D, PLD)是在植物组织中广泛存在的一类磷脂酶, 可催化磷脂如磷脂酰胆碱(phosphatidylcholine)水解产生磷脂酸(phosphatidic acid, PA)和一个自由的头部基团如胆碱(choline)。在植物体内PLD家族往往包括多个成员。利用反向遗传学技术对水稻磷脂酶D家族(OsPLD)中的两个成员OsPLD3和OsPLD4基因及其启动子的研究显示: OsPLD3和OsPLD4的启动子在花器官的不同部位中驱动报告基因不同程度地表达, 二者都受损伤和茉莉酸甲酯诱导, 但是对诱导因子反应的时空模式不同。利用转基因技术在水稻中过量表达OsPLD3和OsPLD4基因或是干扰OsPLD3和OsPLD4基因表达都不能引起可见的水稻表型的变化, 说明OsPLD家族不同成员可能有功能上的重复。     

水稻OsPLD3和OsPLD4基因及其启动子

磷脂酶D(Phospholipase D, PLD)是在植物组织中广泛存在的一类磷脂酶, 可催化磷脂如磷脂酰胆碱(phosphatidylcholine)水解产生磷脂酸(phosphatidic acid, PA)和一个自由的头部基团如胆碱(choline)。在植物体内PLD家族往往包括多个成员。利用反向遗传学技术对水稻磷脂酶D家族(OsPLD)中的两个成员OsPLD3和OsPLD4基因及其启动子的研究显示: OsPLD3和OsPLD4的启动子在花器官的不同部位中驱动报告基因不同程度地表达, 二者都受损伤和茉莉酸甲酯诱导, 但是对诱导因子反应的时空模式不同。利用转基因技术在水稻中过量表达OsPLD3和OsPLD4基因或是干扰OsPLD3和OsPLD4基因表达都不能引起可见的水稻表型的变化, 说明OsPLD家族不同成员可能有功能上的重复。     

转OsCDPK7基因水稻的培育与耐盐性分析

以4℃处理的水稻品种辽盐241植株叶片总RNA为模板, 用基因特异引物通过RT-PCR扩增出1 700 bp的OsCDPK7基因。该基因序列比已报道的基因序列(GenBank登录号：AB042550)缺失了26个氨基酸, 而丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶活性中心和钙结合结构域完整, 具备钙依赖的蛋白激酶活性。构建了由组成型启动子E12调控的OsCDPK7基因植物表达载体, 利用农杆菌介导法转化水稻, 经Km筛选及Southern杂交验证, 获得10株转基因植株。耐盐性分析表明：OsCDPK7基因的组成型表达提高了T₂代转基因植株的耐盐性, 部分转基因水稻在0.2 mol/L NaCl培养基中能够萌发; 幼苗期水稻经0.4 mol/L NaCl浇灌10 d, 去除胁迫后能恢复正常生长; 而对照在以上情况下均不能萌发和恢复。结果表明, 利用植物信号转导过程中的调控因子能够提高转基因作物的耐盐性。然而, 在不同耐性的转基因植株中, OsCDPK7基因的表达有一定的差异。     

干扰HD-zipnl家族成员OsHox33的表达加速水稻叶片的衰老

HD—ZipⅢ基因家族成员在植物生长发育中起重要作用,主要涉及调控植物胚的发育模式、茎顶端分生组织的形成、叶片极性的形成、维管系统的发育等多个方面．尤其在植物叶片的发育中起重要作用．尽管HD-ZipⅢ家族成员在陆生植物中高度保守,但基于拟南芥多重突变体的遗传分析揭示了HD-ZipⅢ家族的功能在进化过程中已有所分化．本文报道了一个HD-ZipⅢ家族成员OsHox33,并分析了其功能,研究结果表明,其在水稻叶片衰老中起重要作用．为了揭示OsHox33的功能,本研究构建两个特异的RNkd载体（一个干涉片段来自OsHox33的5’端,另一个来自OsHox33的3’非翻译区）干扰OsHox33的表达,结果表明,两个载体的转基因植株都展示了叶片早衰的相似表型,表明干扰OsHox33的表达加速了水稻叶片的衰老．pOsHox33：：GUS及RT．PCR分析表明,OsHox33在水稻幼嫩的器官中有较高的表达,尤其在茎顶端分生组织、居间分生组织及愈伤等幼嫩组织有较高的表达．不同时期叶片实时定量PCR分析表明,OsHox33在水稻幼叶中有较高的表达,但在衰老叶片中表达降低．另外,不同时期叶片叶绿体电子显微镜超微结构显示,OsHox33RNAi转基因植株加速了叶绿体结构的降解,与OsHox33RNAi转基因植株的表型相一致．基因表达调控结果显示,OsHox33可以调控水稻叶片衰老特性基因GSI和GS2的表达,干扰OsHox33的表达降低了GSl的表达,但增加了GS2的表达．本文对于HD—zipⅢ家族在植物生长发育中的功能提供了新的理解．     

干扰HD-ZipⅢ家族成员OsHox33的表达加速水稻叶片的衰老

HD-ZipⅢ基因家族成员在植物生长发育中起重要作用,主要涉及调控植物胚的发育模式、茎顶端分生组织的形成、叶片极性的形成、维管系统的发育等多个方面.尤其在植物叶片的发育中起重要作用.尽管HD-ZipⅢ家族成员在陆生植物中高度保守,但基于拟南芥多重突变体的遗传分析揭示了HD-ZipⅢ家族的功能在进化过程中已有所分化.本文报道了一个HD-ZipⅢ家族成员OsHox33,并分析了其功能,研究结果表明,其在水稻叶片衰老中起重要作用.为了揭示OsHox33的功能,本研究构建两个特异的RNAi载体(一个干涉片段来自OsHox33的5′端,另一个来自OsHox33的3′非翻译区)干扰OsHox33的表达,结果表明,两个载体的转基因植株都展示了叶片早衰的相似表型,表明干扰OsHox33的表达加速了水稻叶片的衰老.pOsHox33::GUS及RT-PCR分析表明,OsHox33在水稻幼嫩的器官中有较高的表达,尤其在茎顶端分生组织、居间分生组织及愈伤等幼嫩组织有较高的表达.不同时期叶片实时定量PCR分析表明,OsHox33在水稻幼叶中有较高的表达,但在衰老叶片中表达降低.另外,不同时期叶片叶绿体电子显微镜超微结构显示,OsHox33 RNAi转基因植株加速了叶绿体结构的降解,与OsHox33 RNAi转基因植株的表型相一致.基因表达调控结果显示,OsHox33可以调控水稻叶片衰老特性基因GS1和GS2的表达,干扰OsHox33的表达降低了GS1的表达,但增加了GS2的表达.本文对于HD-ZipⅢ家族在植物生长发育中的功能提供了新的理解.     

玉米CIPK基因家族的鉴定及ZmCIPK3的抗旱性功能研究

钙调磷酸酶B类互作蛋白激酶（CIPK,CBL interacting protein kinases）是植物钙离子信号通路中响应非生物逆境胁迫的重要蛋白激酶之一。本研究以拟南芥和水稻中CIPK家族基因序列信息为基础,利用玉米参考基因组B73和生物信息学分析方法,全基因组范围内鉴定玉米CIPK基因家族成员,分析CIPK家族基因的进化关系、基因结构、基因表达模式和对干旱胁迫的响应。本研究共鉴定出44个玉米CIPK家族基因,并将其分为5个亚家族,每个亚家族有不同的外显子-内含子和UTR的结构特征;基于基因差异表达分析,筛选出5个与抗旱性相关的候选基因ZmCIPK3、ZmCIPK7、ZmCIPK44、ZmCIPK25和ZmCIPK28;进一步的遗传数据表明,干旱胁迫下ZmCIPK3拟南芥转基因株系的存活率明显高于野生型,提高了拟南芥的抗旱性;同时,干旱胁迫下ZmCIPK3拟南芥转基因株系中抗旱性相关生化指标过氧化物酶、超氧化物歧化酶活性显著高于野生型,而丙二醛和脯氨酸的含量显著低于野生型。本研究在玉米全基因组水平上鉴定了CIPK基因家族成员,分析了其在不同抗旱性材料、不同水分处理下的基因表达模...     

一种新型几丁质酶基因LcChi2在转基因水稻中的功能分析

LcChi2是从羊草中克隆获得的一种新型几丁质酶基因,生物信息学分析表明该基因表达一个Ⅱ类几丁质酶,属于19家族。在双子叶模式植物烟草中过表达该基因表现为抗真菌病害的生物学功能提高,然而在单子叶植物中是否具有抗病功能至今未知。以吉林省主栽水稻品种吉粳88为供试材料,构建了含LcChi2基因和除草剂筛选标记Bar基因的双价植物表达载体,利用农杆菌介导的遗传转化方法成功获得LcChi2和Bar基因过表达的转基因水稻。T_1代转基因水稻的PCR、RT-PCR和几丁质酶活性检测结果表明LcChi2基因已成功整合到水稻基因组中,并且表达产物表现出较高的外源几丁质酶活性;稻瘟病活体接种实验结果证明该基因显著提高了水稻的抗病性;抗除草剂鉴定结果表明获得的转基因水稻新材料同时具有除草剂抗性。研究结果证明LcChi2基因可有效提高单子叶植物的抗病性,该基因在利用现代生物技术开展抗病作物遗传改良方面具有重要的应用价值。     

水稻Trihelix转录因子家族全基因组分析及功能预测

Trihelix转录因子家族在植物生长发育以及响应逆境胁迫等方面发挥着重要作用,但目前基于水稻全基因组水平鉴定和分析该基因家族的研究尚未见相关报道。本文利用生物信息学方法在水稻基因组数据库中鉴定到Trihelix家族成员31个,序列聚类和功能结构域分析发现该家族均含有高度保守的、特征性的Trihelix结构域;根据亲缘关系远近和结构域特点,将其分为5个亚家族(Ⅰ~Ⅴ)。通过与拟南芥、二穗短炳草和高粱中Trihelix家族的聚类分析发现,这4个物种中Trihelix家族的分类相一致,但每个物种均含有不同亚家族的成员,表明该基因家族的分化早于物种的分化。基于MEME程序分析水稻Trihelix转录因子家族的保守基序与聚类分析结果具有较高的一致性。染色体区段复制分析表明,部分Trihelix家族成员在水稻以及水稻与其他物种之间存在种内和种间的染色体区段复制;生物芯片数据分析发现,Trihelix基因家族在水稻不同组织中、以及对6种不同植物激素的响应呈现多样化的表达谱。采用RiceFREND在线数据库分析发现,水稻Trihelix转录因子家族的20个成员与其他蛋白存在互作关系。本研究结果初步明确了水稻Trihelix转录因子家族的进化特点、染色体分布、染色体区段复制关系、组织表达、激素应答,以及该家族蛋白与其他蛋白质的互作情况,为进一步揭示Trihelix转录因子家族的分子进化规律和生物学功能奠定了基础。     

菜粉蝶osiris基因家族鉴定与发育动态

osiris基因家族是昆虫特异性基因,迄今尚未在昆虫纲以外的物种中发现同源基因。本研究利用菜粉蝶转录组数据,鉴定了菜粉蝶16个osiris基因家族成员,分属11个亚家族。通过与菜粉蝶基因组比对,发现菜粉蝶osiris基因均为断裂基因,外显子数量为3-15个;通过结构域分析,发现菜粉蝶Osiris完整编码蛋白含有信号肽和一个未知功能结构域DUF1676,且多数Osiris蛋白含跨膜结构域。系统发育分析表明,osiris基因家族成员与其他昆虫种类相应成员更似直系同源,而非种内基因扩张,再次验证了osiris基因是在昆虫物种分化之前就已形成的多基因家族。发育转录组基因表达分析表明,osiris家族不同成员表达量在不同发育阶段趋势几乎完全一致,多在菜粉蝶1龄幼虫和5龄幼虫高表达,卵期、蛹期与成虫期低表达,预示着osiris基因家族不同成员转录调控机制的相似性与发育的相关性。     

葡萄NCED基因家族进化及表达分析

9-顺式-环氧类胡萝卜素双加氧酶(NCED)是植物体内ABA生物合成的关键限速酶, 参与植物对干旱、外源ABA和高盐的响应过程, 降低环境胁迫对植株的危害。基于全基因组鉴定分析葡萄(Vitis vinifera) NCED基因家族成员, 探讨各成员的物种进化关系及各个基因成员在不同组织中的时空表达模式及对干旱、ABA和高盐(NaCl)胁迫的响应, 为进一步揭示该基因家族成员的生物学功能奠定基础。在葡萄基因组中共发现12个NCED基因。其推测的编码蛋白质长度在510 (VvNCED2)-625 aa (VvNCED10)之间。VvNCED蛋白的分子量最大值是70.53 kDa (VvNCED10), 最小值是57.85 kDa (VvNCED2)。在从祖先基因分化之后, 葡萄NCED基因发生了5次复制事件, 同时有2次丢失事件。NCED1/2、NCED3/4、NCED6/7和NCED9/10基因对被认为是通过片段复制产生。上述4对复制基因复制时间分布在3.08-120.0百万年前, 晚于单双子叶植物分化的时间。与对照相比, VvNCED1在ABA处理48小时后显著上调(72.1%), 而VvNCED2显著下调(84.0%)。VvNCED6只在干旱处理14、21和28天的根系中表达量高于对照, 分别为对照的2.49、1.05和1.09倍。VvNCED7只在干旱处理14天的根系中表达量高于对照, 为对照的1.07倍。在ABA处理72小时后, VvNCED3表达量较对照显著下调(59.5%), 而VvNCED4较对照显著上调(169.9%)。VvNCED3/VvNCED4分别在NaCl处理24和48小时出现显著性峰值, 较对照分别上调219.2%和114.4%。保守结构域不同组成和不同胁迫处理下差异表达模式是NCED蛋白发生功能分化的基础。推测NCED在进化过程中发生的功能分化有利于复制事件的发生。     

Gibberellin homeostasis and plant height control by EUI and a role for gibberellin in root gravity responses in rice

The rice Eui (ELONGATED UPPERMOST INTERNODE) gene encodes a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase that deactivates bioactive gibberellins (GAs). In this study, we investigated controlled expression of the Eui gene and its role in plant development. We found that Eui was differentially induced by exogenous GAs and that the Eui promoter had the highest activity in the vascular bundles. The eui mutant was defective in starch granule development in root caps and Eui overexpression enhanced starch granule generation and gravity responses, revealing a role for GA in root starch granule development and gravity responses. Experiments using embryoless half-seeds revealed that RAmy1A and GAmyb were highly upregulated in eui aleurone cells in the absence of exogenous GA. In addition, the GA biosynthesis genes GA3ox1 and GA20ox2 were downregulated and GA2ox1 was upregulated in eui seedlings. These results indicate that EUI is involved in GA homeostasis, not only in the internodes at the heading stage, but also in the seedling stage, roots and seeds. Disturbing GA homeostasis affected the expression of the GA signaling genes GID1 (GIBBERELLIN INSENSITIVE DWARF 1), GID2 and SLR1. Transgenic RNA interference of the Eui gene effectively increased plant height and improved heading performance. By contrast, the ectopic expression of Eui under the promoters of the rice GA biosynthesis genes GA3ox2 and GA20ox2 significantly reduced plant height. These results demonstrate that a slight increase in Eui expression could dramatically change rice morphology, indicating the practical application of the Eui gene in rice molecular breeding for a high yield potential.     

Efficacy of microarray profiling data combined with QTL mapping for the identification of a QTL gene controlling the initial growth rate in rice

Seedling vigor, which is controlled by many quantitative trait loci (QTLs), is one of several important agronomic traits for direct-seedling rice systems. However, isolating these QTL genes is laborious and expensive. Here, we combined QTL mapping and microarray profiling to identify QTL genes for seedling vigor. By performing QTL mapping using 82 backcross inbred lines (BILs) of the Koshihikari (japonica) and Habataki (indica) cultivars for the rice initial growth, we identified two QTLs, early-stage plant development1/2 (qEPD1 and qEPD2), whose Koshihikari alleles promote plant height and/or leaf sheath length. Phenotypic analysis of the two substituted lines carrying the Habataki qEPD1 or qEPD2 allele revealed that qEPD2 functioned more dominantly for the initial growth of rice. From the microarray experiment, 55 and 45 candidate genes were found in the qEPD1 and qEPD2 genomic regions, which are expressed differentially between each substitution line (SL) and Koshihikari. Gibberellin 20 oxidase-2 (OsGA20ox2), which is identical to Semi Dwarf1 (SD1), was included among the 55 candidate genes of qEPD1, whereas its paralog, OsGA20ox1, was included among the 45 candidate genes of qEPD2. Consistently, introduction of the Koshihikari OsGA20ox1 allele into SL(qEPD2) increaseed its plant height and leaf sheath length significantly relative to the introduction of the Habataki OsGA20ox1 allele. Therefore, microarray profiling could be useful for rapidly screening QTL candidate genes. We concluded that OsGA20ox1 and OsGA20ox2 (SD1) function during the initial growth of rice, but OsGA20ox1 plays a dominant role in increasing plant height and leaf sheath length at the initial growth stage.     

Evolutionary analysis of three gibberellin oxidase genes in rice, Arabidopsis, and soybean

GAs are plant hormones that play fundamental roles in plant growth and development. GA2ox, GA3ox, and GA20ox are three key enzymes in GA biosynthesis. These enzymes belong to the 2OG-Fe (II) oxygenase superfamily and are independently encoded by different gene families. To date, genome-wide comparative analyses of GA oxidases in plant species have not been thoroughly carried out. In the present work, 61 GA oxidase family genes from rice (Oryza sativa), Arabidopsis, and soybean (Glycine max) were identified and a full study of these genes including phylogenetic tree construction, gene structure, gene family expansion and analysis of functional motifs was performed. Based on phylogeny, most of the GA oxidases were divided into four subgroups that reflected functional classifications. Intron/intron average length of GA oxidase genes in rice analysis revealed that GA oxidase genes in rice experienced substantial evolutionary divergence. Segmental duplication events were mainly found in soybean genome. However, in rice and Arabidopsis, no single expansion pattern exhibited dominance, indicating that GA oxidase genes from these species might have been subjected to a more complex evolutionary mechanism. In addition, special functional motifs were discovered in GA20ox, GA3ox, and GA2ox, which suggested that different functional motifs are associated with differences in protein function. Taken together our results suggest that GA oxidase family genes have undergone divergent evolutionary routes, especially at the monocot-dicot split, with dynamic evolution occurring in Arabidopsis thaliana and soybean.     

Gibberellin homeostasis in tobacco is regulated by gibberellin metabolism genes with different gibberellin sensitivity

Gibberellins are phytohormones that regulate growth and development of plants. Gibberellin homeostasis is maintained by feedback regulation of gibberellin metabolism genes. To understand this regulation, we manipulated the gibberellin pathway in tobacco and studied its effects on the morphological phenotype, gibberellin levels and the expression of endogenous gibberellin metabolism genes. The overexpression of a gibberellin 3-oxidase (biosynthesis gene) in tobacco (3ox-OE) induced slight variations in phenotype and active GA(1) levels, but we also found an increase in GA(8) levels (GA(1) inactivation product) and a conspicuous induction of gibberellin 2-oxidases (catabolism genes; NtGA2ox3 and -5), suggesting an important role for these particular genes in the control of gibberellin homeostasis. The effect of simultaneous overexpression of two biosynthesis genes, a gibberellin 3-oxidase and a gibberellin 20-oxidase (20ox/3ox-OE), on phenotype and gibberellin content suggests that gibberellin 3-oxidases are non-limiting enzymes in tobacco, even in a 20ox-OE background. Moreover, the expression analysis of gibberellin metabolism genes in transgenic plants (3ox-OE, 20ox-OE and hybrid 3ox/20ox-OE), and in response to application of different GA(1) concentrations, showed genes with different gibberellin sensitivity. Gibberellin biosynthesis genes (NtGA20ox1 and NtGA3ox1) are negatively feedback regulated mainly by high gibberellin levels. In contrast, gibberellin catabolism genes which are subject to positive feedback regulation are sensitive to high (NtGA2ox1) or to low (NtGA2ox3 and -5) gibberellin concentrations. These two last GA2ox genes seem to play a predominant role in gibberellin homeostasis under mild gibberellin variations, but not under large gibberellin changes, where the biosynthesis genes GA20ox and GA3ox may be more important.     

Disruption and overexpression of Arabidopsis phytosulfokine receptor gene affects cellular longevity and potential for growth

Phytosulfokine (PSK), a 5-amino acid sulfated peptide that has been identified in conditioned medium of plant cell cultures, promotes cellular growth in vitro via binding to the membrane-localized PSK receptor. Here, we report that loss-of-function and gain-of-function mutations of the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) PSK receptor gene (AtPSKR1) alter cellular longevity and potential for growth without interfering with basic morphogenesis of plants. Although mutant pskr1-1 plants exhibit morphologically normal growth until 3 weeks after germination, individual pskr1-1 cells gradually lose their potential to form calluses as tissues mature. Shortly after a pskr1-1 callus forms, it loses potential for growth, resulting in formation of a smaller callus than the wild type. Leaves of pskr1-1 plants exhibit premature senescence after bolting. Leaves of AtPSKR1ox plants exhibit greater longevity and significantly greater potential for callus formation than leaves of wild-type plants, irrespective of their age. Calluses derived from AtPSKR1ox plants maintain their potential for growth longer than wild-type calluses. Combined with our finding that PSK precursor genes are more strongly expressed in mature plant parts than in immature plant parts, the available evidence indicates that PSK signaling affects cellular longevity and potential for growth and thereby exerts a pleiotropic effect on cultured tissue in response to environmental hormonal conditions.     

An overview of gibberellin metabolism enzyme genes and their related mutants in rice

To enhance our understanding of GA metabolism in rice (Oryza sativa), we intensively screened and identified 29 candidate genes encoding the following GA metabolic enzymes using all available rice DNA databases: ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase (CPS), ent-kaurene synthase (KS), ent-kaurene oxidase (KO), ent-kaurenoic acid oxidase (KAO), GA 20-oxidase (GA20ox), GA 3-oxidase (GA3ox), and GA 2-oxidase (GA2ox). In contrast to the Arabidopsis genome, multiple CPS-like, KS-like, and KO-like genes were identified in the rice genome, most of which are contiguously arranged. We also identified 18 GA-deficient rice mutants at six different loci from rice mutant collections. Based on the mutant and expression analyses, we demonstrated that the enzymes catalyzing the early steps in the GA biosynthetic pathway (i.e. CPS, KS, KO, and KAO) are mainly encoded by single genes, while those for later steps (i.e. GA20ox, GA3ox, and GA2ox) are encoded by gene families. The remaining CPS-like, KS-like, and KO-like genes were likely to be involved in the biosynthesis of diterpene phytoalexins rather than GAs because the expression of two CPS-like and three KS-like genes (OsCPS2, OsCPS4, OsKS4, OsKS7, and OsKS8) were increased by UV irradiation, and four of these genes (OsCPS2, OsCPS4, OsKS4, and OsKS7) were also induced by an elicitor treatment.