山西平陆越冬大天鹅日间行为模式

2011年12月至2012年2月和2012年11月至2013年1月,采用瞬时扫描法,对山西平陆黄河湿地越冬的大天鹅进行了日间行为时间分配和活动节律的研究。结果表明,大天鹅在越冬期的主要行为是静息、运动和取食,分别占全部行为比例的(40.5±1.4)%、(22.8±0.9)%和(18.2±0.8)%。在日间节律方面,大天鹅的取食行为呈现早晚双高峰,静息行为的高峰则出现在早上和中午。对不同地点的大天鹅的行为时间分配研究表明,大天鹅在两地的行为时间分配存在明显差异。其中,在干扰强度较大的三湾村,运动和争斗行为更多;在干扰较小的关家窝村,静息和警戒行为更多。在行为时间分配与温度变化关系的研究中,通过Pearson相关性分析发现,大天鹅的取食、运动和理羽行为与温度成显著正相关,静息和警戒行为与温度呈现显著负相关。     

巴音布鲁克国家级自然保护区繁殖鸟类调查

2014—2016年每年5—6月鸟类繁殖季,对新疆天山中部的巴音布鲁克国家级自然保护区繁殖鸟类进行调查。保护区是大天鹅Cygnus cygnus、灰鹤Grus grus、斑头雁Anser indicus等珍稀鸟类的重要繁殖地,同时也是我国第一个为保护大天鹅正式成立的保护区。经过连续3年的调查,共发现繁殖鸟类61种,隶属于11目24科47属,以留鸟和夏候鸟为主。其中国家Ⅰ级重点保护鸟类1种,黑鹳Ciconia nigra,最多一次在2个地点记录到4只,其中2只为亚成体,证明该保护区有黑鹳的稳定繁殖种群。国家Ⅱ级重点保护鸟类7种,分别为大天鹅、黑鸢Milvus migrans、草原雕Aquila nipalensis、高山兀鹫Gyps himalayensis、燕隼Falco subbuteo、灰鹤、蓑羽鹤Anthropoides virgo。保护区鸟类主要分为2类:1)繁殖水鸟如大天鹅、赤麻鸭Tadorna ferruginea、红脚鹬Tringa totanus等;2)荒漠草原鸟类如角百灵Eremophila alpestris、沙Oenanthe isabellina和黄嘴朱顶雀Carduelis flavirostris等。     

包头南海湿地保护区大天鹅春季行为时间分配及日活动节律

2013年1月11日—3月17日,2014年2月10日—4月15日,采用焦点动物观察法和瞬时扫描法,对内蒙古包头南海湿地保护区内大天鹅Cygnus cygnus的昼间行为进行观察。结果表明:大天鹅的主要行为有取食、休息、运动、保养、警戒和其他,共计6类12种。在时间分配方面,大天鹅主要用于取食(45.8%)、休息(34.1%)、运动(11.1%)和保养(6.8%)行为,且4种行为有明显的节律性变化。另外,1—2月和3—4月取食、休息和保养行为差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),而运动行为差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。相关分析表明:除警戒行为外,其他行为之间存在显著相关性。1—2月为越冬期,大天鹅主要时间用于休息,3—4月为迁徙期,大天鹅主要时间用于取食,为再次迁徙积累能量。     

无线电遥测在鸟类研究中的应用

无线电遥测是本世纪５０年代末期发展起来的一门新技术。全套设备由发射器,接收机和天线３部分组成。通过遥测定装在动物身上的微型发射器发出的信号,可以在不干扰动物正常活动的情况下确定其位置,从面扩大了人们对鸟类进行观察和研究的能力和范围,为研究鸟类的活动区面积,枉息地选择,活动节律,行为和迁徙等提供可靠的数据。近年业,无线电遥测技术已成为鸟类生态学研究的重要工具。     

黄河中上游春季迁徙期水鸟群落及大天鹅活动特征

2015年3月和2016年4月,分别对黄河中上游迁徙期的水鸟资源与大天鹅(Cygnus cygnus)的栖息地进行了调查,旨在掌握黄河中上游春季迁徙期水鸟的资源现状以及大天鹅的活动特征。根据黄河湿地植被和水系分布状况,沿着黄河自西部磴口县至东部土默特右旗进行调查。采用核密度分析法(KDE)计算了大天鹅日间和夜间活动区面积,以及增强型植被指数(EVI)分析了活动区内的栖息地特征。共记录到37种25671只水鸟,其中雁鸭类占水鸟总数的89.6%,特别是大天鹅和小天鹅(C.columbianus)数量较多。内蒙古段黄河是大天鹅春季迁徙重要停歇地之一,大天鹅在此停留时间长((27.23±8.96)d,n=56),日间栖息地和夜宿地基本相似。90%以内区域的EVI值均较低,50%活动区域明显低于50%~90%区域。黄河及农田蓄水而成的河漫滩为大天鹅提供了充足的食物,栖息地隐蔽性较强,适宜大天鹅等水鸟在此长期栖息。     

黄河三门峡库区越冬大天鹅的种群现状

2015年初,黄河三门峡库区发生了大天鹅(Cygnus cygnus)等野鸟感染高致病性禽流感病毒的疫情,我们通过对三门峡大天鹅越冬种群的监测和环志回收的分析,了解大天鹅的越冬种群现状和活动状况,希望研究结果有助于我国对大天鹅种群的保护。调查表明,近些年来大天鹅越冬种群数量呈上升趋势,特别是三门峡天鹅湖由2010年410只增加到2014年6 317只,大天鹅种群数量在12月中旬至翌年1月达到高峰,2月下旬陆续离开,至3月下旬全部北迁。根据彩色颈环标记的回收结果,大天鹅对三门峡库区作为越冬地的选择是较为稳定的,不同个体在库区内的各地点之间还存在游荡行为,此外,还观察到带有彩色颈环的119只个体,已经被证实是由蒙古北部和中部的19个湖泊迁徙而来。三门峡湿地公园大天鹅越冬种群数量增加较快,是由于湖泊水质改善且人为大量投食玉米饲料,吸引了众多大天鹅前来越冬。蒙古环志的大天鹅连续多年在三门峡库区越冬也间接反映了这里有良好的栖息环境和丰富的食物资源。然而,初步推测,2015年这次大天鹅感染禽流感病毒可能与种群密度过高有较大的关系,建议当地政府合理投食补饲,不要盲目追求较多的种群数量;同时采取合理有效的措施促进大天鹅种群扩散,如在附近建立适宜的栖息地,这对于大天鹅种群保护具有重要意义。     

森林/草原过渡地带鸟类群落空间结构研究

1993～ 1998年夏季间研究了森林 /草原过渡地带鸟类群落结构及与该生境的关系。共记录鸟类 10 3种。该地区不同生境类型鸟类相互渗透 ,鸟类组成混杂 ,4种环境梯度鸟类群落的相似性系数较低 ,鸟类群落结构随环境变化而呈现出明显的水平梯度变化。森林区是鸟类栖息的主要生境 ,由林缘至林内 5 0m和由林缘至草原 3 0m范围内为鸟类的高密度带。鸟类群落结构随森林植被垂直空间层次复杂性的不同而有明显的空间变化 ,群落物种多样性和均匀性具有垂直空间变化。通过聚类分析和主分量分析将鸟类群落划分为 6个垂直空间栖息取食集团 ,各集团根据各自的栖息取食行为格局分割了生境的空间和食物资源 ,集团内部的鸟类则通过更为细致的生态分割和加剧生态位重叠而得以共存。     

山地次生林冬季鸟类集群的初步研究

通过山地次生林两冬季鸟类集群的研究表明,集群的鸟类主要是由大山雀、沼泽山雀和普通Ｓｈｉ组成;每群个体数为７．４１－１０．６３只;据群的行为（单种群、多种集群和单独个体）分析,大多数种类是单独个体活动,冬季鸟类集群大小和组成有空间的变化。气候因子影响群的形成和行为。     

云南纳帕海自然保护区越冬猛禽考察初报

纳帕海自然保护区位于滇西北香格里拉县,是湿地鸟类迁徙途中停留觅食的“驿站”和越冬地。2006年冬至2007年春对保护区冬季猛禽资源进行了3次调查,共设4个观察点,采用瞬时扫描取样和目标取样法对各猛禽的状态行为、生境 利用和事件行为进行数据采集。共观察记录猛禽1目2科9种。猛禽种群分布和数量与保护区鸟类资源变化密切相关。白尾海雕和高山兀鹫的越冬行为主要是觅食、休息和运动。行为的变化受食物丰富度的影响明显。通过有效保护湿地内的环境、其它鸟类资源和科学管理,对本地区的猛禽资源保护有重要作用。     

人为干扰对白冠长尾雉的活动区面积和栖息地利用的影响

人类活动会改变地区原始的生态环境，对当地动物种群的空间利用产生影响。因此，了解人为干扰条件下濒危物种对空间的利用情况有助于更好地进行保护。活动区和栖息地利用是对动物空间需求最好的度量，掌握这些信息对有效保护鸟类具有重要意义。本研究于2020和2021年对湖北省广水市平靖关村周边的白冠长尾雉(Syrmaticus reevesii)进行追踪，获得了47组白冠长尾雉的活动区面积和栖息地利用信息。将实际栖息地利用率的置信区间与理论利用率相比得到白冠长尾雉对栖息地的偏好，并采用广义线性混合模型对栖息地利用率和活动区面积的影响因素进行逐步剔除分析。结果发现，该地区白冠长尾雉主要利用针阔混交林、落叶阔叶林和灌木林，但按照干扰强度划分后，低干扰区的白冠长尾雉只倾向于利用针阔混交林。雄性个体对落叶阔叶林的利用率与居民点的距离呈负相关关系，低干扰区雌性个体对落叶阔叶林的利用率与居民点距离呈反比，而对针阔混交林利用率与居民点距离呈正相关，雌性个体在高干扰区对针阔混交林的利用率随居民点和农田距离的增大而增大；活动区面积方面，雌性的面积显著大于雄性，并且在高干扰区活动区面积与居民点距离呈负相关。以上研究结果提供了有关地栖性森林鸟类在人类主导的环境中的活动区及栖息地利用的响应，为地栖性森林鸟类的保护工作提供了一定的科学依据。     

基于卫星跟踪大天鹅春季迁徙时间及其影响因素

候鸟春季迁徙时间与其能否顺利完成迁徙过程,以及对繁殖地的成功选择和繁殖成效密切相关,通过对大天鹅越冬地和停歇地的春季迁徙时间选择原因及其影响因素进行分析,有助于深入理解候鸟春季迁徙时间策略和栖息地保护状况。2015年2月和12月,在河南三门峡湿地捕捉了60只越冬大天鹅并佩戴卫星跟踪器,获取了详细的大天鹅在越冬地和停歇地的春季迁徙时间等信息,并进一步分析了春季迁徙时间与气候因子的相关性。结果表明,大天鹅主要在夜间22：00-0：00和0：00-1：59迁离越冬地。大天鹅迁离越冬地的日期与温度呈显著性正相关,迁离时多选择顺风且风速较小的天气。大天鹅迁离越冬地后主要是在夜间飞行,而迁离停歇地后主要是在日间飞行。越冬地的温度越高,越有利于植物的生长,大天鹅可以快速地积累能量,提前开始春季迁徙。野外调查表明,内蒙古黄河中上游作为迁徙的重要停歇地,春季两岸捕鱼、农耕和放牧等为活动较多,因此大天鹅多选择在夜间觅食补充能量,在日间迁离。最后,针对黄河流域大天鹅栖息地的保护现状,提出了禁止经济开发项目、建立保护区和开展宣传教育等保护建议。     

Blood lead levels in wintering and moulting Icelandic whooper swans over two decades

Lead poisoning of waterfowl through the ingestion of spent gunshot and discarded anglers' weights continues to be a problem worldwide. We took blood samples from 363 whooper swans Cygnus cygnus at wintering sites in Britain and Ireland and at moulting sites in Iceland during 2001–2005, and analysed them for total blood lead. Lead levels were generally low in swans in Iceland; 6% of samples exceeded 1.21  μ mol L⁻¹, the level indicative of elevated lead and above background levels. The proportion of swans with elevated lead was much higher in the wintering range, varying between 43 and 70% at three sites monitored over the winters 2003/2004–2005/2006, and with blood lead levels ranging up to 19.6  μ mol L⁻¹. The highest levels were in samples taken from swans in Scotland, with a mean value of 3.0  μ mol L⁻¹, but nevertheless they indicated a marked decrease compared with blood lead levels measured for whooper swans at the same site 20 years ago. There also appeared to be a significant long-term decrease in the proportion of swans with elevated blood lead in Iceland, from 60% of birds in 1984 to 8% in 2005, although this may be due to the birds being caught in different parts of Iceland. The most likely source of elevated lead in whooper swans is spent gunshot. Management measures to reduce the impact of lead in the environment on the birds are discussed.     

Wintering site fidelity and movement patterns of Western Sandpipers Calidris mauri in the San Francisco Bay estuary

Western Sandpipers Calidris mauri are the most numerous shorebird species in the San Francisco Bay estuary during winter. A sample of 106 Western Sandpipers was captured in mist nets and radio-marked with 1-g transmitters to examine their wintering site fidelity and movements. Differences in distances moved, home range extent and core area size were examined by age, sex, season, site, time of day and tide. All birds remained in the south San Francisco Bay region during winter and exhibited strong site fidelity, with a mean home range of 22.0 km² or only 8% of the study area. First-year birds had larger home ranges (26.6 ± 3.6 km²) than adults (17.2 ± 2.5 km²) in winter, but home range sizes of males and females were not significantly different in any period. Home range sizes were similar between seasons, but core areas were smaller in spring (6.3 ± 1.2 km²) than in early (9.6 ± 4.0 km²) or late (11.6 ± 1.6 km²) winter. Movements and home range size were similar for radio-marked birds located during day and night. The high degree of regional and local site fidelity demonstrated that the mixture of natural mud fiats and artificial salt ponds in southern San Francisco Bay provided sufficient resources for large wintering populations of Western Sandpipers.     

Abundance-range size relationships of breeding and wintering birds in Britain: a comparative analysis

Both breeding and wintering assemblages of birds in Britain exhibit positive interspecific relationships between population size and geographic range size, such that the average density of species is greater if they are more widely distributed Species in common to both assemblages, that is resident species, had greater population sizes, geographic range sizes, and densities in winter In contrast, whilst winter migrants had higher abundances than summer migrants, the range sizes of the former were disproportionately larger still, resulting in a lower density for species that only winter in Britain than for those that only breed Such differences aside, the overall form of the abundance-range size relationship is remarkably similar between the two assemblages and their constituent subsets of species     

云南纳帕海湿地越冬斑头雁活动区

活动区范围反映了动物在个体水平上的空间需求,开展相关研究对物种保护以及理解动物与环境之间的关系具有重要意义。于2017、2018和2019年共3个越冬季,在云南纳帕海湿地对7只斑头雁（Anser indicus）进行了卫星遥测,运用动态布朗桥模型构建了斑头雁越冬期活动区,并结合遥感技术分析了水域面积变化对斑头雁活动区的影响。结果表明：所跟踪斑头雁的总活动区域中有54.7%位于保护区范围内,其余活动区域则分布于保护区外围的草地或沼泽中;斑头雁越冬期的平均活动区面积和核心活动区面积分别为（5.98 ± 0.63）km2和（0.55 ± 0.12）km2（n = 8,2017年越冬季1只个体数据、2018年越冬季6只个体数据和2019年越冬季1只个体数据）,核心活动区面积仅占活动区面积的9.2%;最大活动区面积为8.22 km2,最小仅为3.38 km2,最大核心活动区面积为1.21 km2,最小为0.12 km2;斑头雁活动区面积受纳帕海湿地水域面积变化影响较大,随着水域由南向北退缩,沼泽及草甸增多,斑头雁的活动范围变大,且会向着水域退减的方向移动;2639号斑头雁在2018年和2019年两年越冬季相同时间段的活动区面积和分布均存在显著差异,2018年越冬季活动区的面积（5.98 km2）小于2019年（8.22 km2）,核心活动区的面积（0.61 km2）同样也小于2019年（1.21 km2）,并且其两年越冬季活动区面积的重叠度指数IO仅为0.31。鉴于斑头雁是H5N1高致病性禽流感的重要携带者和传播者,建议保护区增加保护区管理范围,对与斑头雁活动区重合较大的村庄,包括云南省迪庆州香格里拉市建塘镇的开松、纳公和打日觉等重点管理,避免家猪与斑头雁混群觅食,倡导在冬季时对家猪进行圈养,防止可能引起的禽流感交叉传播。     

Migration of Whooper Swans and Outbreaks of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 Virus in Eastern Asia

Evaluating the potential involvement of wild avifauna in the emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 (hereafter H5N1) requires detailed analyses of temporal and spatial relationships between wild bird movements and disease emergence. The death of wild swans (Cygnus spp.) has been the first indicator of the presence of H5N1 in various Asian and European countries; however their role in the geographic spread of the disease remains poorly understood. We marked 10 whooper swans (Cygnus cygnus) with GPS transmitters in northeastern Mongolia during autumn 2006 and tracked their migratory movements in relation to H5N1 outbreaks. The prevalence of H5N1 outbreaks among poultry in eastern Asia during 2003–2007 peaked during winter, concurrent with whooper swan movements into regions of high poultry density. However outbreaks involving poultry were detected year round, indicating disease perpetuation independent of migratory waterbird presence. In contrast, H5N1 outbreaks involving whooper swans, as well as other migratory waterbirds that succumbed to the disease in eastern Asia, tended to occur during seasons (late spring and summer) and in habitats (areas of natural vegetation) where their potential for contact with poultry is very low to nonexistent. Given what is known about the susceptibility of swans to H5N1, and on the basis of the chronology and rates of whooper swan migration movements, we conclude that although there is broad spatial overlap between whooper swan distributions and H5N1 outbreak locations in eastern Asia, the likelihood of direct transmission between these groups is extremely low. Thus, our data support the hypothesis that swans are best viewed as sentinel species, and moreover, that in eastern Asia, it is most likely that their infections occurred through contact with asymptomatic migratory hosts (e.g., wild ducks) at or near their breeding grounds.     

Individual Winter Movement Strategies in Two Species of Murre (Uria spp.) in the Northwest Atlantic

Individual wintering strategies and patterns of winter site fidelity in successive years are highly variable among seabird species. Yet, an understanding of consistency in timing of movements and the degree of site fidelity is essential for assessing how seabird populations might be influenced by, and respond to, changing conditions on wintering grounds. To explore annual variation in migratory movements and wintering areas, we applied bird-borne geolocators on Thick-billed Murres (Uria lomvia, n = 19) and Common Murres (U. aalge, n = 20) from 5 colonies in the Northwest Atlantic for 2–4 consecutive years. Thick-billed Murres ranged widely and among-individual wintering strategies were highly variable, whereas most Common Murres wintered relatively near their colonies, with among-individual variation represented more by the relative use of inshore vs. offshore habitat. Within individuals, some aspects of the wintering strategy were more repeatable than others: colony arrival and departure dates were more consistent by individual Common than Thick-billed Murres, while the sizes of home ranges (95% utilization distributions) and distances travelled to wintering area were more repeatable for both species. In consecutive years, individual home ranges overlapped from 0–64% (Thick-billed Murres) and 0–95% (Common Murres); and the winter centroids were just 239 km and 169 km apart (respectively). Over the 3–4 year timescale of our study, individuals employed either fixed or flexible wintering strategies; although most birds showed high winter site fidelity, some shifted core ranges after 2 or 3 years. The capacity among seabird species for a combination of fidelity and flexibility, in which individuals may choose from a range of alternative strategies, deserves further, longer term attention.     

Population Structure of Tundra Swans Wintering in Eastern North America

ABSTRACT Our objective was to determine whether there were subpopulations within the eastern population of tundra swans (Cygnus columbianus columbianus) wintering along the mid-Atlantic coast. Movement rates between regions were substantial enough to result in continual mixing of wintering birds. Thus, we were unable to identify distinct subpopulations based on exclusive use of specific wintering areas. These birds should therefore be monitored, and their harvest managed, as if they were one population.     

Species-range size distributions in Britain

The detailed forms of species-range size distributions in Britain are determined and contrasted for ten taxonomic assemblages (liverworts, vascular plants, molluscs [aquatic and terrestrial], dragonflies, macro-moths. butterflies, birds [breeding and wintering], mammals). All are strongly right-skewed when range sizes are untransformed. A logarithmic transformation fails to normalise the distribution for all but one group, and the distributions for several groups are not readily normalised at all. Taxa with larger median range sizes have species-range size distributions that are less strongly right-skewed. The median observed range sizes of species in each of the taxonomic groups fall, in terms of decreasing range size, in the sequence wintering birds < breeding birds < mammals < butterflies < terrestrial molluscs < dragonflies < aquatic molluscs < vascular plants < moths < liverworts. Despite the difficulties in deriving a simple and sensible mechanistic model for range size distributions, this is likely to be the most important next step towards understanding their forms.