转基因动物研究新进展

我们曾对转基因动物的制作方法、转基因动物研究的应用、转基因的表达特征及提高转基因表达的策略等作过专题综述＾「１」。而这之后在转基因动物的研究方面又获得了许多新进展,其中转线粒体动物的问世拓宽了转基因动物的研究内容。在制作转基因动物的方法上,１９９８－１９９９年世界上先后报道了三种新方法：即由Ｓｃｈｎｉｅｋ等报道的体细胞核移植技术实现转基因,由Ａｎｔｈｏｎｙ Ｗ．Ｓ．Ｃ等报道的通过用逆转录病毒载体感     

转基因作物生物安全:科学证据

通过对美国Web of Science数据平台的全部转基因作物生物安全SCI论文的检索,研究了有关转基因作物生物安全的科学证据。得出科学家比消费者更关心转基因技术的安全性;批准商业化生产的转基因技术经过了有史以来最为严格的生物学安全检验与检测,并建立了有史以来最为严格的监管体系;在所发表的全部9333篇转基因生物安全论文中,90%以上的论文证明转基因技术的安全性与传统非转基因作物无显著差异;而对于所有得出转基因食品不安全结论的论文的追踪研究发现,其研究结论被证明是在错误的研究材料或方法条件下得出的。     

植物遗传转化新技术和新方法

目前通过遗传转化技术获得了许多植物的转基因植株,一些重要农作物转基因新品种已进入产业化阶段,展现出极好的应用前景。但随着研究的不断深入,在如何提高遗传转化效率和转基因安全性等方面,一些新的技术和方法不断出现并得到应用,如胚状体再生系统、叶绿体转化系统、超声波辅助农杆菌介导法、位点特异重组MATvector系统、正选择系统以及新的转基因分子检测方法,使遗传转化技术向高效、安全方向发展,新一代的转基因植物也将会更适应人们和生态环境的需求。     

生物技术发展的现状和展望

近十多年是世界生物技术迅速发展时期农业转基因动植物研究开发取得新进展,培育成功一批抗虫抗病,耐除草剂和高产,优质农作物新品种具有不同作用的转基因猪,羊新品种为发展高效益畜牧业带来利益,生物技术产品开发和基因治疗技术取得突破,生物技术产业化加快,下世纪初期将成为支柱产业之一,近两年,美,欧,日等发达国家政府制订一了些有利于生物技术发展的新政策和多方筹资进行生物技术基本建设。     

我国转基因植物研发形势及发展战略

当前,发达国家及跨国种业集团在功能基因组学、转基因技术和转基因产品研发方面进展显著,转基因产业发展势头强劲,已成为近年来持续保持高速增长的新兴产业。我国高度重视转基因植物研发及产业化,整体水平领先于发展中国家,但与国际转基因生物产业快速发展和我国衣业发展对转基因产品的需求相比,在转基因技术和产品创新、产业化机制以及支撑条件等方面尚存在较多制约因素。基于系统比较分析,建议我国进一步加强转基因植物研发能力建设,夯实转基因育种基础,突破转基因核心技术,培育转基因植物新品种,加强产学研紧密结合,培育具有自主创新能力和市场竞争力的大型企业,与此同时加强科普宣传,营造良好的社会氛围,推进我国生物育种战略性新兴产业的快速发展。     

植物转基因的进展与禾谷类作物转基因的评估

植物转基因技术主要包括病原生物感染系统转基因和理化法直接转基因,这是近五年多来发展极为迅速的领域,我国已有许多研究报道,并有不少综述.本文即在此基础上深入介绍植物转基因的研究进展,及其在禾谷类作物上应用所面临的问题。     

位点特异性重组系统及其在植物转基因研究中的应用

随着植物转基因研究的不断深入,对基因重组系统提出了新的要求。位点特异性重组系统具有高效、精确等的优点,在植物基因工程领域的应用越来越广泛。对常用的三类位点特异性重组系统的作用机制、优缺点及其应用进展进行了全面的综述,期望为植物转基因研究提供技术参考。对于目前研究较为热点的基因编辑技术CRISPR-Cas系统作了简要概述。     

生产疫苗的植物表达系统

综述了近些年来转基因植物作为疫苗表达系统的新进展,比较了植物表达系统相对其他表达系统的优点,介绍了不同介导方式的植物表达系统,包括农杆菌介导的转化和重组植物病毒表达疫苗,讨论了提高表达效率的载体构建策略,对其应用前景提出了展望。     

植物标记基因种类多样发展

转基因技术发展极为迅速,此前已获得极大经济和社会效益,产生的影响国备受国内外关注。我们可以清楚地看到技术本身在商业、科技方面的应用,而应用在同时转基因技术在研究、实践上已经遇上了重重困难。探究标记基因多样性将为未来转基因技术带来新的突破口。本文概述并评价了现阶段构建标记基因和无标记基因两种系统的热点标记基因,并分析其技术难点提出展望。     

转基因鸡—方法与其潜在应用

自八十年代初第一只转基因小鼠诞生以来,许多实验室已开始着手研究这一技术在家禽上的应用。转基因技术对于家禽而言不仅仅往于对生产性状的改良,还有其它一些新应用,例如利用转基因技术导入抗病基因;转基因鸡可以在其蛋中生产异源蛋白质。 生产转基因动物的常规操作在家禽上还行不通,这主要是因为鸡的独特的繁殖系统有别于哺乳动物。对鸡无论是采取天然交配方式还是人工授精,约每十天产一枚受精蛋。在正常情况下,鸡每天排出一     

Patents and technology transfer.

Although the discovery and transfer of technology from universities to industry has been taking place for many years, the surge of activity in areas related to biotechnology, over the past fifteen years, has been remarkable. As the very essence of university research requires rapid publication of results, it is particularly important that timely patenting activity take place if an orderly and profitable transfer of technology is to occur.     

体细胞核移植的研究进展

自从克隆羊多利问世以后,体细胞核移植有了较大的发展,陆续有新的动物克隆成功,但克隆的效率仍然较低。本文综述了体细胞核移植技术研究的进展情况,介绍了基因背景、核移植步骤、胚胎相关支持技术对核移植成功率的影响以及核移植技术中的基因修饰和对核重新程序化的最新认识。     

Myoelectric signal processing for control of powered limb prostheses

Progress in myoelectric control technology has over the years been incremental, due in part to the alternating focus of the R&D between control methodology and device hardware. The technology has over the past 50 years or so moved from single muscle control of a single prosthesis function to muscle group activity control of multifunction prostheses. Central to these changes have been developments in the means of extracting information from the myoelectric signal. This paper gives an overview of the myoelectric signal processing challenge, a brief look at the challenge from an historical perspective, the state-of-the-art in myoelectric signal processing for prosthesis control, and an indication of where this field is heading. The paper demonstrates that considerable progress has been made in providing clients with useful and reliable myoelectric communication channels, and that exciting work and developments are on the horizon.     

细胞凋亡检测方法的研究进展

细胞凋亡在生命活动中具有重要的地位,多年以来一直都是生命科学领域的研究热点.为了准确、快速的检测细胞凋亡,人们发明了多种方法,并且随着科技的发展和技术的进步,新的检测方法不断涌现.就近年来关于细胞凋亡的一些检测方法进行综述.     

利用网络平台辅助遗传学教学的探索与实践

随着新技术的发展, 教学方法日趋丰富。在传统的教学基础上, 网络技术为教学过程搭建了新的平台。在遗传学教学中, 应用网络平台指导学生进行学习, 为提高学生的学习兴趣和进行自主性学习提供了可能。本教研组多年的探索与应用过程表明, 网络教学是遗传学教学中有效的辅助手段之一, 具有传统教学不可比拟的优势。文章就网络教学平台的构建、网络教学的优势与不足以及相应的对策进行了介绍。     

Recent advances in rice biotechnology--towards genetically superior transgenic rice

Rice biotechnology has made rapid advances since the first transgenic rice plants were produced 15 years ago. Over the past decade, this progress has resulted in the development of high frequency, routine and reproducible genetic transformation protocols for rice. This technology has been applied to produce rice plants that withstand several abiotic stresses, as well as to gain tolerance against various pests and diseases. In addition, quality improving and increased nutritional value traits have also been introduced into rice. Most of these gains were not possible through conventional breeding technologies. Transgenic rice system has been used to understand the process of transformation itself, the integration pattern of transgene as well as to modulate gene expression. Field trials of transgenic rice, especially insect-resistant rice, have recently been performed and several other studies that are prerequisite for safe release of transgenic crops have been initiated. New molecular improvisations such as inducible expression of transgene and selectable marker-free technology will help in producing superior transgenic product. It is also a step towards alleviating public concerns relating to issues of transgenic technology and to gain regulatory approval. Knowledge gained from rice can also be applied to improve other cereals. The completion of the rice genome sequencing together with a rich collection of full-length cDNA resources has opened up a plethora of opportunities, paving the way to integrate data from the large-scale projects to solve specific biological problems.     

Applications of whole-cell matrix-assisted laser-desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry in systematic microbiology

In the last few years matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) has been increasingly studied and applied for the identification and typing of microorganisms. Very recently, MALDI-TOF MS has been introduced in clinical routine microbiological diagnostics with marked success, which is remarkable considering that not long ago the technology was generally seen as being far from practical application. The identification of microbial isolates by whole-cell mass spectrometry (WC-MS) is being recognized as one of the latest tools forging a revolution in microbial diagnostics, with the potential of bringing to an end many of the time-consuming and man-power-intensive identification procedures that have been used for decades. Apart from applications of WC-MS in clinical diagnostics, other fields of microbiology also have adopted the technology with success. In this article, an over-view of the principles of MALDI-TOF MS and WC-MS is presented, highlighting the characteristics of the technology that allow its utilization for systematic microbiology.     

分子即时检测(POCT)技术及其在新发传染病中的应用*

分子即时检测(point-of-care testing,POCT)技术具有灵敏度高、分析速度快、体积小、检测成本低廉等特点,在分子诊断领域受到广泛关注。近年来,分子POCT技术的发展与应用在应对新发、突发传染病,保护人类生命健康方面具有重大意义。介绍近五年来新兴的分子POCT技术,总结新兴分子POCT技术的最新研究进展及应用前景,分析POCT技术的优势与面临的挑战,探讨提高其检测灵敏度和选择性的技术策略。     

Genome-wide copy number variation in Hanwoo, Black Angus, and Holstein cattle

Hanwoo, Korean native cattle, is indigenous to the Korean peninsula. They have been used mainly as draft animals for about 5,000 years; however, in the last 30 years, their main role has been changed to meat production by selective breeding which has led to substantial increases in their productivity. Massively parallel sequencing technology has recently made possible the systematic identification of structural variations in cattle genomes. In particular, copy number variation (CNV) has been recognized as an important genetic variation complementary to single-nucleotide polymorphisms that can be used to account for variations of economically important traits in cattle. Here we report genome-wide copy number variation regions (CNVRs) in Hanwoo cattle obtained by comparing the whole genome sequence of Hanwoo with Black Angus and Holstein sequence datasets. We identified 1,173 and 963 putative CNVRs representing 16.7 and 7.8 Mbp from comparisons between Black Angus and Hanwoo and between Holstein and Hanwoo, respectively. The potential functional roles of the CNVRs were assessed by Gene Ontology enrichment analysis. The results showed that response to stimulus, immune system process, and cellular component organization were highly enriched in the genic-CNVRs that overlapped with annotated cattle genes. Of the 11 CNVRs that were selected for validation by quantitative real-time PCR, 9 exhibited the expected copy number differences. The results reported in this study show that genome-wide CNVs were detected successfully using massively parallel sequencing technology. The CNVs may be a valuable resource for further studies to correlate CNVs and economically important traits in cattle.     

大肠杆菌无痕重组的策略与应用

Red同源重组技术发展迅速,已经广泛应用于大肠杆菌基因的敲除、插入与替换。与传统的DNA有痕重组技术相比,基于Red重组原理的DNA无痕重组技术,能够更为精确、快速、高效地修饰大肠杆菌基因组中的目标基因,且在基因组中不残留任何外源片段,因此不会影响后续的基因操作与基因表达。从Red同源重组的原理出发,简要综述了近年来在大肠杆菌中广泛使用的无痕重组技术的原理及操作策略,并对比分析了各种方法的优势与不足;同时,还介绍了DNA无痕重组技术在大肠杆菌基因修饰中的应用情况。