花生对镉胁迫的生理响应及品种间差异

深入研究花生镉毒害机理对于筛选和利用抗镉污染花生种质资源具有重要的理论和实际意义.本文以14个花生品种为材料,以花期花生功能叶叶绿素含量、根系和叶片丙二醛含量、细胞膜透性和根系氧化活力等生理参数为指标,利用人工气候箱砂培试验,研究了6种Cd浓度胁迫下花生植株的生理毒害反应及其品种间遗传差异.结果表明: 在0～60 mg Cd ·L^-1范围内,随着营养液添加Cd浓度的增加,花生叶绿素含量和根氧化活力极显著降低,根、叶细胞膜透性和根、叶丙二醛含量极显著增加,且品种与Cd浓度间具有显著交互作用; 花生根、叶细胞膜透性是对镉胁迫响应最为敏感的生理参数,而叶绿素含量对镉胁迫响应相对不敏感; 各生理参数与营养液Cd浓度关系的线性回归方程的斜率(b)与截距(a)之比值的绝对值︱b/a︱能够较好地描述不同花生品种对镉胁迫的敏感性.对6个生理参数的︱b/a︱值进行综合赋值及敏感性五级聚类分析得知,在供试花生品种中,“中花4号”、“湘农55号”和“湘农3010-w”等3个品种对镉反应高度敏感(Ⅰ级);“莱农29”、“湘农小果w2-7”、“丰花2号”、“莱农13”、“豫花15号”和“丰花3号”等6个品种反应敏感(Ⅱ级);“湘农312”、“祁阳小籽”和“平度01”等3个品种反应一般(Ⅲ级);“花育23 ”和“花育20”等两个品种反应钝感(Ⅳ级).     

氮素调控花生共生结瘤的机制研究进展

氮是花生生长发育所需的大量元素,共生结瘤固氮是花生获取氮素的主要方式之一。花生共生结瘤固氮涉及复杂的调控机理,揭示氮素对根瘤固氮的调控机制对发挥生物固氮潜力具有重要意义。本文系统总结了花生根瘤形成的“裂隙侵染”机制、花生共生结瘤和数量调控的机制以及氮素影响花生结瘤的调控机制。目前,氮素影响慢生根瘤菌与花生互作进而调控结瘤的分子机理尚不清楚,因此未来的研究重点应该集中在氮素影响花生慢生根瘤菌与花生的信号交流、根瘤数调节和营养交换机制等方面,为提高花生结瘤固氮效率和产量、减少化学氮肥施用提供理论基础。     

寄主大豆对根结瘤的控制

我国９个大豆（ＧｌｙｃｉｎｅｍａｘＬ．Ｍｅｒｒ．）品种感染根瘤菌ＵＳＤＡ１１０后,产生不同的结瘤数,低者在２０个以下．高者在６０个以上。赤豆、绿赤豆也可被感染结瘤,而豇豆、扁豆则不能。超结瘤大豆ｎｔｓ３８２作为接穗时能诱导我国大豆原结瘤数有４５个的开育１０号、原结瘤数有１２个的大黄分别发生高结瘤。ｎｔｓ３８２作为砧木时,则不能表现超结瘤．表明超结瘤因子能传给我国大豆,反之存在于我国大豆中的限制超结瘤的因子也能传给ｎｔｓ３８２。ｎｔｓ３８２于ＮＯ３－环境中仍表现超结瘤的特点也能导入开育１０号、大黄及赤豆根部,并使之在ＮＯ３－环境中结瘤。在ＮＯ３－环境中不能结瘤的开育１０号作为接穗,ｎｔｓ３８２作为砧木的嫁接植株,于子叶生长阶段接受ＮＯ３－时,仍能结瘤,于真对生长时接受ＮＯ３－时．则不能结瘤,表明限制结瘤因子于真叶细胞中被诱导形成。     

1株高效花生根瘤菌的筛选与鉴定

从辽宁多地花生种植土壤及其鲜根瘤初步筛选到30株花生根瘤菌,进一步通过回接盆栽花生,测定花生根瘤数、根瘤干重,以及鲜根瘤固氮酶活性、植株全氮量等,筛选出1株结瘤固氮能力较强花生根瘤菌wz-6,通过16S rDNA序列分析,鉴定为圆明慢生根瘤菌(Bradyrhizobium yuanmingense)。为开发优质花生根瘤菌菌剂奠定基础。     

花生接种根瘤菌共生固氮酶活性的研究

1983—1984年,分别利用生茬土和重茬土进行了盆栽花生接种根瘤菌共生固氮酶活性的研究,试验结果表明。花生接种8B6,97-1两株根瘤菌,显著提高结瘤数量,瘤重和固氮酶活性,提高植株干物重和含氮量。共生固氮酶活性高     

钙对镉胁迫下花生生理特性、产量和品质的影响

通过盆栽试验,选用高油品种豫花15和高蛋白品种XB023,研究了不同浓度钙对镉胁迫下不同类型花生品种营养生长、叶片叶绿素含量、光合速率、保护酶活性等生理特性及产量和品质的影响.结果表明： 施钙可以缓解镉胁迫对花生植株主茎高和侧枝长的抑制作用,增加花生植株干物质量,提高叶片叶绿素含量和光合速率,提高叶片超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、过氧化物酶（POD）活性和可溶性蛋白质含量,降低丙二醛（MDA）的积累量,减轻镉胁迫对花生叶片的伤害;施钙可以缓解镉胁迫对花生的减产作用,增加花生荚果和籽仁产量,其增产的主要原因是增加了单株结荚数和出仁率;施钙可以促使籽仁中可溶性糖向粗脂肪和蛋白质转化,增加籽仁中脂肪和蛋白质含量,改善镉胁迫下花生籽仁品质.施钙可以降低两花生品种籽仁中镉含量,对豫花15的降低效果好于XB023.     

钙对镉胁迫下花生生理特性、产量和品质的影响水

通过盆栽试验,选用高油品种豫花15和高蛋白品种XB023,研究了不同浓度钙对镉胁迫下不同类型花生品种营养生长、叶片叶绿素含量、光合速率、保护酶活性等生理特性及产量和品质的影响.结果表明:施钙可以缓解镉胁迫对花生植株主茎高和侧枝长的抑制作用,增加花生植株干物质量,提高叶片叶绿素含量和光合速率,提高叶片超氧化物歧化酶( SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性和可溶性蛋白质含量,降低丙二醛(MDA)的积累量,减轻镉胁迫对花生叶片的伤害;施钙可以缓解镉胁迫对花生的减产作用,增加花生荚果和籽仁产量,其增产的主要原因是增加了单株结荚数和出仁率;施钙可以促使籽仁中可溶性糖向粗脂肪和蛋白质转化,增加籽仁中脂肪和蛋白质含量,改善镉胁迫下花生籽仁品质.施钙可以降低两花生品种籽仁中镉含量,对豫花15的降低效果好于XB023.     

用AFLP技术检测慢生型花生根瘤菌竞争结瘤的研究

以 5株慢生型花生根瘤菌和天府 3号花生为材料 ,用 AFLP技术研究了慢生型花生根瘤菌 Spr2 - 9、Spr3- 3、Spr3- 5、Spr4- 5和 Spr7- 1的遗传特性和竞争结瘤能力。结果显示 ,供试条件下 ,传代次数对菌株的遗传性状无明显影响 ,2 8℃培养条件下 ,花生根瘤菌连续传 96代 ,其 AFLP指纹未发生明显变化 ;37℃培养 ,仅 Spr3- 3和 Spr3- 5能够存活并正常生长 ,其 AFLP指纹也未发生明显改变 ,然而其它菌株不能生长。将供试慢生型花生根瘤菌分别接种天府 3号花生 ,光照培养 30 d后 ,随机各取 4个根瘤 ,从根瘤中提取类菌体 DNA进行 AFLP分析 ,各根瘤类菌体 DNA的 AFLP指纹图谱与该菌株纯培养物 AFLP指纹相同。将 5个菌株混合接种天府 3号花生 ,不同菌株的占瘤率存在差异 ,Spr3- 3和 Spr3- 5的竞争结瘤能力最强 ,两菌株的占瘤率之和为 85.4% ;Spr4- 5的占瘤率为 1 2 .2 % ;Spr7- 1为 2 .4% ;而 Spr2 - 9的竞争结瘤能力最差。本试验结果说明 ,AFLP技术用于根瘤菌生态和竞争结瘤能力研究 ,具有下列优点 :简易、快速、准确 ;直接取豆科植物的根瘤提取 DNA,进行原位研究 ;在不改变菌株遗传特性 ,即不使用突变株的前提下 ,可以直接测定已知菌株的竞争结瘤能力     

用AFLP技术检测慢生型花生根瘤茵竞争结瘤的研究

以5株慢生型花生根瘤菌和天府3号花生为材料,用AFLP技术研究了慢生型花生根瘤菌Spr2—9、Spr3—3、Spr3—5、Spr4—5和Spr7—1的遗传特性和竞争结瘤能力。结果显示,供试条件下,传代次数对菌株的遗传性状无明显影响,28C培养条件下,花生根瘤菌连续传96代,其AFLP指纹未发生明显变化;37C培养,仅Spr3—3和Spr3—5能够存活并正常生长,其AFLP指纹也未发生明显改变,然而其它菌株不能生长。将供试慢生型花生根瘤菌分别接种天府3号花生。光照培养30d后,随机各取4个根瘤,从根瘤中提取类菌体DNA进行AFLP分析,各根瘤类菌体DNA的AFLP指纹图谱与该菌株纯培养物AFLP指纹相同。将5个菌株混合接种天府3号花生,不同菌株的占瘤率存在差异,Spr3—3和Spr3—5的竞争结瘤能力最强,两菌株的占瘤率之和为85．4％;Spr4—5的占瘤率为12．2％;Spr7—1为2．4％;而Spr2—9的竞争结瘤能力最差。本试验结果说明,AFLP技术用于根瘤菌生态和竞争结瘤能力研究,具有下列优点：简易、快速、准确;直接取豆科植物的根瘤提取DNA,进行原位研究;在不改变菌株遗传特性,即不使用突变株的前提下,可以直接测定已知菌株的竞争结瘤能力。     

氮肥对覆膜花生固氮活性与产量的影响

不施氮肥花生固氮力为106～146公斤N/顷。施用高量氮肥对花生结瘤不利,用量10、20、40、60公斤NH_4NO_3/亩时,花生固氮率分别降低24、47、67、82%,花生约增产10%,在施低量氮肥(5公斤NH_4NO_3/亩)时不影响花生结瘤,且对花生有增产作用。有机肥对花生结瘤的抑制作用比无机氮肥轻,在2与4吨/亩(0.6％N)用量时,花生固氮作用降低7与23%,花生约增产8.0％     

花生增产剂的大田应用及其对花生形态与生理的影响

花生增产剂在生产中应用,对花生有矮化抗倒和增产的作用。它能提高叶片的光合作用强度和叶绿素含量及a/b比值,促进根系发育,调节营养生长和生殖生长的关系,提高光合产物向荚果和果仁的分配比率,使亩产量增加。     

EFFECTS OF CADMIUM ON HOUSEFLY: INFLUENCE ON GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT AND METABOLISM DURING METAMORPHOSIS OF HOUSEFLY

Abstract The objective of this study was to elucidate the effects of cadmium on housefly, Musca domestica. It is suggested that of cadmium in low concentrations of had little influence on growth and development of housefly. Cadmium was mainly distributed in the digestive tracts of housefly larvae, where the cadmium content was higher than that of other parts. During the metamorphosis of housefly the change trend of the cadmium content was very apparent. The cadmium content increased gradually in larval period, whereas it decreased significantly after polarization. Until the sixth day after emergence, only negligible cadmium was left in adult housefly. All these results demonstrated that the response of housefly to cadmium is an evolution adaptation in natural selection.     

Cd^2＋对家蝇生长发育的影响以及在家蝇变态过程中的代谢研究

研究重金属镉对家蝇生长发育的影响,以及镉在家蝇变态过程中的代谢。结果表明：低浓度的Cd^2 对家蝇的生长分育几乎没有什么影响,而高浓度的Cd^2 则影响家蝇卵孵化率,幼虫相对存活率,化蛹率,羽化率,百头幼虫理和百头蛹重。进入家蝇幼虫体内的Cd^2 主要分布在消化道,其次是体壁,脂肪体和血淋巴中含量很少。在家蝇变态过程中,Cd^2 的含量变化趋势十分明显：幼虫期Cd^2 逐渐累积,化蛹后Cd^2 含量大幅度下降,羽化后的第6天,成虫体内只剩下极微量的Cd^2 。这些结果表明家蝇对环境中重金属镉的反应是一种在自然选择过程中形成的高度的进化适应。     

Cadmium tolerance and accumulation in eight potential energy crops

The production of energy crops that can be used for biodiesel production is a sustainable approach for the removal of metal pollutants by phytoremediation. This study investigated the cadmium (Cd) accumulation and tolerance of eight potential energy crops. After growth for 28 days in substrates containing 0, 50, 100 or 200 mg Cd·kg^− 1, seedlings were evaluated for growth parameters, chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and Cd accumulation. All eight crops were moderately tolerant to Cd toxicity, with four [i.e., hemp (Cannabis sativa), flax (Linum usitatissimum), castor (Ricinus communis) and peanut (Arachis hypogaea)] being more tolerant than the others. Three of these crops (hemp, flax and peanut) had higher Cd accumulation capacities. The roots of peanut and hemp had high bioconcentration factors (BCF > 1000), while flax shoots accumulated a higher concentration of Cd (> 100 mg/kg). These results demonstrate that it is possible to grow energy crops on Cd-contaminated soil. Hemp, flax and peanut are excellent candidates for phytoremediation.     

Interaction of cadmium and zinc during prenatal development in the rat

Cadmium chloride, zinc chloride, or a mixture of the two, labeled with 115m-Cd or 65-Zn was administered intraperitoneally to Wistar rats on day 9 of gestation. On day 20 fetuses of Cd-treated rats exhibited malformations, but those of rats given zinc or zinc plus cadmium did not. No radioactive cadmium was recovered in the fetuses or fetal membranes, although some was found in the placentas. Simultaneous administration of zinc did not alter the distribution of cadmium, but cadmium significantly increased the amount of zinc in the fetus and placenta. In a second experiment, cadmium or cadmium plus zinc was administered on day 9 of gestation and embryonic units were removed on days 10, 11, and 12. On day 10 cadmium was found in the embryonic unit and maternal uterus, and cadmium in both was significantly reduced by simultaneous administration of zinc. The cadmium concentration in uterus and embryonic units decreased sharply on day 11 and 12 and by day 12 did not differ in animals treated with cadmium or with cadmium plus zinc. It is concluded that cadmium reaches the placenta or embryo at an organogenetically sensitive time, and that zinc may protect the embryo by decreasing the exposure to cadmium this time.     

Development of Meloidogyne arenaria on Peanut and Soybean under Two Temperature Cycles

Florunner peanut and three soybean cultivars, Centennial, Gasoy 17, and Wright, were inoculated with 48-hour age cohorts of Meloidogyne arenari race 1 second-stage juveniles and placed in a growth chamber set to simulate early season (low temperature) and midseason (high temperature) conditions. Percentages of the initial inoculum penetrating roots 4 and 8 days after inoculation were 2-3 times higher in soybean cultivars than in peanut; 25% on susceptible soybean and 9% on peanut. Penetration and early development of M. arenaria were greater in the higher temperature environment. Penetration percentages were expressed as a function of cumulative degree-days by regression models. Development of M. arenaria 10, 20, and 30 days after inoculation was more rapid on peanut than on soybean. The resistant soybean cultivar Wright had slower development rates than did the other two soybean cultivars. Nematode growth and development were dependent on temperature. In greenhouse experiments, production of eggs by M. arenaria was more than 10 times greater on peanut than on susceptible soybean. The reproductive factor for Wright soybean was less than one, but plant growth parameters indicated that this cultivar was intolerant of M. arenavia.     

玉米、小麦与花生间作改善花生铁营养机制的探讨

采用土培盆栽方法模拟研究了玉米／花生、小麦／花生间作对花生铁营养状况的影响及其作用机制。结果表明,禾本科作物与花生间作对花生的铁营养状况有显著影响：当花生与玉米或小麦分别间作时,花生新叶叶色正常,而花生单作则表现出严重的缺铁黄化现象,间作花生新叶活性铁、叶绿素含量明显高于单作,两种间作花生各部位铁含量和吸收量明显高于单作,间作明显地促进了铁向花生地上部的转移;在单作花生表现缺铁症状１４ｄ的时间范围内,其根系质外体铁含量仅是间作花生的５２％～８０％;而根系还原力则是单作花生在表现缺铁症状后迅速提高,至缺铁第６ｄ时还原力达到最大值,随后花生根系还原力迅速下降,而间作花生在０～１４ｄ内还原力增加速度缓慢,在１０～１４ｄ中其根系还原力明显地高于单作花生根系还原力。其主要原因可能是禾本科作物玉米、小麦根系分泌物（如：麦根酸类植物铁载体）螯合土壤中难溶性铁并被花生吸收利用。     

EFFECTS OF CADMIUM ON GROWTH AND SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE ACTIVITY OF THE MARINE MICROALGA TETRASELMIS GRACILIS (PRASINOPHYCEAE)1

Marine planktonic algae are frequently exposed to metallic contaminants. Because heavy metals can be assimilated and accumulated by algal cells, they can then be transferred to higher trophic levels of food chains. We studied the effects of cadmium on protein production and the growth of the marine prasinophyte Tetraselmis gracilis (Kylin) Butcher. By means of toxicological assays, we estimated the LC₅₀ of cadmium as 3.2 ppm and 1.8 ppm after 48 h and 96 h of exposure to this heavy metal, respectively. The growth curves and survival percentages of cell cultures in the presence of cadmium were determined, and a proportional reduction of both parameters with increasing metal concentrations was found. When chronically exposed to sublethal concentrations of cadmium, T. gracilis contained high levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, one of the main enzymes of the cell's antioxidant defense mechanism. Under these growth conditions, total SOD activity in crude extracts was increased by 41% (at 1.5 ppm) and 107% (at 3.0 ppm). Assays of SOD activity in nondenaturing polyacrylamide gels also showed a similar induction by cadmium. These results show that cadmium has potentially toxic properties since it significantly inhibited the growth of T. gracilis at low concentrations and promoted the induction of SOD activity, suggestive of an oxidative stress state. Besides being the first report of SOD in T. gracilis, this work describes experimental evidence of SOD induction by cadmium in this species.