响应面法优化超声波法提取红枣多糖工艺

以新郑红枣为原料,利用响应面法优化超声波提取红枣多糖工艺。以红枣多糖的提取率为参考指标,研究料液比、提取次数、提取时间3个因素对红枣多糖提取率的影响。在单因素试验的基础上,利用Box-Behnken中心组合试验设计及响应面分析,对料液比、提取次数和提取时间进行优化组合,考察3个因素对红枣多糖提取率的影响。结果表明:提取红枣多糖的最佳工艺条件为液料比16∶1(m L/g)、提取次数2次、提取时间38 min,在此最佳条件下,红枣多糖的实际提取率为7.25%;证明此工艺可应用于红枣多糖的大规模提取。     

响应面试验优化红枣乳酸发酵饮料工艺

为获得红枣乳酸发酵饮料的最佳工艺条件,以乳酸发酵饮料中的总酸含量为考察指标,在单因素试验的基础上,应用Box Behnken试验设计和响应面分析法对红枣乳酸发酵工艺进行优化,并对乳酸发酵前后的活性物质含量进行了比较。结果表明：各因素对红枣乳酸发酵饮料中总酸含量的影响大小依次为接种量、发酵温度、发酵时间,最佳工艺条件为发酵温度43℃、发酵时间24h、接种量10%,在此条件下,活性成分得到了很好地保留,制备得到的红枣乳酸发酵饮料中的总酸含量可达0.897g/100g,得到的回归模型对试验拟合较好。     

响应面法优化黑变红枣枣皮类黑精细胞破碎和水浴联动提取工艺

研究表明,黑变红枣枣皮类黑精的最大吸收波长为280nm,本试验以黑变红枣枣皮为原料,在单因素试验的基础上,通过响应面分析法优化水浴与细胞破碎联动对黑变红枣枣皮类黑精提取工艺并建立回归模型。结果表明：最佳提取工艺条件为水浴时间100min、水浴温度78℃、细胞破碎时间为53min、细胞破碎功率66%。在此工艺条件下,测得黑变红枣枣皮吸光度为1.072。与理论值1.031相比,相对误差约3.9%。与常规水浴法和细胞破碎提取黑变红枣枣皮类黑精相比,联动水浴和细胞破碎提取效果更好。最佳提取级数为3级,提取率为91.38%。     

红枣贮藏期果面微生物多样性

以2种成熟度不同的红枣(Zizyphus jujuba Mill.)为试验材料在入库前采用保鲜剂处理,未采用保鲜剂处理的红枣为试验对照,研究红枣不同贮藏时期果面微生物多样性。结果表明:红枣贮藏期果面微生物种群中,细菌是优势类群,占微生物总数80%以上,真菌较少;采摘期红枣果面上就携带微生物,真菌优势菌株属于链格孢(Alternaria),其次为镰刀菌(Fusarium)和木霉(Trichoderma),贮藏期优势菌株属于链格孢(Alternaria)、青霉(Penicillium)、木霉(Trichoderma)和镰刀菌(Fusarium),曲霉(Aspergillus)、毛霉(Mucor)和根霉(Rhizopus)次之。红枣贮藏期果面微生物种群动态失衡是导致贮藏病害发生的主要原因,成熟度较高的红枣果面微生物总数、真菌和细菌的数量明显高于成熟度较低的红枣,使用保鲜剂后有效地降低了红枣贮藏期果面微生物的多样性,贮藏时间越长红枣果面微生物的多样性越明显。     

基于GIS的陕北红枣生态适宜性空间分布格局研究

作物的生态适宜性空间分布格局对于掌握作物生长适宜区域具有重要的作用。陕北红枣, 作为该地区的特色经济作物, 其生态适宜性分布特征尚不明晰。因此, 本文基于层次分析法确定适宜地形、气候、土壤及植被因子权重,通过地理信息系统(GIS)技术确定陕北地区红枣生态适宜性空间分布等级和面积。结果表明, 陕北地区红枣生态适宜区自陕北南部和东南部向西北和北部地区递减, 年降雨量、年积温及高程是限制红枣在陕北西北部适宜生长的主要环境因子; 红枣最佳生态适宜区和次适宜区主要集中于富县、黄龙县、甘泉县及宜川县。其中, 红枣最佳适宜区和次适宜区面积在富县分别达到 5036.58 hm²、23114.25 hm², 即富县是陕北红枣生态适宜性分布的最优区县。一般适宜区主要集中于延长县、绥德县、清涧县、延川县、宜川县、子洲县及宝塔区。因此, 未来可以在红枣优适宜区进行精准培育种植, 着重提升红枣品质。在一般适宜区增加红枣种植面积, 提高红枣总产量。以期为该地区红枣优化生产提供科学依据, 实现陕北精品红枣规模化发展。     

沙棘、红枣、山楂复合功能饮料的研制

目的：制备沙棘、红枣、山楂复合功能饮料,优化其配方并测定抗氧化活性。方法：采用正交试验确定沙棘汁、红枣汁、山楂汁的复合配比,并在单因素试验基础上,以感官（色泽、气味、组织状态、口感）评分为评价指标,白砂糖、食盐、柠檬酸、羧甲基纤维素钠加入量为影响因素确定响应面试验优化配方,最后测定该复合功能饮料的抗氧化性。结果：沙棘红枣山楂复合饮料的复合配比（沙棘汁∶红枣汁∶山楂汁）为20∶10∶4（V∶V∶V）,白砂糖添加量为5%、食盐添加量为0.06%、柠檬酸添加量为0.03%、羧甲基纤维素钠添加量为0.05%,感官评价为8.9分,在以上条件下,复合功能饮料色泽气味理想,口感良好,组织状态均匀,透明度高,对DPPH自由基的清除能力高达92.60%。结论：沙棘红枣山楂复合饮料具有强抗氧化活性功能,是值得开发的饮料产品。     

红枣青枣小黑枣

老妈是红枣的忠实拥护者。想当初,每次开学的时候,总会在我的背包里塞上大袋的红枣,还不断叮嘱：“红枣可以补血安神,多吃点对身体好。”我们家位于黄土高原上的红枣主产区,总能买到质量最好的红枣。     

红枣树莓低糖果酱的研制

通过正交试验探讨了红枣树莓低糖果酱的配料和技术指标,结果表明：以红枣浆：树莓浆为1：2（果浆含量50%）、果胶1%、可溶性固形物：40%、总酸0.6%,通过调配、胶磨、均质、灌装、杀菌等工艺,制得产品在外观、色泽、风味、组织状态和口感方面达到最佳。     

红枣青枣小黑枣

老妈是红枣的忠实拥护者。想当初,每次开学的时候,总会在我的背包里塞上大袋的红枣,还不断叮嘱:"红枣可以补血安神,多吃点对身体好。"我们家位于黄土高原上的红枣主产区,总能买到质量最好的红枣。在这个全民养生的时代,红枣被奉为滋补圣品。最亮眼的广告就是,一个梦露装扮的美女,抱着红枣浓缩汁。我在想,梦露大概不会喜欢那种奇异的味道。因为,几乎没有西方人种过枣树,吃过枣。对了,她也许喜欢吃伊拉克蜜枣。     

红枣活性成分及其生物活性研究进展

红枣中的活性成分以多糖、黄酮类、环核苷酸类、多酚类、五环三萜类、生物碱为主,具有抗氧化、免疫调节及抗肿瘤、保护肝脏、降血糖、抗炎等多种生物活性。本文综述了红枣中活性成分及生物活性的研究进展,并对红枣产业的发展进行展望,为红枣中活性成分的开发与利用提供科学依据。     

Investigating the inoculum dynamics of Cladosporium on the surface of raspberry fruits and in the air

Raspberry production is under threat from the emerging fungal pathogenic genus Cladosporium. We used amplicon-sequencing, coupled with qPCR, to investigate how fruit age, fruit location within a polytunnel, polytunnel location and sampling date affected the fruit epiphytic microbiome. Fruit age was the most important factor impacting the fungal microbiome, followed by sampling date and polytunnel location. In contrast, polytunnel location and fruit age were important factors impacting the bacterial microbiome composition, followed by the sampling date. The within-tunnel location had a small significant effect on the fungal microbiome and no effect on the bacterial microbiome. As fruit ripened, fungal diversity increased and the bacterial diversity decreased. Cladosporium was the most abundant fungus of the fruit epiphytic microbiome, accounting for nearly 44% of all fungal sequences. Rotorod air samplers were used to study how the concentration of airborne Cladosporium inoculum (quantified by qPCR) varied between location (inside and outside the polytunnel) and time (daytime vs. nighttime). Quantified Cladosporium DNA was significantly higher during the day than the night and inside the polytunnel than the outside. This study demonstrated the dynamic nature of epiphytic raspberry fruit microbiomes and airborne Cladosporium inoculum within polytunnels, which will impact disease risks on raspberry fruit.     

Date palm,potential source for refined sugar

The total sugars in the mesocarp of the date palm fruit is between 70 and 80%. Approximately 60% of the dry weight of the mesocarp at the Khalal and early Rutab stages of fruit development is sucrose. High-yielding varieties of date palm have fruit yield potentials of 12.0 tons/ha, equivalent to an estimated production of 7.2 tons/ha of sucrose if the fruit is harvested at the stage of maximum sucrose accumulation. The estimated sucrose production from the date palm compares very favourably with the world average of 6.6 tons/ha for canesugar and the beet sugar average of 5.6 tons/ha for Europe. The relatively high sugar content of the fruit suggests that the date palm may have an important agro-industrial future as a potential source for refined sugar.     

山茱萸种质资源数量性状评价及相关性分析

对从全国收集的75份山茱萸种质资源,从叶长、叶宽、果实横径、果实纵径、鲜果百粒重、种子千粒重、种子含水量、枣皮灰分、枣皮水分、水溶性浸出物和马钱素含量等表型性状,分析其变异系数和各性状间的相关性.分析结果显示,75份山茱萸种质资源在叶长、叶宽、鲜果百粒重、种子千粒重、枣皮灰分和马钱素含量等性状上的变异系数均高于10％,说明这些性状变化范围较大,个体间性状不稳定,易受环境因素的影响;而果实横径、果实纵径、种子含水量、枣皮水分和水溶性浸出物的变异系数均低于10％,说明这些性状变异较小,表型性状比较稳定.相关性分析结果显示,各性状间都存在一定的相关性,其中果实纵径和果实横径与鲜果百粒重呈显著正相关(0.396和0.312,P ＜0.01),说明果实纵横径是影响果实重量的关键因素;水溶性浸出物大小与果实横径(0.481,P＜0.01)、果实纵径(0.280,P＜0.05)、马钱素含量(0.372,P＜0.01)呈现显著性正相关,表明水溶性浸出物含量的高低与山茱芰有效成分马钱素含量和果实大小及形状密切正相关,这将为种质的筛选、评价和新品种选育提供依据.     

中阳木枣的优树选择研究

1994－1998年,通过对佳县中阳木刺分布区的调查,经过初选、复选和决选的选优程序,共选出中阳木枣优树13株,11个性状的统计分析表明,平均树冠投影产量、枣吊比、平均单果重、最大单果重、制干率、干刺含糖量均超过优树选择标准,表现出明显的优系特性。     

检疫性害虫枣实蝇的鉴定与入侵威胁

枣实蝇Carpomya vesuviana Costa是我国2007年新增补的进境植物检疫性有害生物,枣实蝇的入侵可能对我国枣业生产构成毁灭性危害。文章详细介绍枣实蝇的鉴别特征及其和近缘种的区别,对枣实蝇的危害、生物学特性和防治技术进行介绍,对我国警惕枣实蝇入侵提出预警。     

An AFLP, SRAP, and SSR Genetic Linkage Map and Identification of QTLs for Fruit Traits in Pear (Pyrus L.)

In this study, a population of 97 F₁ seedlings from a cross between the interspecific hybrid (European × Chinese species) pear ‘Bayuehong’ (BYH) and the Chinese pear ‘Dangshansuli’ (DS) was used for establishing linkage maps and for quantitative trait loci (QTL) discovery. Using amplified length polymorphism (AFLP), simple sequence repeat (SSR), and sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) markers, along with the S locus for self-incompatibility, two parental linkage maps were constructed. The map of BYH consisted of 214 markers (143 AFLPs, 64 SRAPs, 6 SSRs, and S) mapped on all 17 linkage groups of the pear genome with a total length of 1,352.7 cM. The map of DS was comprised of 122 markers (83 AFLPs, 37 SRAPs, 1 SSR, and S) distributed along all 17 linkage groups and covering 1,044.3 cM. Based on phenotypic data from two successive years (2007 and 2008) for six fruit traits, including fruit weight (in grams), fruit diameter (in centimeters), fruit length (in centimeters), soluble solids content, fruit shape index, and maturity date, 19 QTLs were detected. These QTLs were mapped on LG 01, LG 02, LG 05, LG 07, LG 08, LG 10 of the BYH map and LG 02, LG 06, LG 15 of the DS map and accounting for 7.1 to 22.0 % of the observed phenotypic variance. Four QTLs, Pfi-8-1 for fruit shape index, Pfm-8-1 for fruit maturity date, Pfw-7-1 and Pfw-8-1 for fruit weight (in grams), with LOD scores ≥3.5, were deemed as major genes. QTLs Pfi-8-1, Pfm-8-1, and Pfw-8-1 were co-localized on LG 08 of the BYH map, along with Pfl-8-1 for fruit length. It was observed that on LG 07 of the BYH map, QTLs for fruit length, fruit shape index, and fruit weight were clustered. When QTL locations from both years were compared, Pfl-7-1 and Pfl-7-2 for fruit length, Pfi-2-1 and Pfi-2-2 for fruit shape index, and Pfm-8-1 and Pfm-8-2 for fruit maturity date were stably mapped onto the same linkage groups, respectively. Moreover, Pfm-8-1 and Pfm-8-2 were also located within the same region of LG 08 of the BYH map.     

Valorization of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) fruit processing by-products and wastes using bioprocess technology – Review

The date palm Phoenix dactylifera has played an important role in the day-to-day life of the people for the last 7000 years. Today worldwide production, utilization and industrialization of dates are continuously increasing since date fruits have earned great importance in human nutrition owing to their rich content of essential nutrients. Tons of date palm fruit wastes are discarded daily by the date processing industries leading to environmental problems. Wastes such as date pits represent an average of 10% of the date fruits. Thus, there is an urgent need to find suitable applications for this waste. In spite of several studies on date palm cultivation, their utilization and scope for utilizing date fruit in therapeutic applications, very few reviews are available and they are limited to the chemistry and pharmacology of the date fruits and phytochemical composition, nutritional significance and potential health benefits of date fruit consumption. In this context, in the present review the prospects of valorization of these date fruit processing by-products and wastes’ employing fermentation and enzyme processing technologies towards total utilization of this valuable commodity for the production of biofuels, biopolymers, biosurfactants, organic acids, antibiotics, industrial enzymes and other possible industrial chemicals are discussed.     

准噶尔无叶豆的开花物候与生殖特征

 为了研究沙漠稀有植物准噶尔无叶豆(Eremosparton songoricum)的开花物候特征及其对生殖成功的影响, 2005和2006年连续两年对其自然种群的开花物候和开花过程中的花部表型变化进行了观察, 并运用相对开花振幅、开花强度和开花同步性等开花物候指数研究了开花物候特征。结果表明: 准噶尔无叶豆在5月下旬至6月中下旬开花, 其种群、个体、花序和单花的花期分别历时26~29 d、8~10 d、5~7 d和2~3 d。单花开花进程依其形态和散粉特征可分为散粉前期、散粉初期、散粉盛期和凋谢期4个时期。其个体水平的开花物候进程(开花振幅曲线)呈渐进式单峰曲线, 具有很高的开花同步指数, 表现出一种集中开花的模式。开花物候指数与座果数之间的相关分析结果表明, 始花日期与花期持续时间存在负相关关系, 而与开花数和座果数存在正相关关系; 花期持续时间与开花数和座果数存在显著正相关关系。准噶尔无叶豆个体开花物候在很大程度上是由其遗传因子决定的, 而开花物候在年度间的变异, 可能是由于荒漠气候的差异(主要是水分和温度的差异)所引起的。作为沙漠窄域分布特有种, 准噶尔无叶豆在环境和人为干扰的双重选择压力下, 为了吸引更多的传粉者访问而达到生殖成功, 形成了大量集中开花的模式。     

Studies on the Active Changes of GA3 and Cytokinins During Development and Ripening in Seabuckthorn Fruits

The phenological stages in seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L. Subsp. sinensis Rousi and H. thibetana Schlechted) distributed naturally over an area of Wushao ridge were observed. The changes in levels of endogenous phytohormones GA3, iPA, zeatin, IAA and ABA were investigated systematically during development and ripening periods in the two sorts of fruits. The results showed that two peak values of GA3 level in seeds were detected (in 105—109 days and 128--132 days after anthesis). The first peak value of isopentenyl adenine (IPA) in seeds was determined in 92--96 days when the fruit was starting to change its colour and just right now the zeatin first appeared. The iPA content reached the second peak value in 127-136 days after anthesis during fruit full ripening and beginning to deciduous leaf and the maximum of zeatin in seeds appeared near the same time (in 127 days after anthesis). It was remarkable that the zeatin content in fruit stalk and flesh still was kept on high level, in the meantime the zeatin level in seeds dropped down rapidly. Based on the facts that the time of the first peak value in GA3 and iPA level is close to the date when ABA is first detected, and the date of second peak value in GA3, iPA and IAA is coincident with the time of maximum in ABA and zeatin levels make it reasonable to consider that the balance of phytohormones may be more important than absolute amounts of any single hormone during the periods of fruit development and ripening, and meanwhile it also proved that GA3 and CTK play an important regulatory role in controlling fruit ripening and colour changing process of seabuckthorn fruit.     

Investigating the role of potassium and urea to control fruit drop and to improve fruit quality of “Dhakki” date palm

Fruit drop is a key issue with date palm cultivars that can be addressed with a variety of methods and strategies. Foliar application of macronutrients can be more effective in inhibiting fruit drop and improving the quality of date fruits. The current study was carried out to investigate the possible role of potassium (K) and urea to reduce fruit drop and improve the fruit quality of “Dhakki” date palm. It was conducted in a complete randomised block design with seven treatments and three replications at Pakistan's Agricultural Research Institute, Dera Ismail Khan. The treatments used were: (i) Control (distilled water spray); (ii) Potassium sulphate (K₂SO₄) at 1 %; (iii) K₂SO₄ at 1 % + Urea at 2 %; (iv) K₂SO₄ at 2 %; (v) K₂SO₄ at 2 % + Urea at 2 %; (vi) K₂SO₄ at 3 % and; (vii) K₂SO₄ at 3 % + Urea at 2 %. All the concentrations were sprayed at Kimri stage of fruit development during two consecutive growing seasons. Twenty-one date palms of equal size and age were chosen for the assessments to measure percent fruit drop and other physicochemical variables, including fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit weight, pulp percentage, yield/bundle, pH, total soluble solids (TSS), K content in fruit, and all sugars (percent) of harvested date fruit. The results revealed that bunch spray of K significantly affected all the parameters during both seasons. Application of K₂SO₄ alone and in combination with urea not only effectively reduced the fruit drop but also improved fruit quality in date where, K₂SO₄ applied at 2 % combined with urea was the best concentration in reducing fruit drop, enhancing other physicochemical attributes, and improving fruit quality of “Dhakki” date palm. This study may effectively contribute to reduce the fruit drop and enhance the fruit quality by using K and urea, enabling farmers to improve the date yield and increase economic growth.