绒毛番龙眼种仁油中脂肪酸组成和脂肪酸二氢(口恶)唑衍生物的GC-MS分析

本文报道绒毛番龙眼种仁油的脂肪酸组成脂肪酸双键位置,采用“远端基团修饰”的方法经GC/MS测定,它的种仁油的主要脂肪酸含量(%)如下:C16:0 3.94,C16:1(9)4.134,C18:0 3.31,C18:1(9) 19.18,C18:1(11) 13.49,C20:0 32.25,C20 :1(11) 2.21,C20:1(13) 8.43,C22:0 6.13,C22:1(13) 1.16,C22:1(15) 5.14.     

13种微藻的脂肪酸组成分析

分析了13种微藻(包括7种绿藻,5种杂色藻和1种红藻)的总脂含量和脂肪酸组成,结果表明,不同门类微藻的脂肪酸组成差异较大:绿藻的脂肪酸组成以C16和C18为主;杂色藻类的脂肪酸组成相近,金藻门含有14:0、16:0、18:1、18:4等特征脂肪酸,三角褐指藻主要的脂肪酸为14:0、16:0、16:1、16:3和20:5,而粉核油球藻的脂肪酸以14:0、16:0、20:5为主;紫球藻的脂肪酸组成以16:0、20:4和20:5为主。在测试的13种微藻中,杜氏盐藻的亚麻酸含量最高,占总脂肪酸的60.9%;等鞭金藻的十八碳四烯酸含量最高,占总脂肪酸的19.6%;紫球藻和粉核油球藻中花生四烯酸与二十碳五烯酸(EPA)含量分别占总脂肪酸的17.1%和20.9%。     

老年和青年大鼠大脑皮质脂肪酸组成及含量的对比分析

大脑功能与脑内脂肪酸成分密切相关,分析研究老年时脑脂肪酸组成及含量有助于阐明不同类型脂肪酸在老年认知能力降低过程中的作用.采用Y型电迷宫测试老年组(22月龄)和青年组(3月龄)大鼠的学习记忆能力,表明老年组大鼠的学习记忆能力显著下降.用气相色谱的方法分析大鼠大脑皮质脂肪酸的组成及含量,显示老年组和青年组大脑皮质均含有16种脂肪酸.以C23:0为内标对各种脂肪酸进行了定量,老年组总脂肪酸含量比青年组降低约15%,各脂肪酸中含量下降的脂肪酸有长链饱和脂肪酸(C14:0、C16:0、C18:0)及多不饱和脂肪酸(C18:3、C20:4、C22:4、C22:6),含量升高的脂肪酸有单不饱和脂肪酸C20:1、C24:1.用峰面积归一法计算了各脂肪酸的相对含量,老年组相对含量下降的脂肪酸有C18:0、C20:4、C22:6,相对含量升高的有极长链饱和脂肪酸(C20:0、C24:0)及单不饱和脂肪酸(C16:1、C18:1、C20:1、C22:1、C24:1).相关性分析显示,大鼠学习能力与脑皮质C22:6、C22:4、C20:4水平呈正相关,与C20:1、C24:1水平呈负相关.上述结果为阐明不同脂肪酸在老年大脑认知功能障碍中的作用提供了实验依据。     

植物ω-7脂肪酸的系统代谢工程

ω-7脂肪酸(C16:1Δ9, C18:1Δ11, C20:1Δ13), 特别是棕榈油酸(C16:1Δ9)具有重要的工业、营养和医药价值。这些珍稀脂肪酸大多在一些野生植物的种子中合成, 不能商业化生产。对普通油料作物的油脂代谢途径进行遗传修饰, 使其种子大量合成并积累ω-7脂肪酸, 已成为生物技术和可再生资源研究的一个热点领域。基因操作的主要靶标包括: 不同来源的Δ9脱氢酶的应用、提高底物(C16:0)的浓度、共表达质体型和内质网型Δ9脱氢酶以及代谢物流的优化等。该文在解析ω-7脂肪酸生物合成途径及其调控网络的基础上, 重点论述了ω-7脂肪酸代谢工程的技术策略、研究进展和存在的问题, 并进一步讨论了油脂物组学和转基因组学等组学技术在鉴定参与ω-7脂肪酸生物合成途径及其调控的特异基因和优化油脂代谢工程设计上的应用前景。     

东方粘虫的飞翔活动和脂肪酸利用

应用GC和GC-MS分析了东方粘虫Mythimna separata(Walker)成虫脂肪体、血淋巴和飞翔肌内总脂类脂肪酸组成.它们的组成成分为肉豆蔻酸(C14:0),棕榈酸(C16:0),棕榈油酸(C16:1),硬脂酸(C18:0),油酸(C18:2),亚油酸(C18:2)和亚麻酸(C18:3);组成百分率为1-2:35:9-11:1:32:12-17:3-6.在吊飞1h后,脂肪体内的脂肪酸水平显著下降(20μg/mg组织·h~(-1),血淋巴内脂肪酸浓度明显升高,然而,飞翔肌内脂肪酸含量的变化不明显.从脂肪体、血淋巴和飞翔肌内脂肪酸组成成分的百分率变化可以发现东方粘虫飞翔肌在飞翔活动中主要选择性利用棕榈酸和油酸.     

立克次体脂肪酸图谱及其相似性判别

用气相色谱-质谱法分析了7株立克次体浓盐乙醚纯化物的脂肪酸成分,即R．ProwazekiE株、R. conorii Simkoo株、R.rickettsii R株、R sibirica Barbash株和246株、R．Si—nkiangensis Jinghe。株以及R.heilugkiangensis 54株。所得脂肪酸色谱图中有近50个色谱峰,初步确认有以下1 6种： C11:10、2OH—C10:1、C12:0、2OH—C12:0、C13:0、C14:0、C15:0、3OH-C14:0,C16:1、C16:0、C17:0、C18:1、C18:1、C18:0、C19:0和C22:0。其中主要成分是直链饱和脂肪酸C16:0、C18:0及C14:0与不饱和脂肪酸C18:1、C18:2及C16:1。实验菌株脂肪酸图谱经改进的Kulik—Vincent相似系数法处理后,精河株和246株的相似系数为9 7.09%,54株和其他菌株的相似系数在81．6--94．6％之间。     

植物ω-7脂肪酸的系统代谢工程

ω-7脂肪酸（C16：1△9,C18：1△11,C20：1△13）,特别是棕榈油酸（C16：1△9）具有重要的工业、营养和医药价值。这些珍稀脂肪酸大多在一些野生植物的种子中合成,不能商业化生产。对普通油料作物的油脂代谢途径进行遗传修饰,使其种子大量合成并积累ω-7脂肪酸,已成为生物技术和可再生资源研究的一个热点领域。基因操作的主要靶标包括：不同来源的△9脱氢酶的应用、提高底物（C16：0）的浓度、共表达质体型和内质网型？9脱氢酶以及代谢物流的优化等。该文在解析ω-7脂肪酸生物合成途径及其调控网络的基础上,重点论述了ω-7脂肪酸代谢工程的技术策略、研究进展和存在的问题,并进一步讨论了油脂物组学和转基因组学等组学技术在鉴定参与ω-7脂肪酸生物合成途径及其调控的特异基因和优化油脂代谢工程设计上的应用前景。     

五种底栖硅藻(鲍鱼饵料)的脂肪酸组成分析

采用气相色谱分析了5种从鲍鱼育苗池中分离获得的底栖硅藻的脂肪酸组成。结果表明,作为鲍鱼饵料的5种硅藻的C_(16:0)和C_(16:1)含量都很高,达总脂肪酸的40%~80%,是5种硅藻中脂肪酸的主要成分。C20:5的含量均较高,而C_(22:6)含量均很低。其中,咖啡双眉藻的C_(20:5)明显高于其他4种,且C_(20:5)、C_(20:4)、C_(18:2)、C_(18:3)等4种脂肪酸的总含量也最高。而C_(16:0)、C_(18:0)、C_(18:1)、C_(20:4)、C_(20:5)、C_(22:5)脂肪酸的总含量及C_(16)系列脂肪酸和C_(20)系列高不饱和脂肪酸的总含量在舟形藻(MMDL51102)中最高。     

南海南部悬浮颗粒物脂肪酸组成

中国水产科学研究院南海水产研究所"南锋号"科考船在2012年2月22日—3月20日调查期间,对南海南部海域0 m、75 m和150 m层水体悬浮颗粒物进行了脂肪酸(FA)组成的研究。FA含量在表层、75 m层和150 m层的变化范围分别为9.9—15.65μg/L,10.45-14.45μg/L和9.65—16.45μg/L。FA与叶绿素a的比值垂向变化非常大,在表层和150 m层都大于70,而在75 m层小于30(除A7)。悬浮颗粒物的FA组成以饱和脂肪酸和单不饱和脂肪酸为主,而多不饱和脂肪酸含量较低。饱和脂肪酸主要包括C16:0和C18:0,其次是C12:0,单不饱和脂肪酸主要包括C14:1n3、C16:1n7和C16:1n9,多不饱和脂肪酸主要为C18:2n6和C22:2n6。主成分分析表明,第一主成分主要与C16:0、C18:0、C20:0等正相关,可认为第一主成分主要表征浮游植物和碎屑,而第二主成分所表征的可能与浮游动物等有关的信息。悬浮颗粒物的脂肪酸标记物中,C16:1n7/C16:0和∑C16:1/∑FA之间呈显著正相关,同时C16:1n7/C16:0与∑C18/∑FA呈显著负相关,将C16:1n7/C16:0和C16:1/∑FA结合起来适宜于指示硅藻类的组成,∑C18/∑FA可用来指示甲藻类组成。     

气相色谱-质谱法分析肠杆菌细胞脂肪酸

用气相色谱质谱法分析了15种肠杆菌的全细胞酸性水解物,对结果中近30种脂肪肠酸初步化学定名13种,即C11：C12:0,C13:0、C14:0、C15:0、20H—C14:0、 3OH—C14:0 c-16:1、C16:0、aC17:0、C17:0、c13:1和D18:0,其中含量较高者为C-16:0、C18:1、 C15:0、 C-14:0、C16:0、C13:0、3OH—C14:0和C11:0。肠杆菌细胞脂肪酸成分特征是以直链饱和不饱和脂肪酸为主,C16:0。含量最高,而且均含有一定量的30H—C14：0,沙雷氏菌含20H—C14：0,其他未知成分也具有一定特征。本结果为肠杆菌的化学分类学和分子细菌学研究提供了资料。     

Fatty acid utilisation and metabolism in caecal enterocytes of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed dietary fish or copepod oil

A combined fatty acid metabolism assay was employed to determine fatty acid uptake and relative utilisation in enterocytes isolated from the pyloric caeca of rainbow trout. In addition, the effect of a diet high in long-chain monoenoic fatty alcohols present as wax esters in oil derived from Calanus finmarchicus, compared to a standard fish oil diet, on caecal enterocyte fatty acid metabolism was investigated. The diets were fed for 8 weeks before caecal enterocytes from each dietary group were isolated and incubated with [1-14C]fatty acids: 16:0, 18:1n-9, 18:2n-6, 18:3n-3, 20:1n-9, 20:4n-6, 20:5n-3, and 22:6n-3. Uptake was measured over 2 h with relative utilisation of different [1-14C]fatty acids calculated as a percentage of uptake. Differences in uptake were observed, with 18:1n-9 and 18:2n-6 showing the highest rates. Esterification into cellular lipids was highest with 16:0 and C18 fatty acids, accounting for over one-third of total uptake, through predominant incorporation in triacylglycerol (TAG). The overall utilisation of fatty acids in phospholipid synthesis was low, but highest with 16:0, the most prevalent fatty acid recovered in intracellular phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylinositol (PI), although exported PC exhibited higher proportions of C20/C22 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Other than 16:0, incorporation into PC and PI was highest with C20/C22 PUFA and 20:4n-6 respectively. Recovery of labelled 18:1n-9 in exported TAG was 3-fold greater than any other fatty acid which could be due to multiple esterification on the glycerol 'backbone' and/or increased export. Approximately 20-40% of fatty acids taken up were beta-oxidised, and was highest with 20:4n-6. Oxidation of 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 was also surprisingly high, although 22:6n-3 oxidation was mainly attributed to retroconversion to 20:5n-3. Metabolic modification of fatty acids by elongation-desaturation was generally low at <10% of [1-14C]fatty acid uptake. Dietary copepod oil had generally little effect on fatty acid metabolism in enterocytes, although it stimulated the elongation and desaturation of 16:0 and elongation of 18:1n-9, with radioactivity recovered in longer n-9 monoenes. The monoenoic fatty acid, 20:1n-9, abundant in copepod oil as the homologous alcohol, was poorly utilised with 80% of uptake remaining unesterified in the enterocyte. However, the fatty acid composition of pyloric caeca was not influenced by dietary copepod oil.     

(n-7) and (n-9) cis-Monounsaturated fatty acid contents of 12 Brassica species

cis-Vaccenic acid or cis-11-octadecenoic acid, a C18:1 (n-7) isomer of oleic acid (C18:1 (n-9)) has been found in several oilseeds. It is synthesized from palmitic acid (C16:0) via production of C16:1 (n-7) by a Delta9 desaturase and elongation by an elongase giving C18:1 (n-7). In this study, the fatty acid composition of 12 Brassica species was analyzed by GC-FID and confirmed by GC-MS. All species contained C18:1 (n-7), C20:1 (n-7) and C22:1 (n-7) fatty acid isomers, suggesting that C18:1 (n-7) was elongated. The levels of these fatty acids varied according to the species. C18:1(n-7)) represented from 0.4% to 3.3% of the total relative fatty acid contents of the seeds. The contents of C20:1(n-7) and C22:1(n-7) levels were lower than C18:1(n-7) contents; the relative fatty acid composition varied from 0.02% to 1.3% and from below the limit of detection to 1.3% for C20:1 (n-7) and C22:1 (n-7), respectively. The ratios of (n-7)/(n-9) ranged from 2.8% to 16.7%, 0.6% to 29.5% and 0% to 2.6% for C18:1, C20:1 and C22:2, respectively. Using statistical similarities or differences of the C18:1 (n-7)/(n-9) ratios for chemotaxonomy, the surveyed species could be arranged into three groups. The first group would include Brassica napus, B. rapa, and B. tournefortii with Eruca sativa branching only related to B. napus. The second group would include B. tournefortii, Raphanus sativus and Sinapis alba. The last group would include B. juncea, B. carinata and B. nigra with no similarity/relationship between them and between the other species. Results suggested that the level of C20:1 (n-7) influenced the levels of all monounsaturated fatty acids with chain length higher than 20 carbons. On the other hand, palmitoleic acid (C16:1) levels, C16:1 being the parent of all (n-7) fatty acids, had no statistically significant correlation with the content of any of the fatty acids of the (n-7) or (n-9) family.     

Phospholipid and triacylglycerol fatty acid content and pattern in the cardiac endothelium of rats depleted in long-chain polyunsaturated omega 3 fatty acids

Rats depleted in long-chain polyunsaturated omega3 fatty acids (omega3-depleted rats) display several features of the metabolic syndrome including hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy. This coincides with alteration of the cardiac muscle phospholipid and triacylglycerol fatty acid content and/or pattern. In the present study, the latter variables were measured in the cardiac endothelium of normal and omega3-depleted rats. Samples derived from four rats each were obtained from 16 female normal fed rats and three groups of 36-40 female fed omega3-depleted rats each aged 8-9, 15-16 and 22-23 weeks. At comparable mean age, the ratio between the square root of the total fatty acid content of phospholipids and cubic root of the total fatty acid content of triacylglycerols was lower in omega3-depleted rats than in control animals. The total fatty acid content of triacylglycerols was inversely related to their relative content in C20:4omega6. Other differences between omega3-depleted rats and control animals consisted in a lower content of long-chain polyunsaturated omega3 fatty acids in both phospholipids and triacylglycerols, higher content of long-chain polyunsaturated omega6 fatty acids in phospholipids, higher activity of delta9-desaturase (C16:0/C16:1omega7 and C18:0/C18:1omega9 ratios) and elongase [(C16:0 + C16:1omega7)/(C18:0 + C18:1omega9) and C20:4omega6/C22:4omega6 ratios], but impaired generation of C22:6omega3 from C22:5omega3 in the former rats. These findings support the view that cardiovascular perturbations previously documented in the omega3-depleted rats may involve impaired heart endothelial function.     

Neutral lipids, their fatty acids, and the sterols of the marine ciliated protozoon, Parauronema acutum

The neutral lipids and their fatty acids and the sterol fractions of the marine ciliated protozoon, Parauronema acutum, were characterized. The neutral lipids consisted of triglycerides (30%), sterols (29%), free fatty acids (24%), steryl esters (9%), and diglycerides (8%) and small amounts of fatty alcohols. The fatty acid profiles of these lipids were very similar although quantitative differences were detected. Saturated fatty acids, primarily 14:0, 16:0, and 18:0 constituted 20-30% of the total. Unsaturated fatty acids containing one to three double bonds, primarily 18:1(9), 18:2 (9,12), 18:3 (9, 12, 15) and 20:3 (11, 14, 17), constituted 35-50% of the total. Highly unsaturated fatty acids, 18:4 (6, 9, 12, 15), 20:5 (5, 8, 11, 14, 17) and 22:6 (4, 7, 10, 16, 19), constituted 16-25% of the total. The fatty alcohols consisted of 14:0 (2%), 16:0 (66%), 18:0 (3%), 20:0 (8%), and 22:0 (21%). The sterols of Parauronema acutum consisted of cholesterol (53%), campesterol (32%), desmosterol (7%), and beta-sitosterol (8%).     

Fatty acid composition of the cold-water-inhabiting freshwater red alga Sirodotia Kylin

Four samples of freshwater alga Sirodotia (class Rhodophyceae) collected from two distinct streams in the Mahabaleshwar, Satara district (1,732 m a.s.l.) of the Western Ghats of Maharashtra (India) were analysed for their fatty acid content. The presence of 32 fatty acids was revealed, of which 13 were saturated (SFA), 8 were monounsaturated (MUFA) and 11 were polyunsaturated (PUFA) fatty acids. The major finding was the presence of three pharmaceutically and neutraceutically important PUFAs: arachidonic acid (AA), eicosapentanoeic acid (EPA), and docosahexanoiec acid (DHA). The major fatty acids identified were palmitic (16:0), cis-11,14 icodienoic (20:2), behenic (22:0), cis-8,11,14 eicosatrienoic(20:3n6), cis-4,7,10,13,16,19 docosahexanoeic (22:6n3), cis-13,16 docosadienoic (22:2), erucic (22:1n9), -5,8,11,14,17 eicosapentaenoic (20:5n3), trichosonoic (23:0), nervonic (24:0), arachidonic (20:4n6), cis-10 pentadecanoic (15:1), cis-11,14,17 eicosatrienoic (20:3n3), and myristic acid (14:0). The total PUFA contents ranged from 31.45 to 40.37%. The fatty acids were characterised by the relatively high abundance of PUFAs, while C20 unsaturated acids were appreciably more abundant than C18 unsaturated acids. This is the first report on fatty acid profiles of the genus Sirodotia.     

Positional distribution of isomers of monoenoic fatty acids in animal glycerolipids

The distributions of the following monoenoic acids were determined [notation: (position of double bond)-(chain length): (no. of double bonds)]: 7-, 9-, and 11-16:1; 7-, 9-, 11-, and 13-18:1; 9-, 11-, and 13-20:1; 9 + 11-22:1 and 13-22:1. As a rule, all isomers of a group show different distribution patterns. In the phospholipids of fish and mammals, the 7- and 13-isomers of 18:1 accumulate in position 1. In triglycerides of mammals fed on fish they accumulate in positions 1 plus 3, and this distribution is shared by 7-16:1 and 11-16:1 and by the groups 20:1 and 22:1. The positional distribution of the acids seems to depend on their structure, the 9-isomers in general accumulating in position 2; but in triglycerides, at least, the origin of the acid also seems to play a directing role, the exogenous acids being incorporated into positions 1 and 3. The variability of the distribution patterns of 9-16:1, 9-18:1, and 11:18:1, which contrasts with the regularity of the patterns for saturated and polyenoic acids, may be connected with the ability of the endogenous monoenoic acids to balance fluctuations in the supply of the exogenous polyenoic acids, and with the role of the fatty acid 9,10-dehydrogenation mechanism in the maintenance of structural and physical properties of phospholipids and triglycerides.     

13C NMR, GC and HPLC characterization of lipid components of the salted and dried mullet (Mugil cephalus) roe "bottarga"

13C NMR spectroscopy, in conjunction with HPLC and GC techniques, has been used to study the molecular composition of lipids extracted from commercial products of bottarga. To this goal, both the saponifiable and unsaponifiable fractions of lipid extracts were also examined by 13C NMR. Among the major lipid classes wax esters (WE) showed a concentration of more than 50mol%, triacylglycerols (TAG) and phospholipids (PL) represented a minor fraction. Concentrations up to 29mol% of free fatty acids (FFA) were found. The most represented fatty alcohol was 16:0 that accounted for more than 50%, among fatty acids the most represented were 16:1 n-7, 22:6 n-3, 18:1 n-9, 16:0, and 20:5 n-3, in particular the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) averaged 40mg/g of the edible portion. 13C NMR spectroscopy put in evidence that cholesterol was present in its free and esterified forms and its total content was measured as ca. 10mg/g of the edible portion.     

On the singular, dual, and multiple positional specificity of manganese lipoxygenase and its G316A mutant

Abstract manganese lipoxygenase (Mn-LO) oxygenates 18:3n-3 and 18:2n-6 to bis-allylic 11S-hydroperoxy fatty acids, which are converted to 13R-hydroperoxy fatty acids. Other unsaturated C(16)-C(22) fatty acids, except 17:3n-3, are poor substrates, possibly because of ineffective enzyme activation (Mn(II)-->Mn(III)) by the produced hydroperoxides. Our aim was to determine whether unsaturated C(16)-C(22) fatty acids were oxidized by Mn(III)-LO. Mn(III)-LO oxidized C(16), C(19), C(20), and C(22) n-3 and n-6 fatty acids. The carbon chain length influenced the position of hydrogen abstraction (n-8, n-5) and oxygen insertion at the terminal or the penultimate 1Z,4Z-pentadienes. Dilinoleoyl-glycerophosphatidylcholine was oxidized by Mn-LO, in agreement with a "tail-first" model. 16:3n-3 was oxidized at the bis-allylic n-5 carbon and at positions n-3, n-7, and n-6. Long fatty acids, 19:3n-3, 20:3n-3, 20:4n-6, 22:5n-3, and 22:5n-6, were oxidized mainly at the n-6 and the bis-allylic n-8 positions (in ratios of approximately 3:2). The bis-allylic hydroperoxides accumulated with one exception, 13-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid (13-HPETE). Mn(III)-LO oxidized 20:4n-6 to 15R-HPETE ( approximately 60%) and 13-HPETE ( approximately 37%) and converted 13-HPETE to 15R-HPETE. Mn(III)-LO G316A oxygenated mainly 16:3n-3 at positions n-7 and n-6, 19:3n-3 at n-10, n-8, and n-6, and 20:3n-3 at n-10 and n-8. We conclude that Mn-LO likely binds fatty acids tail-first and oxygenates many C(16), C(18), C(20), and C(22) fatty acids to significant amounts of bis-allylic hydroperoxides.     

Fatty acid metabolism in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) hepatocytes and influence of dietary vegetable oil

Isolated hepatocytes from Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), fed diets containing either 100% fish oil or a vegetable oil blend replacing 75% of the fish oil, were incubated with a range of seven (14)C-labelled fatty acids. The fatty acids were [1-(14)C]16:0, [1-(14)C]18:1n-9, 91-(14)C]18:2n-6, [1-(14)C]18:3n-3, [1-(14)C]20:4n-6, [1-(14)C]20:5n-3, and [1-(14)C]22:6n-3. After 2 h of incubation, the hepatocytes and medium were analysed for acid soluble products, incorporation into lipid classes, and hepatocytes for desaturation and elongation. Uptake into hepatocytes was highest with [1-(14)C]18:2n-6 and [1-(14)C]20:5n-3 and lowest with [1-(14)C]16:0. The highest recovery of radioactivity in the cells was found in triacylglycerols. Of the phospholipids, the highest recovery was found in phosphatidylcholine, with [1-(14)C]16:0 and [1-(14)C]22:6n-3 being the most prominent fatty acids. The rates of beta-oxidation were as follows: 20:4n-6>18:2n-6=16:0>18:1n-9>22:6n-3=18:3n-3=20:5n-3. Of the fatty acids taken up by the hepatocytes, [1-(14)C]16:0 and [1-(14)C]18:1n-9 were subsequently exported the most, with the majority of radioactivity recovered in phospholipids and triacylglycerols, respectively. The major products from desaturation and elongation were generally one cycle of elongation of the fatty acids. Diet had a clear effect on the overall lipid metabolism, with replacing 75% of the fish oil with vegetable oil resulting in decreased uptake of all fatty acids and reduced incorporation of fatty acids into cellular lipids, but increased beta-oxidation activity and higher recovery in products of desaturation and elongation of [1-(14)C]18:2n-6 and [1-(14)C]18:3n-3.     

A new type of floral oil from Malpighia coccigera (Malpighiaceae) and chemical considerations on the evolution of oil flowers

New, partially acetylated dihydroxy fatty acids could be identified in the floral oil of Malpighia coccigera (Malpighiaceae): 7-OAc,3-OH 20:0, 7-OAc,3-OH 22:0, 9-OAc,3-OH 22:0, 9-OAc,5-OH 22:0, 3,9-diOAc 22:0, 9-OAc,3-OH 24:0, and 11-OAc,5-OH 24:0. The substitution patterns of all hitherto undescribed dihydroxylated and additionally identified monohydroxylated fatty acids are in agreement with a polyketide analogous biosynthesis. Intermediates may be 3-acetoxy fatty acids (C16, C18, and C20), known from flower secretions of other phylogenetically unrelated plant families. A possible relationship between plant epicuticular wax and floral oil biosynthesis is discussed. It may explain why an independent but convergent development of oil flowers and flower oils in unrelated plant families was possible.