伪狂犬病毒VP22蛋白C-端系列缺失突变体的构建及亚细胞定位分析

以绿荧光蛋白(GFP)为标记,构建了一系列伪狂犬病毒VP22蛋白的C-端缺失突变体与GFP融合表达的真核表达质粒,脂质体介导转染Hela细胞,通过荧光显微镜观察分析各个缺失突变体的亚细胞定位,发现伪狂犬病毒VP22蛋白与核定位有关的结构域在第60个到第90个氨基酸残基之间,第111个到第159个氨基酸残基有可能与形成细胞核内的颗粒有关,与微管蛋白结合有关的结构域可能在第187到第241个氨基酸残基之间.上述研究结果为进一步深入研究伪狂犬病毒VP22蛋白的结构与功能奠定了基础.     

绿色荧光蛋白及其应用

绿色荧光蛋白是在水母中发现的新型报告分子,能在多种生物体内表达并发出荧光。对GFP中一些特定氨基酸进行突变可以产生多种类型的突变体,有利于研究蛋白之间或细胞器之间的相互作用。目前,GFP已经用于基因表达的报告、细胞动态的研究、活细胞内蛋白的定位及westernbloting检测中。GFP美好的应用前景也促进了有关GFP的研究,特别是寻找新的突变体并将之运用到细胞生物学和分子生物学的各个领域。     

ABCA1胞外第四环缺失突变体的构建及其抗砷性初步研究

目的：构建ABCA1细胞外第四环第1 479～1 597位氨基酸残基缺失的突变体。方法：采用重叠区扩增基因拼接法构建ABCA1第1 479～1 597位氨基酸残基缺失的突变体基因,并将其克隆至pcDNA3.1/V5-His/ABCA1重组载体上,脂质体法转染Hela细胞,激光共聚焦观察突变体定位,Cell Counting Kit-8(CCK-8)试剂盒检测其48h急性砷中毒后生存率的变化。结果：该突变体基因经DNA序列分析表明其具有正确的序列和阅读框。激光共聚焦证实其表达的蛋白仍然能正确定位在Hela细胞的细胞膜上。CCK-8结果显示转染重组质粒和突变体质粒的细胞在各种砷浓度下生存率都较空载体组高。结论：成功构建了ABCA1胞外第四环第1 479～1 597位氨基酸残基缺失的突变体,且其表达的蛋白仍然定位于细胞膜上,突变体仍然具有一定的抗砷性,提示ABCA1胞外第四环可能不是关键抗砷结构域。     

伪狂犬病毒UL49基因核定位信号的初步确定

伪狂犬病毒UL49基因编码的蛋白VP22是一种皮层蛋白,其生物学功能尚不清楚。预测并确定PRV UL49的核定位信号,可为研究其编码蛋白VP22的蛋白转导功能及作用机理奠定基础。通过生物信息学软件分析预测到,PRV UL49基因存在潜在的两个核定位信号:5~21位氨基酸序列(RKTRVA ADETASGARRR)NLS1和241~247位氨基酸序列(PGRKGKV)NLS2。本文将实验分为对照组、NLS1和NLS2同时缺失组、NLS1缺失组和NLS2缺失组四组,并通过PCR扩增、分子克隆等技术获得PRV Ea株UL49基因。以pEYFP-N1为载体,将UL49基因及各组缺失或突变片段插入EYFP上游,成功构建PRV pUL49-EYFP重组质粒及一系列缺失突变体,转染COS-7细胞后观察荧光定位。实验结果表明,确认预测到的NLS1和NLS2具有核输入功能,且位于241-247位的氨基酸序列(PGRKGKV)的入核功能更强,5~21位氨基酸序列(RKTRVA ADETASGARRR)为双向核定位信号,其同时具有核输出的功能。     

携带小鼠白介素-4截短型突变体基因的5型腺相关病毒载体的构建及外源蛋白的体外表达

目的:制备携带碳端结构域缺失的小鼠白介素-4(Interleukin-4,IL-4)基因突变体的5型重组腺相关病毒(recombinant adeno-associated virus, r AAV)并在细胞水平检测其介导的外源蛋白表达情况。方法:通过分子克隆技术构建携带小鼠IL-4碳端22个氨基酸缺失的突变体的表达质粒pSNAV-mIL-4ΔC22,三质粒共转染法制备重组的5型AAV病毒,体外感染人支气管上皮样细胞系16HBE和BEAS-2B,并通过Western blot和ELISA检测外源蛋白表达。结果:DNA测序表明构建的小鼠IL-4碳端第118位氨基酸位点处截短的突变体基因表达序列正确无误,制备的重组病毒载体r AAV5-mIL-4ΔC22滴度约为3×10~(11)vg/m L。r AAV5-GFP感染16HBE和BEAS-2B细胞后36小时开始可见持续稳定的荧光蛋白表达,重组病毒r AAV5-mIL-4ΔC22感染16HBE和BEAS-2B细胞后外源蛋白在培养上清中呈分泌型表达。结论:本研究成功构建了携带小鼠IL-4碳端结构域缺失型突变体的AAV表达质粒并制备了重组病毒r AAV5-mIL-4ΔC22,该病毒可有效转染16HBE和BEAS-2B细胞并介导外源基因分泌表达截短型小鼠IL-4突变体蛋白。     

乳腺癌易感蛋白BRCA1的BRCT2结构域染色质伸展活性的定位

40 %～ 5 0 %的遗传性乳腺癌和至少 80 %的既有乳腺癌又有卵巢癌家族史的患者是由BRCA1突变引起的 .BRCA1C末端含有 2个BRCT结构域 (BRCT1和BRCT2 ) ,它们与BRCA1的重要功能密切相关 .许多乳腺癌易感突变发生在BRCA1的BRCT结构域中 .利用染色质结构检测技术表明 ,BRCT结构域具有染色质伸展活性 .利用缺失突变技术构建了 6种BRCT2结构域 (175 6～ 185 2位氨基酸残基 )缺失突变体并将BRCT2结构域中与染色质伸展相关的重要区域定位到 175 6～ 180 8之间的氨基酸残基 ;用丙氨酸扫描技术构建了 6种BRCT2结构域丙氨酸扫描突变体并将重要氨基酸残基序列定位到 1784～ 1788之间的VQLCG .BRCT2结构域的定位有助于预测BRCT2结构域突变后发生乳腺癌的风险 ,也为进一步研究BRCT2结构域的功能机制提供了有用的材料 .     

缺失宿主Vta1蛋白的MIT结构域对杆状病毒AcMNPV复制的影响

【目的】克隆草地贪夜蛾(Spodoptera frugiperda)Vta1基因,检测Vta1在苜蓿银纹夜蛾核多角体病毒(Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus,AcMNPV)复制中的作用。【方法】利用反转录-PCR与PCR方法筛选草地贪夜蛾Vta1基因及缺失Vta1N-端MIT结构域的突变体并构建其瞬时表达质粒,通过转染Sf9细胞检测表达;构建Vta1及其突变体的双分子荧光互补表达质粒,并通过瞬时转染检测其与Vps4及ESCRT-III亚基Vps46与Vps60的相互作用;共转染gp64与Vta1及其突变体瞬时表达质粒,检测瞬时表达Vta1突变体对AcMNPV出芽型病毒产量及病毒基因启动子指导报告基因表达的影响。【结果】获得了草地贪夜蛾Vta1基因。氨基酸序列相似性分析表明,昆虫、酵母与人类Vta1同源蛋白的相似性分别约为20%与50%。Western blotting分析表明GFP标签的Vta1及其突变体均能在瞬时转染的Sf9细胞中表达。双分子荧光互补分析发现,缺失第1个或第2个MIT结构域显著降低Vta1突变体与Vps4、Vps46或Vps60的相互作用。此外,瞬时表达Vta1突变体显著降低了AcMNPV感染性出芽型病毒的产量,但并未影响AcMNPVie1基因早期启动子和p6.9基因晚期启动子指导的LacZ和GUS报告基因的表达。【结论】Vta1可能参与杆状病毒AcMNPV子代病毒粒子的组装和/或出芽释放过程。     

利用大肠杆菌表达禽流感病毒聚合酶酸性蛋白

目的：通过在大肠杆菌中分段表达禽流感病毒聚合酶酸性蛋白（PA蛋白）,探索PA基因中可能影响表达的区域。方法：构建分段缺失的PA蛋白突变体,用IPTG在大肠杆菌RosettaGamiB（DE3）中诱导表达,比较各突变体的表达效率。结果：N端缺失长度在143～408个氨基酸残基之间的9个突变体在大肠杆菌中的表达水平较高;而突变体PA/K（Δ1-40aa）、PA/M（Δ1-56aa）、PA/N（Δ41-56aa）和PA/P（Δ57-75aa）的表达水平很低;全长PA蛋白和缺失N端20个氨基酸残基的突变体PA/L则检测不到表达。结论：PA基因的61～225bp和325～426bp可能是影响PA蛋白表达的2个重要区域,为下一步表达全长PA蛋白奠定了基础。     

黄瓜花叶病毒2b蛋白C末端无抑制局部RNA沉默的活性

目的:黄瓜花叶病毒 (Cucumber mosaic virus,CMV) 编码的2b蛋白具有RNA沉默抑制子的功能,其C末端氨基酸序列非常保守。为了明确2b蛋白C末端保守序列在RNA沉默抑制中的作用,构建了CMV Q株系野生型2b及其C末端缺失突变体2b^delC的植物瞬时表达载体。通过农杆菌共渗滤法对野生型2b及其C末端突变体的沉默抑制子活性进行了分析。结果与结论:烟草接种叶片中野生型2b及其C末端突变体的Western blot检测表明,野生型2b蛋白与其C末端突变体在植物中积累水平变化不大,说明2b蛋白C末端氨基酸残基在维持2b蛋白在植物细胞中的稳定性方面无作用。在整株、细胞和分子水平上分别比较了野生型2b及其突变体2b^delC对共表达GFP的表达量影响,结果表明在所有的测定结果中二者均无明显地差异,说明2b蛋白C末端94-111位氨基酸在抑制局部RNA沉默上无生物学活性,讨论推测C末端应不存在与小RNA结合的结构域。     

FAK通过和EGFR的相互作用调节MAPK和Akt之间的相对平衡

目的研究上皮生长因子受体和FAK的相互作用以及对下游信号的影响。方法建立聚集粘连激酶(FAK)缺失突变和绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)融合基因del1-693FAK-GFP、del1-100FAK-GFP和FAK-GFP稳定表达细胞系。结果同野生型FAK-GFP相比,N-端1-100氨基酸残基的缺失突变体,缺失1-693氨基酸残基的突变体结合在黏附点的能力被完全抑制。应用等电聚焦和SDS-PAGE双向电泳证明,EGF和纤维连接蛋白诱导FAK磷酸化的位点不同,进一步证实del1-693FAK-GFP、del1-100FAK-GFP,抑制MAPK的磷酸化,增强Akt的磷酸化;而FAK-GFP增强MAPK磷酸化,抑制Akt磷酸化。结论FAK通过和EGFR的相互作用调节MAPK和Akt之间的相对平衡。     

MDV VP22的N1-18是发挥蛋白转导功能必需的序列

血清Ⅰ型马立克氏病病毒(MDV-1)CVI988/Rispens弱毒株的VP22蛋白缺失201TKSERT206.为了进一步证实该缺失对MDV-1 VP22蛋白转导功能和效率的影响,本研究通过将不同缺失型的VP22与EGFP相融合,转染COS-1细胞,通过间接免疫荧光方法,检测VP22的蛋白转导现象.结果发现,EGFP-VP22具有微管结合、核膜结合、核酸结合、蛋白转导等特性;CVI988 VP22与GA株VP22的转导效率相当,且只有完整长度的VP22具有明显的转导功能,其中,N端1～18 aa对VP22的核定位及其蛋白转导功能的发挥意义很大.这一发现为利用MDV-1 VP22携带其他目的蛋白转导,增强目的蛋白免疫原性及其治疗性功能具有重要的指导价值.     

Identification and characterization of nuclear localization signals within the nucleocapsid protein VP15 of white spot syndrome virus

The nucleocapsid protein VP15 of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is a basic DNA-binding protein. Three canonical bipartite nuclear localization signals (NLSs), called NLS1 (aa 11-27), NLS2 (aa 33-49) and NLS3 (44-60), have been detected in this protein, using the ScanProsite computer program. To determine the nuclear localization sequence of VP15, the full-length open reading frame, or the sequence of one of the three NLSs, was fused to the green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene, and transiently expressed in insect Sf9 cells. Transfection with full-length VP15 resulted in GFP fluorescence being distributed exclusively in the nucleus. NLS 1 alone could also direct GFP to the nucleus, but less efficiently. Neither of the other two NLSs (NLS2 and 3) was functional when expressed alone, but exhibited similar activity to NLS1 when they were expressed as a fusion peptide. Furthermore, a mutated VP15, in which the two basic amino acids (11RR12) of NLSI were changed to two alanines (11AA12), caused GFP to be localized only in the cytoplasm of Sf9 cells. These results demonstrated that VP15, as a nuclear localization protein, needs cooperation between its three NLSs, and that the two residues (11RR12) of NLS1 play a key role in transporting the protein to the nucleus.     

Interactions of the TGB1 protein during cell-to-cell movement of Barley stripe mosaic virus

We have recently used a green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion to the gammab protein of Barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV) to monitor cell-to-cell and systemic virus movement. The gammab protein is involved in expression of the triple gene block (TGB) proteins encoded by RNAbeta but is not essential for cell-to-cell movement. The GFP fusion appears not to compromise replication or movement substantially, and mutagenesis experiments demonstrated that the three most abundant TGB-encoded proteins, betab (TGB1), betac (TGB3), and betad (TGB2), are each required for cell-to-cell movement (D. M. Lawrence and A. O. Jackson, Mol. Plant Pathol. 2:65-75, 2001). We have now extended these analyses by engineering a fusion of GFP to TGB1 to examine the expression and interactions of this protein during infection. BSMV derivatives containing the TGB1 fusion were able to move from cell to cell and establish local lesions in Chenopodium amaranticolor and systemic infections of Nicotiana benthamiana and barley. In these hosts, the GFP-TGB1 fusion protein exhibited a temporal pattern of expression along the advancing edge of the infection front. Microscopic examination of the subcellular localization of the GFP-TGB1 protein indicated an association with the endoplasmic reticulum and with plasmodesmata. The subcellular localization of the TGB1 protein was altered in infections in which site-specific mutations were introduced into the six conserved regions of the helicase domain and in mutants unable to express the TGB2 and/or TGB3 proteins. These results are compatible with a model suggesting that movement requires associations of the TGB1 protein with cytoplasmic membranes that are facilitated by the TGB2 and TGB3 proteins.     

Herpes simplex virus tegument protein VP22 contains overlapping domains for cytoplasmic localization, microtubule interaction, and chromatin binding

We have previously shown that the 301-amino-acid herpes simplex virus tegument protein VP22 exhibits a range of subcellular localization patterns when expressed in isolation from other virus proteins. By using live-cell analysis of cells expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged VP22 we have shown that when VP22 is first expressed in the cell it localizes to the cytoplasm, where, when present at high enough concentrations, it can assemble onto microtubules, causing them to bundle and become highly stabilized. In addition we have shown that when a cell expressing VP22 enters mitosis, the cytoplasmic population of VP22 translocates to the nucleus, where it efficiently binds mitotic chromatin. Here we have investigated the specific regions of the VP22 open reading frame required for these properties. Using GFP-VP22 as our starting molecule, we have constructed a range of N- and C-terminal truncations and analyzed their localization patterns in live cells. We show that the C-terminal 242 residues of VP22 are sufficient to induce microtubule bundling. Within this subregion, the C-terminal 89 residues contain a signal for cytoplasmic localization of the protein, while a larger region comprising the C-terminal 128 residues of the VP22 protein is required for mitotic chromatin binding. Furthermore, a central 100-residue domain of VP22 maintains the ability to bind microtubules without inducing bundling, suggesting that additional regions flanking this microtubule binding domain may be required to alter the microtubule network. Hence, the signals involved in dictating the complex localization patterns of VP22 are present in overlapping regions of the protein.     

地上部特异性启动子驱动番茄原系统素表达的载体构建及转基因植株的获得

克隆地上部特异表达的启动子——cab2(chlorophyll a/b binding protein 2,cab2)基因的启动子,构建该启动子驱动下的番茄原系统素(Prosystemin;PS)与GFP融合的植物表达载体并获得转基因植株。利用农杆菌介导法转化拟南芥,通过RT-PCR的方法及激光共聚焦显微镜观察启动子驱动PS-GFP的表达及其亚细胞定位。以拟南芥基因组为模板,利用高保真聚合酶获得了cab2启动子的目的片段,并将其与接GFP的番茄原系统素载体(SlPS)融合,激光共聚焦显微镜观察表明,该启动子驱动的基因正常表达和并定位于细胞质中。克隆获得到了cab2基因的启动子,该启动子能够驱动番茄原系统素和GFP的融合蛋白正常表达和定位。     

Pseudorabies virus glycoprotein M inhibits membrane fusion

A transient transfection-fusion assay was established to investigate membrane fusion mediated by pseudorabies virus (PrV) glycoproteins. Plasmids expressing PrV glycoproteins under control of the immediate-early 1 promoter-enhancer of human cytomegalovirus were transfected into rabbit kidney cells, and the extent of cell fusion was quantitated 27 to 42 h after transfection. Cotransfection of plasmids encoding PrV glycoproteins B (gB), gD, gH, and gL resulted in formation of polykaryocytes, as has been shown for homologous proteins of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) (A. Turner, B. Bruun, T. Minson, and H. Browne, J. Virol. 72:873-875, 1998). However, in contrast to HSV-1, fusion was also observed when the gD-encoding plasmid was omitted, which indicates that PrV gB, gH, and gL are sufficient to mediate fusion. Fusogenic activity was enhanced when a carboxy-terminally truncated version of gB (gB-008) lacking the C-terminal 29 amino acids was used instead of wild-type gB. With gB-008, only gH was required in addition for fusion. A very rapid and extended fusion was observed after cotransfection of plasmids encoding gB-008 and gDH, a hybrid protein consisting of the N-terminal 271 amino acids of gD fused to the 590 C-terminal amino acids of gH. This protein has been shown to substitute for gH, gD, and gL function in the respective viral mutants (B. G. Klupp and T. C. Mettenleiter, J. Virol. 73:3014-3022, 1999). Cotransfection of plasmids encoding PrV gC, gE, gI, gK, and UL20 with gB-008 and gDH had no effect on fusion. However, inclusion of a gM-expressing plasmid strongly reduced the extent of fusion. An inhibitory effect was also observed after inclusion of plasmids encoding gM homologs of equine herpesvirus 1 or infectious laryngotracheitis virus but only in conjunction with expression of the gM complex partner, the gN homolog. Inhibition by PrV gM was not limited to PrV glycoprotein-mediated fusion but also affected fusion induced by the F protein of bovine respiratory syncytial virus, indicating a general mechanism of fusion inhibition by gM.     

Characterization of the nuclear localization and nuclear export signals of bovine herpesvirus 1 VP22

The bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) tegument protein VP22 is predominantly localized in the nucleus after viral infection. To analyze subcellular localization in the absence of other viral proteins, a plasmid expressing BHV-1 VP22 fused to enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (EYFP) was constructed. The transient expression of VP22 fused to EYFP in COS-7 cells confirmed the predominant nuclear localization of VP22. Analysis of the amino acid sequence of VP22 revealed that it does not have a classical nuclear localization signal (NLS). However, by constructing a series of deletion derivatives, we mapped the nuclear targeting domain of BHV-1 VP22 to amino acids (aa) 121 to 139. Furthermore, a 4-aa motif, 130PRPR133, was able to direct EYFP and an EYFP dimer (dEYFP) or trimer (tEYFP) predominantly into the nucleus, whereas a deletion or mutation of this arginine-rich motif abrogated the nuclear localization property of VP22. Thus, 130PRPR133 is a functional nonclassical NLS. Since we observed that the C-terminal 68 aa of VP22 mediated the cytoplasmic localization of EYFP, an analysis was performed on these C-terminal amino acid sequences, and a leucine-rich motif, 204LDRMLKSAAIRIL216, was detected. Replacement of the leucines in this putative nuclear export signal (NES) with neutral amino acids resulted in an exclusive nuclear localization of VP22. Furthermore, this motif was able to localize EYFP and dEYFP in the cytoplasm, and the nuclear export function of this NES could be blocked by leptomycin B. This demonstrates that this leucine-rich motif is a functional NES. These data represent the first identification of a functional NLS and NES in a herpesvirus VP22 homologue.     

Distinctions between bovine herpesvirus 1 and herpes simplex virus type 1 VP22 tegument protein subcellular associations

The alphaherpesvirus tegument protein VP22 has been characterized with multiple traits including microtubule reorganization, nuclear localization, and nonclassical intercellular trafficking. However, all these data were derived from studies using herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and may not apply to VP22 homologs of other alphaherpesviruses. We compared subcellular attributes of HSV-1 VP22 (HVP22) with bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) VP22 (BVP22) using green fluorescent protein (GFP)-fused VP22 expression vectors. Fluorescence microscopy of cell lines transfected with these constructs revealed differences as well as similarities between the two VP22 homologs. Compared to that of HVP22, the BVP22 microtubule interaction was much less pronounced. The VP22 nuclear interaction varied, with a marbled or halo appearance for BVP22 and a speckled or nucleolus-bound appearance for HVP22. Both VP22 homologs associated with chromatin at various stages of mitosis and could traffic from expressing cells to the nuclei of nonexpressing cells. However, distinct qualitative differences in microtubule, nuclear, and chromatin association as well as trafficking were observed. The differences in VP22 homolog characteristics revealed in this study will help define VP22 function within HSV-1 and BHV-1 infection.     

荧光蛋白标签对gD囊膜蛋白在BHK-21细胞亚细胞定位的影响

【目的】探究荧光蛋白标签对马疱疹病毒I型(Equine herpes virus type 1,EHV-1)gD囊膜蛋白亚细胞定位的影响。【方法】以EHV-1基因组为模板利用PCR扩增gD全基因,分别克隆至pAcGFP1-C1和p Ds Red2-N1质粒,构建p Ac-GFP-gD(GFP-gD)和p Ds-gD-Red(gD-Red)重组质粒;将GFP基因插入gD基因信号肽序列之后并克隆至PVAX-1质粒,构建PVAX-S-GFP-gD’(S-GFP-gD’)重组质粒;将Flag标签序列与gD囊膜蛋白N端序列融合后并克隆至p VAX-1表达载体,构建p VAX-Flag-gD(Flag-gD)重组质粒。将4种不同重组真核表达质粒分别转染BHK-21细胞,通过激光共聚焦显微镜对不同融合蛋白gD进行亚细胞定位。【结果】成功构建4种不同的融合蛋白gD真核表达载体;在BHK-21细胞单独表达时,不同融合蛋白gD绝大部分都定位于高尔基体,极少量定位于细胞核内。【结论】不同插入位点的荧光蛋白标签对gD囊膜蛋白亚细胞定位无明显影响,这对今后研究其它蛋白亚细胞定位提供参考。     

PNRC1核定位信号序列的鉴定

为鉴定富含脯氨酸核受体辅调节蛋白1(PNRC1)分子的核定位信号序列（nuclear localization signal sequence, NLS）,在生物信息学方法预测的基础上,先构建野生型PNRC1及删除预测NLS的PNRC1突变体的绿色荧光蛋白（GFP）重组表达载体,转染细胞后通过激光共聚焦显微镜观察PNRC1分子在删除预测NLS后细胞内的定位变化.然后,将预测的NLS编码序列直接连到GFP表达载体上,以及将预测的NLS加到胞浆蛋白上构建其GFP重组表达载体,转染细胞,观察预测的NLS能否把构建的重组体都带到细胞核内.结果显示,删除PNRC1中预测的NLS后,其定位从细胞核中变为主要定位在细胞浆中,而预测的NLS能把GFP或胞浆中的蛋白带到细胞核中.研究表明,预测的NLS为PNRC1分子真正的NLS.