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在48只麻醉家兔, 应用记录肾传入神经多单位和单位放电方法, 观察了肾动脉内注射缓激肽(bradykinin, BK, 5.0 g/kg)对肾传入神经活动(ARNA) 的影响。 结果表明 (1)肾动脉内应用BK引起ARNA双相激活。 ARNA 激活的初发相在肾动脉注射 BK 后迅速出现, 延迟相则见于注射后7 min左右, 且延迟相的激活作用大于初发相。 (2)静脉内预先注射前列环素合成阻断剂Indomethacin (Indo, 5.0mg/kg), 可部分阻断BK引起的ARNA延迟相的激活, 对初发相的激活并无影响; (3)静脉内预先注射NO合酶抑制剂 L-NAME (30.0 mg/kg), 可完全阻断BK引起的ARNA延迟相的激活, 而对初发相仅有部分阻断作用。 本实验提示 肾内应用缓激肽所致ARNA初发相的激活, 可归因于BK的直接作用及其所诱发NO的释放, 延迟相的激活主要在于BK引起前列环素和NO释放的结果。     

肾动脉内注射辣椒素兴奋肾神经传入纤维的自发活动

应用记录肾传入神经多单位和单位放电的方法,观察肾动脉内注射辣椒素对麻醉家兔肾神经传入纤维自发放电活动的影响。结果表明：(1)肾动脉内注射辣椒素20、40和60nmol／kg可呈剂量依赖性地兴奋肾传入纤维的活动,而动脉血压不变;(2)静脉内预先应用辣椒素受体阻断剂钌红(40mmol／kg),可完全阻断辣椒素对肾传人纤维的兴奋作用。(3)静脉内预先注射一氧化氮合酶抑制剂L-NAME(0．1mmol／kg),能延长并增强肾传入神经对辣椒素的反应。以上结果提示：肾动脉内应用辣椒素可兴奋肾传人纤维的自发放电活动。一氧化氮作为抑制因素参与辣椒素诱导的肾传入神经兴奋。     

肾动脉内注射L-精氨酸抑制肾神经传入纤维的自发活动

研究旨在应用记录肾传人神经多单位和单位放电的方法,观察肾动脉内注射L—精氨酸对麻醉家兔肾神经传人纤维自发放电活动的影响。结果表明：(1）肾动脉内注射L—精氨酸(0．05、0．24和0．48mmol/kg)可呈剂量依赖性地抑制肾传人纤维的活动,而动脉血压不变;(2)静脉内预先注射一氧化氮合酶抑制剂L—NAME(0．11mmol/kg),可完全阻断L—精氨酸对肾传人纤维的抑制;(3)肾动脉注射一氧化氮(N0)供体SIN—1(3．75μmol/kg)也可抑制肾传入神经的活动。以上结果提示：肾动脉内应用N0前体L—精氨酸和N0供体SIN—1均可抑制肾传入纤维的自发活动。     

辣椒素敏感传入神经和NO中介大鼠胃扩张引起的胃酸分泌和胃粘膜血流量变化

目的和方法：本文采用氢气清除法测定胃粘膜血流量以及大剂量辣椒素使传入神经失去功能的技术,观察大鼠胃扩张过程中引起胃酸分泌和胃粘膜血流量(gastric mucosal blood flow,GMBF)的变化以及传入神经和内源性NO在这一效应中的作用。结果：①大鼠胃扩张引起胃酸分泌时GMBF增加。②预先用大剂量辣椒素消除传入神经作用可阻断胃扩张引起的GMBF脚增加效应,并部分阻断胃酸分泌。③预先静脉注射一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)生物合成阻断剂L-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester(L-NAME)胃扩张引起的GMBF增多效应消失,同时胃酸分泌减弱。结论：辣椒素敏感传入神经和内源性NO参与胃扩张引起的胃酸分泌及胃粘膜血流增多效应。     

区域性血管床对局部注射胍丁胺的不同反应

在66只麻醉大鼠,分别采用后肢、肾脏和肠系膜动脉在体恒流灌注法,观察了向灌注环路中直接注射胍丁胺（agmatine,AGM）的血管效应,以所引起的灌流压增减反映血管的收缩和舒张。所得结果如下：（1）不同剂量的AGM（0.1、0.5、1mg/kg）注射于股部灌注环路时,可剂量依赖性地增高后肢血管的灌流压。无论预先注射咪唑啉受体(imidazoline receptor,IR）和α2－肾上腺素能受体阻断剂（α2－adrenergic receptor,α2－AR）idazoxan(0.5mg/kg）或注射α2-肾上腺素能受体阻断剂yohimbine(1mg/kg）均可完全阻抑上述AGM的效应。（2）向肾血管灌注环路中直接注射AGM也可剂量依赖性地增高肾血管的灌流压,需特别指出的是：大剂量AGM（1mg/mg）引起肾血管双相的灌注压增高,此效应可被idazoxan完全阻断。而在预先应用yohimbine后,再注射AGM则引起肾血管灌流压降低。（3）在肠系膜血管灌流环路中注射AGM可剂量依赖性地降低其灌流压。此效应可被idazoxan(0.5mg/kg）完全阻断,而yohimbine(1mg/kg）对此无作用。根据上述结果得出的结论是,AGM对后肢、肾脏和肠系膜血管床的血管紧张性具有不同的作用。     

肾动脉内注射腺苷兴奋肾神经传入纤维的自发活动

应用记录肾神经传入纤维多单位和单位放电的方法,观察肾动脉内注射腺苷对麻醉家兔肾神经传入纤维自发放电活动的影响。结果表明：(1)肾动脉内注射50,100和200nmol／kg腺苷可呈剂量依赖性地兴奋肾神经传入纤维的活动,而动脉血压不变。(2)肾动脉内预先应用选择性腺苷A1受体阻断剂DPCPX(160nmol/kg),可部分阻断腺苷对肾神经传入纤维的兴奋作用。(3)静脉应用一氧化氮合酶抑制剂L-NAME(0．1mmol／kg)预处理,延长并增强了肾神经传入纤维对腺苷的反应。以上结果提示,肾动脉内应用腺苷可兴奋肾传入纤维的自发放电活动,一氧化氮作为抑制性因素参与腺苷诱导的肾神经传入纤维兴奋。     

区域性血管床对局部注射植物雌激素三羟异黄酮的反应

在72只麻醉大鼠,分别采用后肢、肾脏和肠系膜动脉在体恒流灌注法,观察了向灌流环路中直接注射植物雌激素三羟异黄酮(genistein,GST)的血管效应,以所引起的灌流压增减反映血管的收缩和舒张。结果如下：(1)不同剂量的GST(0．4、0．8、1．2mg／k8)注射于股部灌注环路时,剂量依赖性地降低股动脉的灌流压。GST的这一效应可被L-硝基精氨酸甲酯(L-NAME)部分阻断,预先注射蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶抑制剂正钒酸钠(50μg/kg),可部分抑制GST(0．8mg／kg)引起的效应;(2)向肾血管灌注环路中直接注射GST也可剂量依赖性地降低肾动脉的灌流压,预先注射正钒酸钠可完全抑制GST引起的效应,而L-NAME对此效应没有影响;(3)肠系膜血管灌流环路中注射GST可剂量依赖性地降低其灌流压,这一效应可被正钒酸钠部分抑制,而L-NAME对此无影响。根据上述结果得出的结论是：GST降低后肢、肾脏和肠系膜血管床的血管张力,其机制与酪氨酸激酶抑制有关,而在股动脉则与NO释放有部分关系。     

缓激肽抑制麻醉大鼠颈动脉窦压力感受器反射

在36只隔离灌流左侧颈动脉窦区的麻醉大鼠上观察了缓激肽(bradykinin,BK)对颈动脉窦压力感受器反射的影响.结果如下:(1)以BK (1.0μmol/L)隔离灌流大鼠颈动脉窦区时,压力感受器机能曲线向右上方移位,曲线的最大斜率(peak slope,PS)由0.44±0.14降至0.31±0.01(P<0.01),反射性血压下降幅度(reflex decrease,RD)由6.85±0.18 kPa降至4.46±0.16 kPa (P<0.01),阈压(TP)由7.76±0.20增至10.04±0.09kPa (P<0.05),其中RD,PS和TP的变化呈明显的剂量依赖性.(2)用环氧酶抑制剂消炎痛(indomethacin,10 μmol/L)预处理后,对BK (1.0μmol/L)抑制压力感受器的作用无影响; (3)预先灌流NO合酶阻断剂(L-NAME,100μmol/L),则可完全消除BK (1.0μmol/L)对压力感受器反射的抑制效应; (4)预先给予转换酶抑制剂(captopril,20μmol/L),可加强BK对压力感受器反射的抑制作用.以上结果表明:BK对大鼠颈动脉窦压力感受器反射有抑制作用,此作用系BK引起血管内皮细胞生成NO所致.     

颈动脉注射17β -雌二醇对去缓冲神经大鼠延髓腹外侧头端区神经元放电活动的影响

本研究旨在观察17β-雌二醇(E2)对雄性大鼠延髓腹外侧头端区(RVLM)神经元自发放电活动的影响.在切断双侧缓冲神经的麻醉雄性Sprague-Dawley大鼠上,同步记录血压、心率和RVLM神经元的自发放电活动.颈动脉内注射E2 (10 ng/kg),30个RVLM神经元自发放电单位中有25个单位的放电频率由14.46±0.47降至9.73±0.33 spikes/s (P<0.05),与此同时血压和心率无明显改变.E2的抑制效应在1 min内起效,持续时间长于5 min.雌激素受体拮抗剂tamoxifen (5 mg/kg)不能阻断E2 的抑制效应.预先给予一氧化氮(NO)合酶阻断剂L-NAME (2.7 μg/kg)能明显阻断E2的抑制效应.应用NO供体SIN-1 (0.5 μg/kg)可增强E2的抑制效应.以上结果提示,E2可通过非基因组效应激活RVLM神经元的NOS而引发NO释放,进而抑制其自发放电活动.     

阿托品能阻断α-受体降低大鼠血压

众所周知,阿托品是M—胆碱受体阻断剂,但大剂量阿托品的扩张血管和降压作用却很难用抗胆碱作用来解释。最近S.Abraham等在研究胆碱能神经系统在高血压中的作用时发现,大于阻断M—受体剂量的阿托品可降低大鼠血压。此作用随剂量增大而增强。他们用几种受体阻断剂预先处理动物,然后再观察阿托品的作用,发现预先用心得安(20mg/kg)或六烃季铵(20mg/kg)处理,不能阻断阿托品的降压作用。而用α-受体阻断剂育亨宾(2.5mg/kg)或酚妥拉明(5mg/kg)处理,阿托品的降压作用可完全被阻断。为了进一步弄清阿托品的作用方式,他们还观察了阿托品对几种激动剂引起的血压变化的影响。实验     

肾动脉内注射缓激肽对麻醉家兔肾伟入神经放电的双相激活

The effect of intrarenal artery injection of bradykinin (BK, 5.0 micrograms/kg) on multi- and single-unit recordings of afferent renal nerve activity (ARNA) was examined in anesthetized 48 rabbits. The results obtained are as follows. (1) There were two phases of increase in ARNA following intrarenal BK. The early phase occurred immediately while the delayed phase made its appearance about 7 min later. The degree of increase in ARNA of the delayed phase induced by intrarenal BK was more prominent than that in the early phase. BP was actually unaltered following intrarenal BK. (2) By pretreatment with indomethacin (Indo, 5.0 mg/kg), the delayed phase of increase in ARNA induced by intrarenal BK was attenuated, while the early phase was not affected. (3) Pretreatment with L-NAME (30 mg/kg) led the delayed phase to be blocked completely while the early phase was partially decreased. From the above-mentioned observations, it is concluded that intrarenal BK induces a significant increase in ARNA in two phases. The early phase may be due to the direct action of BK and partially due to the NO action, while the delayed phase may be attributed to the action of released prostaglandin and NO as a result of intrarenal BK.     

Intrarenal infusion of bradykinin elicits a pressor response in conscious rats via a B2-receptor mechanism.

Bradykinin (BK) is a peptide known to activate afferent nerve fibers from the kidney and elicit reflex changes in the cardiovascular system. The present study was specifically designed to test the hypothesis that bradykinin B2 receptors mediated the pressor responses elicited during intrarenal bradykinin administration. Pulsed Doppler flow probes were positioned around the left renal artery to measure renal blood flow (RBF). A catheter, to permit selective intrarenal administration of BK, was advanced into the proximal left renal artery. The femoral artery was cannulated to measure mean arterial pressure (MAP). MAP, heart rate (HR), and RBF were recorded from conscious unrestrained rats while five-point cumulative dose-response curves during an intrarenal infusion of BK (5-80 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1)) were constructed. Intrarenal infusion of BK elicited dose-dependent increases in MAP (maximum pressor response, 26+/-3 mmHg), accompanied by a significant tachycardia (130+/-18 beats/min) and a 28% increase in RBF. Ganglionic blockade abolished the BK-induced increases in MAP (maximum response, -6+/-5 mmHg), HR (maximum response 31+/-14 beats/min), and RBF (maximum response, 7+/-2%). Selective intrarenal B2-receptor blockade with HOE-140 (50 microg/kg intrarenal bolus) abolished the increases in MAP and HR observed during intrarenal infusion of BK (maximum MAP response, -2+/-3 mmHg; maximum HR response, 15+/-11 beats/min). Similarly, the increases in RBF were prevented after HOE-140 treatment. In fact, after HOE-140, intrarenal BK produced a significant decrease in RBF (22%) at the highest dose of BK. Results from this study show that the cardiovascular responses elicited by intrarenal BK are mediated predominantly via a B2-receptor mechanism.     

Pharmacological characterisation of arthritis induced by Bothrops jararaca venom in rabbits: a positive cross talk between bradykinin, nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2

BACKGROUND: Our previous results showed that nitric oxide (NO) and bradykinin (BK) mediate the arthritis induced by Bothrops jararaca venom (BjV) in rabbits. In this study, we investigated the contribution of each receptor of BK as well as the inter-relationship between NO and eicosanoids in BjV-induced arthritis. METHODS: The arthritis was induced in rabbits with 16 microg of BjV injected intra-articularly. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), thromboxane B2 (TxB2), leukotriene B4 (LTB4) (radioimmunoassay) and nitrite/nitrate concentrations (NO2/NO3) (Griess reaction) were evaluated in the synovial fluid 4 h later. The animals were prior treated with NO synthase inhibitor (L-NAME; 20 mg/kg/day for 14 days), the B2 antagonist of BK (HOE-140) and the B1 antagonist of BK (des-Arg9[Leu8]-bradykinin), both at a dose of 0.3mg/kg, 30 min prior to the venom injection. RESULTS: Data show that L-NAME and HOE-140 treatment were equally able to reduce PGE2 and NO2/NO3 levels without interfering with TxB2 and LTB4 production. On the contrary, the B1 antagonist of BK inhibited TxB2 and LTB4 production, and did not alter PGE2 and NO metabolites levels in the inflamed joint. DISCUSSIONS: The results presented clarify the contribution of the kinin system, mainly through the B2 receptor, to the local inflammatory response induced by BjV, as well as its positive interaction with PGE2 and NO production.     

Bradykinin elicits "second window" myocardial protection in rat heart through an NO-dependent mechanism

Bradykinin is an important endogenous mediator exerting acute protective effects in the ischemic myocardium. The aims of this study were to investigate whether exogenously administered bradykinin could evoke delayed myocardial protection and to determine whether any protection observed might be dependent on nitric oxide (NO) generation. Conscious rats received bradykinin (40 microg/kg iv) or saline, preceded 15-20 min earlier by the NO synthase inhibitor N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 10 mg/kg ip) or saline. Twenty-four hours later, hearts were Langendorff perfused and subjected to 35 min of regional ischemia and 120 min of reperfusion. Infarct size was assessed using tetrazolium staining and expressed as a percentage of the risk zone. Bradykinin pretreatment reduced the infarct-to-risk ratio from 53.5 +/- 3.2% to 29.1 +/- 4.7% (P < 0.01). The administration of L-NAME before bradykinin abrogated the delayed protection (infarct size 52.3 +/- 5.0%) but alone did not influence infarct size (53.5 +/- 4.8%). These results are the first to demonstrate that bradykinin can evoke a delayed ("second window") enhancement of myocardial tolerance to ischemia, an action that is dependent on the early generation of NO.     

Nitric oxide exerts feedback inhibition on EDHF-induced coronary arteriolar dilation in vivo

We tested the hypothesis that nitric oxide (NO) inhibits endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF)-induced vasodilation via a negative feedback pathway in the coronary microcirculation. Coronary microvascular diameters were measured using stroboscopic fluorescence microangiography. Bradykinin (BK)-induced dilation was mediated by EDHF, when NO and prostaglandin syntheses were inhibited, or by NO when EDHF and prostaglandin syntheses were blocked. Specifically, BK (20, 50, and 100 ng. kg(-1). min(-1) ic) caused dose-dependent vasodilation similarly before and after administration of N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA) (3 micromol/min ic for 10 min) and indomethacin (Indo, 10 mg/kg iv). The residual dilation to BK with L-NMMA and Indo was completely abolished by suffusion of miconazole or an isosmotic buffer containing high KCl (60 mM), suggesting that this arteriolar vasodilation is mediated by the cytochrome P-450 derivative EDHF. BK-induced dilation was reduced by 39% after inhibition of EDHF and prostaglandin synthesis, and dilation was further inhibited by combined blockade with L-NMMA to a 74% reduction in the response. This suggests an involvement for NO in the vasodilation. After dilation to BK was assessed with L-NMMA and Indo, sodium nitroprusside (SNP, 1-3 microgram. kg(-1). min(-1) ic), an exogenous NO donor, was administered in a dose to increase the diameter to the original control value. Dilation to BK was virtually abolished when administered concomitantly with SNP during L-NMMA and Indo (P < 0.01 vs. before SNP), suggesting that NO inhibits EDHF-induced dilation. SNP did not affect adenosine- or papaverine-induced arteriolar dilation in the presence of L-NMMA and Indo, demonstrating that the effect of SNP was not nonspecific. In conclusion, our data are the first in vivo evidence to suggest that NO inhibits the production and/or action of EDHF in the coronary microcirculation.     

Systemic blood pressure response to the inhibition of two hyperpolarizing pathways: a comparison to NO-synthase inhibition

The impact on blood pressure of two vasodilating mechanisms, underlied by vascular smooth muscle hyperpolarization, was studied and compared to that induced by nitric oxide NO mechanism. Systemic blood pressure, after inhibitory intervention in arachidonic acid metabolism cytochrome P-450 inhibition by miconazole 0.5 mg/100 g b.w. , one of the hyperpolarizing pathways, did not change. After the inhibition of the action voltage-dependent K(+) channels operator by 4-aminopyridine 0.1 mg/100 g b.w. , the other hyperpolarizing pathway, blood pressure declined slightly from 132.3+/-3.2 mm Hg to 116.5+/-5.0 mm Hg, P<0.05 . Inhibition of nitric oxide production L-NAME 5 mg/100 g b.w. increased blood pressure considerably 123.5+/-2.7 mm Hg to 155.4+/-3.1 mm Hg, P<0.001 . After inhibition of the hyperpolarizing pathway by miconazole, hypotension induced by acetylcholine (Ach, 10 microg represented 63.0+/-1.9 mm Hg vs control value 78.6+/-5.2 mm Hg P<0.001 , by bradykinin (BK) 100 microg 59.4+/-3.9 mm Hg vs control value 71.2+/-6.1 mm Hg P<0.05 . After inhibition of the hyperpolarizing pathway by 4-aminopyridine, hypotension induced by ACh 10 microg achieved 64.6+/-2.5 mm Hg vs control value 78.4+/-2.8 mm Hg P<0.001 and that induced by BK 100 microg 56.6+/-5.3 mm Hg vs control value 72.3+/-2.5 mm Hg P<0.001 . ACh or BK hypotension after the inhibition of the above hyperpolarizing pathways was significantly attenuated. On the contrary, after NO-synthase inhibition the hypotension to ACh was significantly enhanced. Blood pressure decrease after ACh 10 microg hypotension was 91.8+/-4.1 mm Hg vs control value 79.3+/-3.3 mm Hg P<0.01 , and after BK 100 microg it was 78.4+/-7.1 mm Hg vs control value 68.3+/-5.2 mm Hg. A different basal BP response, but equally attenuated hypotension to Ach and BK, was detected after the inhibition of two selected hyperpolarizing pathways. In cotrast, the inhibition of NO production elicited an increase in systemic BP and augmentation of ACh and BK hypotension. The effectiveness of further hyperpolarizing mechanisms in relation to systemic BP regulation and nitric oxide level remains open.     

Nitric oxide modulates sympathoexcitatory cardiac-cardiovascular reflexes elicited by bradykinin

A number of studies have demonstrated an important role for nitric oxide (NO) in central and peripheral neural modulation of sympathetic activity. To assess the interaction and integrative effects of NO release and sympathetic reflex actions, we investigated the influence of inhibition of NO on cardiac-cardiovascular reflexes. In anesthetized, sinoaortic-denervated and vagotomized cats, transient reflex increases in arterial blood pressure (BP) were induced by application of bradykinin (BK, 0.1-10 microg/ml) to the epicardial surface of the heart. The nonspecific NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA, 10 mg/kg iv) was then administered and stimulation was repeated. L-NMMA increased baseline mean arterial pressure (MAP) from 129 +/- 8 to 152 +/- 9 mmHg and enhanced the change in MAP in response to BK from 32 +/- 3 to 39 +/- 5 mmHg (n = 9, P < 0.05). Pulse pressure was significantly enhanced during the reflex response from 6 +/- 4 to 27 +/- 6 mmHg after L-NMMA injection due to relatively greater potentiation of the rise in systolic BP. Both the increase in baseline BP and the enhanced pressor reflex were reversed by L-arginine (30 mg/kg iv). Because L-NMMA can inhibit both brain and endothelial NOS, the effects of 7-nitroindazole (7-NI, 25 mg/kg ip), a selective brain NOS inhibitor, on the BK-induced cardiac-cardiovascular pressor reflex also were examined. In contrast to L-NMMA, we observed significant reduction of the pressor response to BK from 37 +/- 5 to 18 +/- 3 mmHg 30 min after the administration of 7-NI (n = 9, P < 0.05), an effect that was reversed by L-arginine (300 mg/kg iv, n = 7). In a vehicle control group for 7-NI (10 ml of peanut oil ip), the pressor response to BK remained unchanged (n = 6, P > 0.05). In conclusion, neuronal NOS facilitates, whereas endothelial NOS modulates, the excitatory cardiovascular reflex elicited by chemical stimulation of sympathetic cardiac afferents.     

Naloxone enhances LH but not FSH release during various phases of the estrous cycle in the ewe

Suffolk x whiteface ewes were infused with 0.5 mg/kg/hr naloxone hydrochloride (NAL) for 6 hrs during the early, mid and late luteal and early follicular phases of the estrous cycle. Basal serum luteinizing hormone (LH) concentration was increased by NAL during each trial in the luteal phase and LH pulse amplitude was proportionately increased by 158%, 164% and 350% during the early luteal, mid luteal and early follicular phases, respectively. The apparent NAL induced increase (92%) in LH pulse amplitude during the late luteal phase was not significant. NAL only affected LH pulse frequency during the early follicular phase, when it was decreased. Mean serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) concentration was not affected by NAL. The results of this study indicate that endogenous opioid peptides (EOPs) may partially mediate the suppressive influence of estradiol-17 beta (E2) on LH pulse amplitude and also the stimulatory effect of E2 on LH pulse frequency in the early follicular phase. The data may suggest that NAL enhances the amplitude of pulses of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) by counteracting E2 inhibitory effects on LH release at the level of the pituitary. Alternately, some component of E2 feedback may be an EOP mediated component at the level of the hypothalamus.