骨髓间充质干细胞在脱细胞真皮基质再生过程中的初步研究

较大的腹壁缺损需要应用补片修复来缓解腹横筋膜的张力,人工合成补片的应用一定程度上实现了无张力修补的目的,但它在腹壁外科应用中有诸多的并发症,诸如复发率高,腹腔黏连,肠穿孔导致腹膜炎,侵袭性肠瘘等影响患者术后的正常生活,而脱细胞真皮基质(Acellular dermal matrix,ADM)作为一种新型的生物材料应用在腹壁外科中能解决上述人工合成补片所带来的并发症发挥强大作用且能与周围组织较好的融合,最后改建成宿主自身组织已并在多学科领域中广泛应用;骨髓间充质干细胞(Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells,BMSCs)能参与组织自我修复,并能分化成为多种功能细胞,分泌各种生长因子,在ADM内源性转归过程中可发挥作用。本文就对骨髓间充质干细胞在ADM生物补片应用于临床疝修补术中转归机制的研究做一综述。     

真皮间充质干细胞的研究进展

间充质干细胞(mesenchymal stem cells,MSC)是一类具有多向分化潜能和高度自我复制能力的组织干细胞,来源于发育早期的中胚层和外胚层。MSCs最初在骨髓中发现,随后发现在个体发育的其他组织中也存在该细胞。本世纪初有研究者从幼年和成年的啮齿动物皮肤真皮组织中分离得到了干细胞,并称之为皮肤前体细胞。随后,从胎儿、成人、老年供体的真皮结缔组织中得到了有跨胚层分化潜能的MSCs,第一次真正意义上证实了真皮组织中确实存在MSCs,并命名为真皮间充质干细胞(dermis mesenehymal stem cells,DMSCs)。本文就DMSCs的分离、培养、生物学特性及其临床应用前景做一综述。     

诱导多能干细胞来源的间充质干细胞的治疗潜力与应用风险

诱导多能干细胞衍生的间充质干细胞(iMSC)已被提出作为原代间充质干细胞(MSC)的替代来源,在疾病治疗相关研究中也显示出多种优势。但是iMSC更适用于何种疾病类型,以及是否具有潜在的风险均未被充分阐明。本研究利用公共数据库中的高通量测序数据,将iMSC与骨髓源的MSC(BM-MSC)、脂肪源的MSC(AD-MSC)和脐带源的MSC(UC-MSC)进行对比,通过不同生物信息学方法,包括差异表达基因分析、功能富集分析、蛋白质相互作用网络分析及CMap数据库筛选,结果表明,iMSC具有独特的基因转录特征,与3种常用的MSC在基因表达上存在显著差异,特别是在神经、肌肉发育和免疫调节相关基因表达上;差异基因的功能富集分析进一步证实,iMSC在神经相关疾病治疗中表现出潜在优势,同时具有较低的免疫原性,但也存在较高的成瘤性风险;通过CMap数据库分析,识别了可能抑制iMSC成瘤性的基因靶点和小分子抑制剂,为降低iMSC应用风险提供了可能的策略。综上所述,iMSC作为细胞治疗的潜在来源,在神经疾病治疗中具有潜在优势,但其安全性需通过更多实验和临床研究来验证。     

人羊膜间充质细胞分离培养及其干细胞特性研究

目的：研究人羊膜间充质细胞（Humanamnioticmesenchymalcells,HAMCs）的分离、培养及其干细胞特性,为羊膜间充质细胞在再生医学的潜在应用奠定实验基础。方法：无菌条件下取正常足月剖腹产胎儿的羊膜剪成碎片,经胰酶胶原酶序贯消化,DMEM/F12培养,倒置显微镜下观察其形态,MTT法检测其生长规律,免疫荧光的方法对细胞进行鉴定,定向诱导方法检测细胞的多向分化潜能。结果：来源于羊膜的间充质细胞,细胞免疫荧光显示SSEA-4,OCT-4阳性,具有很强的增殖能力,并且具有一定的多向分化能力,在特定条件下可分化为脂肪细胞和成骨细胞;结论：羊膜间充质细胞能够在体外分离、培养、扩增,并且具有干细胞特性。羊膜间充质细胞在再生医学和组织工程应用有很好的前景。     

人羊膜间充质细胞分离培养及其干细胞特性研究

目的:研究人羊膜间充质细胞(Humanamnioticmesenchymalcells,HAMCs)的分离、培养及其干细胞特性,为羊膜间充质细胞在再生医学的潜在应用奠定实验基础。方法:无菌条件下取正常足月剖腹产胎儿的羊膜剪成碎片,经胰酶胶原酶序贯消化,DMEM/F12培养,倒置显微镜下观察其形态,MTT法检测其生长规律,免疫荧光的方法对细胞进行鉴定,定向诱导方法检测细胞的多向分化潜能。结果:来源于羊膜的间充质细胞,细胞免疫荧光显示SSEA-4,OCT-4阳性,具有很强的增殖能力,并且具有一定的多向分化能力,在特定条件下可分化为脂肪细胞和成骨细胞;结论:羊膜间充质细胞能够在体外分离、培养、扩增,并且具有干细胞特性。羊膜间充质细胞在再生医学和组织工程应用有很好的前景。     

间充质干细胞过滤分离器制备人羊膜间充质干细胞的研究

自然存在的间充质干细胞数量少,限制了其研究应用。依靠自主发明的间充质干细胞过滤分离器,分离制备了人羊膜间充质干细胞,并对制备的干细胞进行了三维培养扩增。结果表明,制备的干细胞形态长势良好,并能诱导分化为类胰岛样组织。与常规方法相比,干细胞收获率提高了8倍以上,且细胞活性状态良好。间充质干细胞过滤分离器可以批量制备高质量的各种间充质干细胞,有利于高效率地建设各种间充质干细胞库,以促进间充质干细胞的研究应用。     

间充质干细胞治疗急性放射性损伤的研究

急性放射性损伤是组织损伤的一种重要类型,目前未有较理想的治疗方案。间充质干细胞（MSCs）能够多向分化、自我更新,且具有分泌多种细胞因子、抗炎、免疫调节等生物活性。其在促进组织修复的优势显而易见,而移植的时机、剂量长期以来莫衷一是。致瘤性等安全问题制约其临床研究的进一步开展。近年来,MSCs趋向于无细胞化移植取得了明显成效。这一研究新进展势必迎来急性放射性损伤治疗的新格局,本文对此研究现状及进展进行综述。     

自体骨髓间充质干细胞为种子细胞构建组织工程化全层皮肤

利用自体骨髓间充质干细胞(bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, BMSCs)为种子细胞分别在体外一定条件下向表皮细胞和真皮成纤维细胞诱导分化, 并且和Ⅰ型胶原膜复合后移植修复裸鼠皮肤创面, 观察以自体BMSCs为种子细胞构建组织工程化全层皮肤的可行性. 研究发现, 将分离纯化的BMSCs接种于表皮细胞诱导体系中, 3天后细胞即发生形态改变, 汇合成表皮细胞特有的“铺路石”状; 透射电子显微镜观察到张力原纤维、黑色素小体和透明角质颗粒; 诱导分化细胞表达表皮细胞表面标志CK19和CK10, 且CK19的诱导分化效率达到60%, 表明诱导分化的细胞大部分为表皮干细胞; 通过检测细胞诱导前后紫外线照射诱发的凋亡状况, 证实诱导后的细胞具有抵抗紫外线照射的功能; 另一方面, BMSCs在真皮成纤维细胞诱导体系作用下, 超微结构观察到细胞外胶原微纤维的沉积, RT-PCR证实诱导分化细胞具有分泌Ⅰ型胶原的功能; 放射免疫法检测到诱导后的细胞还具有分泌细胞因子IL-6与IL-8的功能, 其最高分泌量分别为115.06 pg/mL和0.84 ng/mL. 体内移植实验也证实, BMSCs与生物支架材料复合后具有明显促进皮肤缺损创面愈合的作用. 研究结果表明, BMSCs具有向表皮细胞和成纤维细胞分化的潜能, 以及作为种子细胞构建具有生物学功能的组织工程化全层皮肤的可行性, 并且自体来源的BMSCs构建的皮肤组织无免疫排斥风险, 具有广阔的临床应用前景.     

Piezo1蛋白在骨髓间充质干细胞向皮肤成纤维细胞转化的影响

以人的骨髓间充质干细胞为种子,在体位构建体外细胞机械牵张应力模型,探究新型机械敏感性离子通道Piezo1在干细胞向皮肤成纤维细胞转化的作用。采用梯度离心与贴壁筛选相结合的方法,体外培养人的骨髓间充质干细胞,隔代培养后,取生长状态良好的第3代干细胞,进行后面的研究。根据预实验结果,将干细胞分成以下几组:0 h机械牵张应力组、6 h机械牵张应力组、12 h机械牵张应力组和48 h机械牵张应力组,以及Piezo1蛋白的抑制剂Gs MTx4组。将各组细胞种植在Flexcell公司的膜性6孔板中,待融合率在80%左右时,进行体外机械牵张应力的干预。然后采用RT-qPCR、Western-blotting以及激光共聚焦免疫荧光的实验方法检测各组细胞中Piezo1的表达水平,以及干细胞向表皮成纤维细胞的转化水平。原代骨髓间充质干细胞大多呈短梭形,Piezo1表达水平较低。在周期性机械牵张应力的干预下,细胞向成纤维细胞的长梭形的形态学上发展,并且随着时间的延长,变化越明显。RT-qPCR、Western-blotting以及激光共聚焦免疫荧光均发现Piezo1和Vimentin蛋白的表达水平随着干预时间的延长,其表达量也相应增加。机械敏感性离子通道Piezo1蛋白可以介导骨髓间充质干细胞向表皮成纤维细胞转化,为体外构建组织工程皮肤提供种子细胞。     

骨髓间充质干细胞及其临床应用研究进展

骨髓间充质干细胞因具有容易获得、容易体外培养增殖、长期培养的过程中始终保持多向分化的潜能、抗原性小、组织修复能力强等特征,使之成为干细胞研究领域的热点和前沿,并被认为是最有前途的组织工程种子细胞之一。以干细胞工程为代表的现代组织工程学为组织器官的修复与替代提供了一个崭新的领域,并将此领域扩展到细胞替代治疗、支持造血、基因治疗等更多方面。     

间充质干细胞分泌组:创伤愈合的替代疗法

大量的证据表明,间充质干细胞(MSC)可以通过旁分泌或自分泌发挥治疗作用,其疗效与血管生成、免疫调节及细胞凋亡有关。MSC分泌组即MSC所分泌的生物活性分子的总和,包括细胞因子、趋化因子和生长因子等多种活性成分,对损伤组织的修复、再生及功能恢复等许多生理过程具有调控作用。在创伤治疗领域,基于MSC分泌组研制的制剂极有可能成为替代MSC治疗的新疗法。     

Analysis of Allogenicity of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Engraftment and Wound Healing in Mice

Studies have shown that allogeneic (allo-) bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) may enhance tissue repair/regeneration. However, recent studies suggest that immune rejection may occur to allo-MSCs leading to reduced engraftment. In this study, we compared allo-BM-MSCs with syngeneic BM-MSCs or allo-fibroblasts in engraftment and effect in wound healing. Equal numbers of GFP-expressing allo-BM-MSCs, syngeneic BM-MSCs or allo-fibroblasts were implanted into excisional wounds in GFP-negative mice. Quantification of GFP-expressing cells in wounds at 7, 14 and 28 days indicated similar amounts of allogeneic or syngeneic BM-MSCs but significantly reduced amounts of allo-fibroblasts. With healing progression, decreasing amounts of allogeneic and syngeneic BM-MSCs were found in the wound; however, the reduction was more evident (2 fold) in allo-fibroblasts. Similar effects in enhancing wound closure were found in allogeneic and syngeneic BM-MSCs but not in allo-fibroblasts. Histological analysis showed that allo-fibroblasts were largely confined to the injection sites while allo-BM-MSCs had migrated into the entire wound. Quantification of inflammatory cells in wounds showed that allo-fibroblast- but not allo-BM-MSC-treated wounds had significantly increased CD45⁺ leukocytes, CD3⁺ lymphocytes and CD8⁺ T cells. Our study suggests that allogeneic BM-MSCs exhibit ignorable immunogenicity and are equally efficient as syngeneic BM-MSCs in engraftment and in enhancing wound healing.     

Cinnamtannin B-1 Promotes Migration of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Accelerates Wound Healing in Mice

Substances that enhance the migration of mesenchymal stem cells to damaged sites have the potential to improve the effectiveness of tissue repair. We previously found that ethanol extracts of Mallotus philippinensis bark promoted migration of mesenchymal stem cells and improved wound healing in a mouse model. We also demonstrated that bark extracts contain cinnamtannin B-1, a flavonoid with in vitro migratory activity against mesenchymal stem cells. However, the in vivo effects of cinnamtannin B-1 on the migration of mesenchymal stem cells and underlying mechanism of this action remain unknown. Therefore, we examined the effects of cinnamtannin B-1 on in vivo migration of mesenchymal stem cells and wound healing in mice. In addition, we characterized cinnamtannin B-1-induced migration of mesenchymal stem cells pharmacologically and structurally. The mobilization of endogenous mesenchymal stem cells into the blood circulation was enhanced in cinnamtannin B-1-treated mice as shown by flow cytometric analysis of peripheral blood cells. Whole animal imaging analysis using luciferase-expressing mesenchymal stem cells as a tracer revealed that cinnamtannin B-1 increased the homing of mesenchymal stem cells to wounds and accelerated healing in a diabetic mouse model. Additionally, the cinnamtannin B-1-induced migration of mesenchymal stem cells was pharmacologically susceptible to inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, phospholipase C, lipoxygenase, and purines. Furthermore, biflavonoids with similar structural features to cinnamtannin B-1 also augmented the migration of mesenchymal stem cells by similar pharmacological mechanisms. These results demonstrate that cinnamtannin B-1 promoted mesenchymal stem cell migration in vivo and improved wound healing in mice. Furthermore, the results reveal that cinnamtannin B-1-induced migration of mesenchymal stem cells may be mediated by specific signaling pathways, and the flavonoid skeleton may be relevant to its effects on mesenchymal stem cell migration.     

Polysaccharide Hydrogel Combined with Mesenchymal Stem Cells Promotes the Healing of Corneal Alkali Burn in Rats

Corneal chemical burns are common ophthalmic injuries that may result in permanent visual impairment. Although significant advances have been achieved on the treatment of such cases, the structural and functional restoration of a chemical burn-injured cornea remains challenging. The applications of polysaccharide hydrogel and subconjunctival injection of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been reported to promote the healing of corneal wounds. In this study, polysaccharide was extracted from Hardy Orchid and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were derived from Sprague-Dawley rats. Supplementation of the polysaccharide significantly enhanced the migration rate of primarily cultured rat corneal epithelial cells. We examined the therapeutic effects of polysaccharide in conjunction with MSCs application on the healing of corneal alkali burns in rats. Compared with either treatment alone, the combination strategy resulted in significantly better recovery of corneal epithelium and reduction in inflammation, neovascularization and opacity of healed cornea. Polysaccharide and MSCs acted additively to increase the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokine (TGF-β), antiangiogenic cytokine (TSP-1) and decrease those promoting inflammation (TNF-α), chemotaxis (MIP-1α and MCP-1) and angiogenesis (VEGF and MMP-2). This study provided evidence that Hardy Orchid derived polysaccharide and MSCs are safe and effective treatments for corneal alkali burns and that their benefits are additive when used in combination. We concluded that combination therapy with polysaccharide and MSCs is a promising clinical treatment for corneal alkali burns and may be applicable for other types of corneal disorder.     

胎儿肺脏来源间充质干细胞的鉴定与损伤修复的实验研究

目的 :为研究胎儿肺脏来源间充质干细胞的生物学性状 ,表型和多向分化能力。方法 :取胎龄为 4～ 5个月水囊引产胎儿 ,将肺脏细胞在SF(含 2 %FBS)培养基中培养。测定生长曲线、利用流式细胞仪对培养细胞进行表型测定 ,细胞周期分析 ,体外诱导分化实验。NOD SCID鼠放射损伤后 ,尾静脉输入经PKH2 6染色的间充质干细胞 ,两个月后检测外源细胞在肺脏的定植情况。结果 :从胎儿肺脏可培养出间充质干细胞 ,并可诱导成骨、软骨和脂肪细胞分化 ;移植两个月后可以检测到外源细胞在肺脏的定植。结论 :从胎儿肺脏可分离培养出间充质干细胞 ,在体外有效扩增且保持其低分化状态 ;间充质干细胞可以在肺脏长时间定植。     

Myogenic Differentiation Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived from Fetal Bovine Bone Marrow

The myogenic potential of bovine fetal MSC (bfMSC) derived from bone marrow (BM) remains unknown; despite its potential application for the study of myogenesis and its implications for livestock production. In the present study, three protocols for in vitro myogenic differentiation of bfMSC based on the use of DNA methyltransferase inhibitor 5-Aza-2′-deoxycytidine (5-Aza), myoblast-secreted factor Galectin-1 (Gal-1), and myoblast culture medium SkGM-2 BulletKit were used. Plastic-adherent bfMSC were isolated from fetal BM collected from abattoir-derived fetuses. Post-thaw viability analyses detected 85.6% bfMSC negative for propidium iodine (PI). Levels of muscle regulatory factors (MRF) MYF5, MYF6, MYOD, and DES mRNA were higher (P?MYOD mRNA (Days 7 to 21) and up-regulation of MYF6 (Day 7), MYF5, and DES mRNA (Day 21). Gal-1 and SkGM-2 BulletKit induced sequential down-regulation of early MRF (MYF5) and up-regulation of intermediate (MYOD) and late MRF (DES) mRNA. Moreover, DES and MYF5 were immunodetected in differentiated bfMSC. In conclusion, protocols evaluated in bfMSC induced progress into myogenic differentiation until certain extent evidenced by changes in MRF gene expression.     

Osteopontin调控骨髓间充质干细胞(MSCs)对促进糖尿病足创面愈合的作用

目的:拟以C57糖尿病小鼠为研究对象,建立糖尿病小鼠OPN-/-MSCs组、糖尿病小鼠MSCs组及溶剂组对照组,采用小鼠创面愈合率检测、HE染色、免疫组化等试验方法,观察骨髓间充质干细胞(MSCs)及OPN基因敲除的MSCs对糖尿病小鼠创面愈合的影响.方法:原代提取MSCs及OPN-/-MSCs细胞;利用流式细胞仪检测细胞表面抗原;利用STZ溶液腹腔注射的方法建立糖尿病小鼠模型;将MSCs及OPN-/-MSCs分别注射至小鼠尾静脉,并观察创面愈合情况.结果:成功提取和培养了两组细胞,并成功建立了糖尿病小鼠模型;溶剂组小鼠完全愈合用了19.90± 0.55天,OPN-/-MSCs注射组完全愈合用了18.52±0.75天,MSCs尾静脉注射糖尿病组小鼠用了13.70±0.35天.尾静脉注射MSCs组创面愈合时间明显短于普通糖尿病小鼠组.结论:通过观察三组糖尿病小鼠创面愈合情况,证实MSCs尾静脉注射糖尿病组小鼠比OPN-/-MSCs注射组小鼠和溶剂组小鼠的创面愈合速度快,说明OPN具有调控骨髓间充质干细胞促进创面愈合的作用,为临床治疗糖尿病足提供新的理论依据.