Singular behavior of slow dynamics of single excitable cells

In various kinds of cultured cells, it has been reported that the membrane potential exhibits fluctuations with long-term correlations, although the underlying mechanism remains to be elucidated. A cardiac muscle cell culture serves as an excellent experimental system to investigate this phenomenon because timings of excitations can be determined over an extended time period in a noninvasive manner through visualization of contractions, although the properties of beat-timing fluctuations of cardiac muscle cells at the single-cell level remains to be fully clarified. In this article, we report on our investigation of spontaneous contractions of cultured rat cardiac muscle cells at the single-cell level. It was found that single cells exhibit several typical temporal patterns of contractions and spontaneous transitions among them. Detrended fluctuation analysis on the time series of interbeat intervals revealed the presence of 1/f^β noise at sufficiently large timescales. Furthermore, multifractality was also found in the time series of interbeat intervals. These experimental trends were successfully explained using a simple mathematical model, incorporating correlated noise into ionic currents. From these findings, it was established that singular fluctuations accompanying 1/f^β noise and multifractality are intrinsic properties of single cardiac muscle cells.     

Propagation direction of natural mechanical oscillations in the biceps brachii muscle during voluntary contraction

The aim of the study was to determine the directionality of the coupling of mechanical vibrations across the biceps brachii muscle at different frequencies of interest during voluntary contraction. The vibrations that are naturally generated by skeletal muscles were recorded by a two-dimensional array of skin mounted accelerometers over the biceps brachii muscle (surface mechanomyogram, S-MMG) during voluntary isometric contractions in ten healthy young men. As a measure of the similarity of vibration between a given pair of accelerometers, the spatial coherence of S-MMG at low (f < 25 Hz) and high (f > 25 Hz) frequency bands were investigated to determine if the coupling of the natural mechanical vibrations were due to the different physiological muscle activity at low and high frequencies. In both frequency bands, spatial coherence values for sensor pairs aligned longitudinally along the proximal to distal ends of the biceps were significantly higher compared with those for the sensor pairs oriented perpendicular to the muscle fibers. This difference was more evident at the higher frequency band. The findings indicated that coherent mechanical oscillations mainly propagated along the longitudinal direction of the biceps brachii muscle fibers at high frequencies (f > 25 Hz).     

Effects of amyloid beta-peptides on the lysis tension of lipid bilayer vesicles containing oxysterols

Amyloid β-peptides (Aβ) applied directly from solution to model lipid membranes produced dramatic changes in the material properties of the bilayer when certain oxysterols were present in the bilayer. These effects were dependent on both lipid and peptide composition, and occurred at peptide concentrations as low as 100 nM. Using micropipette manipulation of giant unilamellar vesicles, we directly measured the lysis tension of lipid bilayers of various compositions. The glycerophospholipid 1-stearoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (SOPC) constituted the main lipid component at 70 mol %. The remaining 30 mol % was composed of the following pure or mixed sterols: cholesterol (CHOL), 7-ketocholesterol (KETO), or 7β-hydroxycholesterol (OHCHOL). SOPC/CHOL bilayers did not exhibit significant changes in mechanical properties after exposure to either Aβ(1-42) or Aβ(1-40). Partial substitution of CHOL with KETO (5 mol %), however, caused a drastic reduction of the lysis tension after exposure to Aβ(1-42) but not to Aβ(1-40). Partial substitution of CHOL with OHCHOL (5 mol %) caused a drastic reduction of the lysis tension after exposure to Aβ(1-40) and to Aβ(1-42). We attribute these effects to the reduction in intermolecular cohesive interactions caused by the presence of the second dipole of oxysterols, which reduces the energetic barrier for Aβ insertion into the bilayer.     

Effects of local elastic compression on muscle strength, electromyographic, and mechanomyographic responses in the lower extremity

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of elastic compression on muscle strength, electromyographic (EMG), and mechanomyographic (MMG) responses of quadriceps femoris during isometric and isokinetic contractions. Twelve participants performed 5 s isometric maximal voluntary contractions (MVC) and 25 consecutive and maximal isokinetic knee extensions at 60 and 300 °/s with no (control, CC), medium (MC), and high (HC) compression applied to the muscle. The EMG and MMG signals were collected simultaneously with muscle isometric and isokinetic strength data. The results showed that the elevated compression did not improve peak torque, peak power, average power, total work, and regression of torque in the isometric and isokinetic contractions. However, the root mean squared value of EMG in both HC and MC significantly decreased compared with CC at 60 and 300 °/s (p < 0.01). Furthermore, the EMG mean power frequency in HC was significantly higher than that in CC at 60 °/s (p < 0.05) whereas no significant compression effect was found in the MMG mean power frequency. These findings provide preliminary evidence suggesting that the increase in local compression pressure may effectively increase muscle efficiency and this might be beneficial in reducing muscle fatigue during concentric isokinetic muscle contractions.     

Two fluorogenic substrates for purine nucleoside phosphorylase,selective for mammalian and bacterial forms of the enzyme

Two nontypical nucleosides, 7-β-d-ribosyl-2,6-diamino-8-azapurine and 8-β-d-ribosyl-2,6-diamino-8-azapurine, have been found to exhibit moderately good, and selective, substrate properties toward calf and bacterial (Escherichia coli) forms of purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP). The former compound is effectively phosphorolysed by calf PNP and the latter by PNP from E. coli. Both compounds are fluorescent with λ_max ∼ 425 to 430 nm, but the reaction product, 2,6-diamino-8-azapurine, emits in a different spectral region (λ_max ∼ 363 nm) with nearly 40% yield, providing a strong fluorogenic effect at 350 to 360 nm.     

Endothelial cell migration on RGD-peptide-containing PEG hydrogels in the presence of sphingosine 1-phosphate

Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is a potent chemokinetic agent for endothelial cells that is released by activated platelets. We previously developed Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD)-containing polyethylene glycol biomaterials for the controlled delivery of S1P to promote endothelialization. Here, we studied the effects of cell adhesion strength on S1P-stimulated endothelial cell migration in the presence of arterial levels of fluid shear stress, since an upward shift in optimal cell adhesion strengths may be beneficial for promoting long-term cell adhesion to materials. Two RGD peptides with different integrin-binding specificities were added to the polyethylene glycol hydrogels. A linear RGD bound primarily to β₃ integrins, whereas a cyclic RGD bound through both β₁ and β₃ integrins. We observed increased focal adhesion formation and better long-term adhesion in flow with endothelial cells on linear RGD peptide, versus cyclic RGD, even though initial adhesion strengths were higher for cells on cyclic RGD. Addition of 100 nM S1P increased cell speed and random motility coefficients on both RGD peptides, with the largest increases found on cyclic RGD. For both peptides, much of the increase in cell migration speed was found for smaller cells (<1522 μm² projected area), although the large increases on cyclic RGD were also due to medium-sized cells (2288-3519 μm²). Overall, a compromise between high cell migration rates and long-term adhesion will be important in the design of materials that endothelialize after implantation.     

Triterpenoidal saponins of Pulsatilla koreana roots

Sixteen (1-16) triterpenoidal saponins were isolated from the roots of Pulsatilla koreana, of which four were determined as the previously unknown 23-hydroxy-3β-[(O-α-L-arabinopyranosyl)oxy]lup-20(29)-en-28-oic acid 28-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl ester (1), 23-hydroxy-3β-[(O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-α-L-arabinopyranosyl)oxy]lup-20(29)-en-28-oic acid 28-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl ester (2), 3β-[(O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-α-L-arabinopyranosyl)oxy]lup-20(29)-en-28-oic acid 28-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 6)-β-D-glucopyranosyl ester (3), and 3β-[(O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 4)]-α-L-arabinopyranosyl)oxy]lup-20(29)-en-28-oic acid 28-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 4)-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 6)-β-D-glucopyranosyl ester (4), respectively, based on spectroscopic analysis. The inhibition of the lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide production of sixteen isolated compounds was evaluated in RAW 264.7 cells at concentrations ranging from 1 μM to 100 μM.     

Estradiol stimulates Akt, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and TBC1D1/4, but not glucose uptake in rat soleus

Post-menopausal women exhibit decreases in circulating estrogen levels and whole body insulin sensitivity, suggesting that estrogen regulates skeletal muscle glucose disposal. Thus, we assessed whether estrogen stimulates glucose uptake or enhances insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle. Ex vivo muscle stimulation with 17β-estradiol (10 nM) resulted in a rapid (?10 min) increase in the phosphorylation of Akt, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and TBC1D1/4, key signaling proteins that regulate glucose uptake in muscle. Treatment with the estrogen receptor antagonist, ICI 182,780, only partly inhibited signaling, suggesting both an estrogen receptor-dependent and independent mechanism of estradiol action. 17β-Estradiol did not stimulate ex vivo muscle [³H]-2-deoxyglucose uptake or enhance insulin-induced glucose uptake, demonstrating discordance between the estradiol-induced stimulation of signaling proteins and muscle glucose uptake. This study is the first to demonstrate that estradiol stimulates Akt, AMPK, and TBC1D1/4 in intact skeletal muscle, but surprisingly, estradiol does not stimulate muscle glucose uptake.     

Amyloid toxicity in skeletal myoblasts: Implications for inclusion-body myositis

Skeletal muscle disorder, inclusion-body myositis (IBM) has been known for accumulation of amyloid characteristic proteins in muscle. To understand the biophysical basis of IBM, the interaction of amyloid fibrils with skeletal myoblast cells (SMC) has been studied in vitro. Synthetic insulin fibrils and Aβ_25-35 fibrils were used for this investigation. From the saturation binding analysis, the calculated dissociation constant (K_d) for insulin fibril and Aβ_25-35 fibrils were 69.37 ± 11.17 nM and 115.60 ± 12.17 nM, respectively. The fibrillar insulin comparatively has higher affinity binding to SMC than Aβ fibrils. The competitive binding studies with native insulin showed that the amount of bound insulin fibril was significantly decreased due to displacement of native insulin. However, the presence of native insulin is not altered the binding of β-amyloid fibril. The cytotoxicity of insulin amyloid intermediates was measured. The pre-fibrillar intermediates of insulin showed significant toxicity (35%) as compared to matured fibrils. Myoblast treated with β-amyloid fibrils showed more oxidative damage than the insulin fibril. Cell differentiating action of amyloidic insulin was assayed by creatine kinase activity. The insulin fibril treated cells differentiated more slowly compared to native insulin. However, β-amyloid fibrils do not show cell differentiation property. These findings reinforce the hypothesis that accumulation of amyloid related proteins is significant for the pathological events that could lead to muscle degeneration and weakness in IBM.     

Pharmacological mechanism responsible for the Atractylodes japonica-induced distal colonic contraction in rats

Background and aim

Atractylodes japonica Koidz (Compositae) has been commonly used to treat the gastrointestinal (GI) disorders in Korean traditional medicine, but its pharmacological roles in the regulation of GI motility have not been clarified yet.

Methods

Atractylodes japonica was sequentially partitioned with MeOH, n-hexane, CHCl₃, EtOAc and n-BuOH saturated with H₂O, and the effects of Atractylodes japonica extracts on the spontaneous contractility of GI muscle strips prepared from rats were measured.

Results

Among five different fractionations, EtOAc extracts of Atractylodes japonica (AJEA) dose-dependently increased the low frequency contraction of distal colon longitudinal muscles (DCLM), and the ED₅₀ values were revealed to be 1.71 × 10⁻⁹ g/ml. Among GI tracts, a prominent contractile response to AJEA was observed only in the DCLM. The contractile patterns produced by AJEA remarkably differed from those caused by acetylcholine and 5-HT. 4-DAMP and methoctramine at 0.5 μM significantly blocked the AJEA (1.0 μg/ml)-induced contraction of DCLM, but ondansetron, GR113808 and methysergide at 1.0 μM in combination did not change the AJEA-induced DCLM contractions. Acetylethylcholine mustard (5.0 μM) significantly diminished the AJEA-induced DCLM contractions, whereas p-chlorophenyl alanine (1.0 μM) did not affect the stimulatory effects of AJEA on the DCLM contractions.

Conclusion

The present results suggest that AJEA may specifically act on the DCLM among GI smooth muscles, and AJEA-induced DCLM contraction is likely mediated, at least, by activation of ChAT and acetylcholinergic muscarinic receptors.     

Cardiodepressive effect elicited by the essential oil of Alpinia speciosa is related to L-type Ca current blockade

This study was undertaken to elucidate the effect of the essential oil from Alpinia speciosa (EOAs) on cardiac contractility and the underlying mechanisms. The essential oil was obtained from Alpinia speciosa leaves and flowers and the oil was analyzed by GC-MS method. Chemical analysis revealed the presence of at least 18 components. Terpinen-4-ol and 1,8-cineole corresponded to 38% and 18% of the crude oil, respectively. The experiments were conducted on spontaneously-beating right atria and on electrically stimulated left atria isolated from adult rats. The effect of EOAs on the isometric contractions and cardiac frequency in vitro was examined. EOAs decreased rat left atrial force of contraction with an EC₅₀ of 292.2 ± 75.7 μg/ml. Nifedipine, a well known L-type Ca²⁺ blocker, inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner left atrial force of contraction with an EC₅₀ of 12.1 ± 3.5 μg/ml. Sinus rhythm was diminished by EOAs with an EC₅₀ of 595.4 ± 56.2 μg/ml. Whole-cell L-type Ca²⁺ currents were recorded by using the patch-clamp technique. EOAs at 25 μg/ml decreased I_Ca,L by 32.6 ± 9.2% and at 250 μg/ml it decreased by 89.3 ± 7.4%. Thus, inhibition of L-type Ca²⁺ channels is involved in the cardiodepressive effect elicited by the essential oil of Alpinia speciosa in rat heart.     

Dielectric properties of two diastereoisomers of the arabinose and their equimolar mixture

Dielectric relaxation measurements were performed on two enantiomers, d- and l-arabinose and their equimolar mixture, and compared to dielectric data obtained for d-ribose. d-Arabinose differs from d-ribose by having the opposite configuration at C2. This study reveals that both d- and l- of arabinose exhibit α-relaxation peaks with the same shape for the same α-relaxation time τ_α, and the same steepness index for the T_g-scale T-dependence of τ_α. However, the two isomers have slightly different glass transition temperatures T_g’s, and their secondary γ-relaxation times also differ slightly from the previously observed γ-relaxation in d-ribose at the same temperature. However, when samples of both investigated monosaccharides are annealed at higher temperatures, their glass transition temperatures become nearly identical. This is an effect of the mutarotation process, which leads to the formation of pairs of the enantiomers and accordingly they should have the same physical properties. The width of the α-relaxation of d- and l-arabinose is broader than that of d-ribose, as reflected by the smaller stretch exponent in the Kohlrausch-Williams-Watts function used to fit the data of the former (β_KWW = 0.46 ± 0.01) than the latter (β_KWW = 0.55 ± 0.01). The width of the α-relaxation of racemic mixture of the d- and l-arabinose is slightly broader than that of the pure isomers. While the dielectric loss data of d-ribose in the glassy state at ambient and elevated pressures show an inflexion indicating the presence of the JG β-relaxation, the data of d- and l-arabinose show no such feature for identification of the supposedly universal JG β-relaxation. Nevertheless, on comparing the loss spectra of d-arabinose with that of d-ribose, the presence of the JG β-relaxation in d-arabinose has been rationalized.     

Distinct interactions between actin and essential myosin light chain isoforms

Binding of the utmost N-terminus of essential myosin light chains (ELC) to actin slows down myosin motor function. In this study, we investigated the binding constants of two different human cardiac ELC isoforms with actin. We employed circular dichroism (CD) and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy to determine structural properties and protein–protein interaction of recombinant human atrial and ventricular ELC (hALC-1 and hVLC-1, respectively) with α-actin as well as α-actin with alanin-mutated ELC binding site (α-actin^ala3) as control. CD spectroscopy showed similar secondary structure of both hALC-1 and hVLC-1 with high degree of α-helicity. SPR spectroscopy revealed that the affinity of hALC-1 to α-actin (K_D = 575 nM) was significantly (p < 0.01) lower compared with the affinity of hVLC-1 to α-actin (K_D = 186 nM). The reduced affinity of hALC-1 to α-actin was mainly due to a significantly (p < 0.01) lower association rate (k_on: 1018 M⁻¹ s⁻¹) compared with k_on of the hVLC-1/α-actin complex interaction (2908 M⁻¹ s⁻¹). Hence, differential expression of ELC isoforms could modulate muscle contractile activity via distinct α-actin interactions.     

In vitro characterization of proliferation and differentiation of pig satellite cells

Skeletal muscle contains various muscle fiber types exhibiting different contractile properties based on the myosin heavy chain (MyHC) isoform profile. Muscle fiber type composition is highly variable and influences growth performance and meat quality, but underlying mechanisms regulating fiber type composition remain poorly understood. The aim of the present work was to develop a model based on muscle satellite cell culture to further investigate the regulation of adult MyHC isoforms expression in pig skeletal muscle. Satellite cells were harvested from the mostly fast-twitch glycolytic longissimus (LM) and predominantly slow-twitch oxidative rhomboideus (RM) muscles of 6-week-old piglets. Satellite cells were allowed to proliferate up to 80% confluence, reached after 7 day of proliferation (D7), and then induced to differentiate. Kinetics of proliferation and differentiation were similar between muscles and more than 95% of the cells were myogenic (desmin positive) at D7 with a fusion index reaching 65±9% after 4 day of differentiation. One-dimensional SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that satellite cells from both muscles only expressed the embryonic and fetal MyHC isoforms in culture, without any of the adult MyHC isoforms that were expressed in vivo. Interestingly, triiodothyronine (T3) induced de novo expression of adult fast and α-cardiac MyHC in vitro making our culture system a valuable tool to study de novo expression of adult MyHC isoforms and its regulation by intrinsic and/or extrinsic factors.     

Phasic Contractions of the Mouse Vagina and Cervix at Different Phases of the Estrus Cycle and during Late Pregnancy

Background/Aims

The pacemaker mechanisms activating phasic contractions of vaginal and cervical smooth muscle remain poorly understood. Here, we investigate properties of pacemaking in vaginal and cervical tissues by determining whether: 1) functional pacemaking is dependent on the phase of the estrus cycle or pregnancy; 2) pacemaking involves Ca²⁺ release from sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca²⁺-ATPase (SERCA) -dependent intracellular Ca²⁺ stores; and 3) c-Kit and/or vimentin immunoreactive ICs have a role in pacemaking.

Methodology/Principal Findings

Vaginal and cervical contractions were measured in vitro, as was the distribution of c-Kit and vimentin positive interstitial cells (ICs). Cervical smooth muscle was spontaneously active in estrus and metestrus but quiescent during proestrus and diestrus. Vaginal smooth muscle was normally quiescent but exhibited phasic contractions in the presence of oxytocin or the K⁺ channel blocker tetraethylammonium (TEA) chloride. Spontaneous contractions in the cervix and TEA-induced phasic contractions in the vagina persisted in the presence of cyclopiazonic acid (CPA), a blocker of the SERCA that refills intracellular SR Ca²⁺ stores, but were inhibited in low Ca²⁺ solution or in the presence of nifedipine, an inhibitor of L-type Ca²⁺channels. ICs were found in small numbers in the mouse cervix but not in the vagina.

Conclusions/Significance

Cervical smooth muscle strips taken from mice in estrus, metestrus or late pregnancy were generally spontaneously active. Vaginal smooth muscle strips were normally quiescent but could be induced to exhibit phasic contractions independent on phase of the estrus cycle or late pregnancy. Spontaneous cervical or TEA-induced vaginal phasic contractions were not mediated by ICs or intracellular Ca²⁺ stores. Given that vaginal smooth muscle is normally quiescent then it is likely that increases in hormones such as oxytocin, as might occur through sexual stimulation, enhance the effectiveness of such pacemaking until phasic contractile activity emerges.     

Erbb2 Is Required for Cardiac Atrial Electrical Activity during Development

The heart is the first organ required to function during embryonic development and is absolutely necessary for embryo survival. Cardiac activity is dependent on both the sinoatrial node (SAN), which is the pacemaker of heart''s electrical activity, and the cardiac conduction system which transduces the electrical signal though the heart tissue, leading to heart muscle contractions. Defects in the development of cardiac electrical function may lead to severe heart disorders. The Erbb2 (Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2) gene encodes a member of the EGF receptor family of receptor tyrosine kinases. The Erbb2 receptor lacks ligand-binding activity but forms heterodimers with other EGF receptors, stabilising their ligand binding and enhancing kinase-mediated activation of downstream signalling pathways. Erbb2 is absolutely necessary in normal embryonic development and homozygous mouse knock-out Erbb2 embryos die at embryonic day (E)10.5 due to severe cardiac defects. We have isolated a mouse line, l11Jus8, from a random chemical mutagenesis screen, which carries a hypomorphic missense mutation in the Erbb2 gene. Homozygous mutant embryos exhibit embryonic lethality by E12.5-13. The l11Jus8 mutants display cardiac haemorrhage and a failure of atrial function due to defects in atrial electrical signal propagation, leading to an atrial-specific conduction block, which does not affect ventricular conduction. The l11Jus8 mutant phenotype is distinct from those reported for Erbb2 knockout mouse mutants. Thus, the l11Jus8 mouse reveals a novel function of Erbb2 during atrial conduction system development, which when disrupted causes death at mid-gestation.     

Engineered high-affinity affibody molecules targeting platelet-derived growth factor receptor β in vivo

Platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) β is a marker of stromal pericytes and fibroblasts and represents an interesting target for both diagnosis and therapy of solid tumors. A receptor-specific imaging agent would be a useful tool for further understanding the prognostic role of this receptor in vivo. Affibody molecules constitute a class of very small binding proteins that are highly suited for in vivo imaging applications and that can be selected to specifically recognize a desired target protein. Here we describe the isolation of PDGFRβ-specific Affibody molecules with subnanomolar affinity. First-generation Affibody molecules were generated from a large naive library using phage display selection. Subsequently, sequences from binders having a desired selectivity profile and competing with the natural ligand for binding were used in the design of an affinity maturation library, which was created using a single partially randomized oligonucleotide. From this second-generation library, Affibody molecules with a 10-fold improvement in affinity (K_d = 0.4-0.5 nM) for human PDGFRβ and a 4-fold improvement in affinity (K_d = 6-7 nM) for murine PDGFRβ were isolated and characterized. Complete reversible folding after heating to 90 °C, as demonstrated by circular dichroism analysis, supports tolerance to labeling conditions for molecular imaging. The binders were highly specific, as verified by dot blot showing staining reactivity only with human and murine PDGFRβ, but not with human PDGFRα, or a panel of control proteins including 16 abundant human serum proteins. The final binder recognized the native conformation of PDGFRβ expressed in murine NIH-3T3 fibroblasts and human AU565 cells, and inhibited ligand-induced receptor phosphorylation in PDGFRβ-transfected porcine aortic endothelial cells. The PDGFRβ-specific Affibody molecule also accumulated around tumoral blood vessels in a model of spontaneous insulinoma, confirming a potential for in vivo targeting.     

The C-N coupling reaction of pendant naphthyl group of palladium(II) complexes of 1-alkyl-2-(naphthyl-β-azo)imidazoles. Structural characterization, spectral and redox properties, and correlation with DFT computed data

The reaction of Pd(β-NaiR)Cl₂ (2) [β-NaiR (1) = 1-alkyl-2-(naphthyl-β-azo)imidazoles] with ArNH₂ in MeCN has yielded a C-N coupled product chloro[1-alkyl-2-{(7-imidoaryl)naphthyl-β-azo}imidazole-N,N′,N′′]palladium(II), Pd(β-NaiR-N-Ar)Cl (3-5) and coupling takes place at ortho-C-H position of pendant naphthyl group. The structural confirmation has been achieved by single crystal X-ray structure determination of the representative complexes, Pd(β-NaiEt)Cl₂ (2b) and Pd(β-NaiEt-N-C₆H₄-Cl-p)Cl (5b). The electronic spectra of the products, 3-5, exhibit characteristic transition within 600-900 nm those are absent in Pd(β-NaiR)Cl₂ (2). Cyclic voltammogram shows one oxidative response and two ligand reductions. The products are emissive. The excited state decays via radiative and non-radiative biexponential routes. The electronic structure, spectra and redox properties are explained by DFT computation.