Differences in Receptor Specificity between the Influenza Viruses of Duck,Chicken, and Human

The affinity of the duck, chicken, and human influenza viruses to the host cell sialosides was determined, and considerable distinctions between duck and chicken viruses were found. Duck viruses bind to a wide range of sialosides, including the short-stem gangliosides. Most of the chicken viruses, like human ones, lose the ability to bind these gangliosides, which strictly correlates with the appearance of carbohydrate at position 158–160. The affinity of the chicken viruses to sialoglycoconjugates of chicken intestine as well as chicken, monkey, and human respiratory epithelial cells exceeds that of the duck viruses. The human influenza viruses have high affinity to the same cells but do not bind at all to the duck epithelial cell. This testifies to the absence of 6"-sialylgalactose residues from the duck cells, in contrast to chicken and monkey cells. The alteration of the receptor specificity of chicken viruses in comparison with duck ones results in the similarity of the patterns of accessible cells for chicken and human influenza viruses. This may be the cause of the appearance of the line of H9N2 viruses from Hong Kong live bird markets with receptor specificity similar to that of H3N2 human viruses, and of the ability of H5N1 and H9N2 chicken influenza viruses to infect humans.     

Host-Specific Hemagglutination of Influenza A (H1N1) Virus

H1N1 strains of influenza A virus isolated during the influenza season of 1991–92 were divided into two groups according to the property of host-specific hemagglutination. Group 1 viruses agglutinated human and chicken red blood cells. Group 2 viruses agglutinated human but not chicken red blood cells. The viruses of both groups, however, showed the same antigenic structure determined with ferret antisera. The virus clones which were plaque-purified twice from a group 2 virus retained the characteristic of host-specific hemagglutination after five successive passages in MDCK cells, indicating that this phenomenon is genetically determined. However, the amino acid, sequences of the hemagglutinin (HA) polypeptides deduced from the nucleotide sequences of the HA gene of the two groups did not show any differences between them. This suggests a difference in amino acids in some other polypeptide(s), which affects the host-specific hemagglutination.     

禽流感H5N1型病毒对沙鼠致病性的初步研究

[目的]观察禽流感H5N1型病毒对沙鼠的致病性;[方法]在生物安全三级实验室,将禽流感H5N1型病毒通过滴鼻接种乙醚麻醉后沙鼠,观察14天,记录沙鼠的体温体重、临床症状、病理变化、病毒分离及抗体变化;[结果]沙鼠感染后发病主要表现在第2天至第6天,攻毒组沙鼠出现反应迟钝、皱毛、弓背、食欲下降、呼吸急促、打堆等症状,攻毒组沙鼠的体温降低和体重减轻,死亡率为44%,在第8天检出抗体,主要病理变化表现为肺出现严重淤血、水肿、出血,镜下可见肺间质充血,血管周围炎性细胞浸润,肝和胸腺淤血,肾出血,肾小管变形。     

季节性流感病毒H1N1实时荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立

目的建立一种快速定量检测季节性流感病毒H1N1核酸的实时荧光定量PCR检测方法及试剂盒。方法选择季节性流感病毒H1N1的保守基因NP基因作为检测靶目标,应用Clustal W软件进行序列同源性比对分析,筛选出季节性流感病毒H1N1特异性的保守序列作为引物候选区域,然后应用Primer Express及PrimerPremier 5.0软件包对候选引物进行进一步配对及筛选,得到最优特异性检测引物。同时,由病毒全长cDNA扩增出NP基因,琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测NP基因的扩增情况并对目的条带进行切胶回收及纯化,对回收后的NP全长基因进行核酸浓度测定,并换算成拷贝数,作为定量标准品。结果应用ABI公司的Power SYBR Green PCR MasterMix及StepOne实时荧光定量PCR仪,该检测系统灵敏度可达102 copies/μL,不同梯度标准品间线性关系（R2）达0.999,斜率为-0.3433,扩增效率为95.572%,所有标准品均在83.2℃出现尖且窄的特异性熔解峰。结论利用该检测系统可以快速定量检测季节性流感病毒H1N1,灵敏度高,可用作基础及临床实验室对季节性流感病毒H1N1感染的辅助诊断方法和临床效果的监测手段,对实验操作者要求相对较低,具有实际的应用价值。     

猪源性甲型H1N1流感病毒研究概况

2009年3月在美国和墨西哥流感样患者的呼吸道标本中鉴定出新的猪源性甲型H1N1流感病毒。该病毒可人-人传播,已蔓延到112个国家和地区。为了遏制不断重组或重配的流感病毒,各国学者对甲型H1N1流感病毒的分子生物学特征、复制周期及实验室诊断做了细致的研究,以研发相应的药物或疫苗,这些成就为世界各国防控今年新鉴定的猪源性甲型H1N1流感病毒感染发挥了重要作用。现就猪源性甲型H1N1流感病毒的鉴定、基因组结构特征做一综述。     

H1N1型流感病毒神经氨酸酶的原核表达、纯化及免疫原性分析

目的：研究H1N1型流感病毒神经氨酸酶（NA）在原核系统中的表达、纯化方法及其免疫原性。方法：构建了大肠杆菌表达载体pET22b-NA,并转化了大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）;通过SP-Sepharose Fast Flow柱对重组NA进行分离纯化,并用Sephadex G-25柱对SP柱后获得的NA进行柱上复性;用不同剂量的重组NA免疫BALB/c小鼠,并检测其诱导产生的抗体滴度。结果：大肠杆菌表达的NA以包涵体形式存在,通过分离及柱上复性,纯化得到重组NA;NA抗原的免疫原性是剂量依赖的,随着剂量的增加,其免疫原性相应增强,3次免疫后,3μg NA诱导小鼠产生的抗体滴度最高,为1∶7000。结论：大肠杆菌表达的NA具有一定的诱导小鼠产生针对天然NA的抗体的能力,为流感病毒基因工程疫苗研究提供了初步线索。     

甲型H1N1流感病毒HA蛋白抗原表位及受体结合位点突变特性的对比研究

人群中流行的H1N1病毒按其来源可分为两类:人感染的猪H1N1病毒与人类季节性H1N1流感病毒。这两类病毒在流行频率、易感性和致病性等方面存在明显差异。文章收集了1918～2009年间17株人感染的猪甲型H1N1毒株以及21株季节性H1N1毒株,通过序列比对、氨基酸残基保守性分析及3D结构对比等生物信息学方法,揭示造成这两类病毒流行病学和感染性差异的机制。研究发现这两类病毒HA蛋白的进化路径并不相同,且两者具有不同的突变特征,人感染的猪H1N1病毒中,Ca1、Ca2、Sa和Sb四个位点均较为保守,仅Cb位点的突变较快;季节性H1N1病毒仅有Ca1位点较为保守,其他四个抗原性位点均具有较快的突变速率,且较多的突变为新类型的氨基酸。另外,对受体结合位点的研究也显示,这两类病毒的该区域存在5个氨基酸水平的差异(ALA138SER、GLN192LYS、GLN196HIS、ALA198GLU和ALA227GLU),这些位点的差异使得人感染的猪H1N1流感病毒比人类季节性H1N1病毒的易感性更强。这些研究结果可为阐明两类H1N1流感病毒感染性及致病性差异提供更多的信息,并有助于进一步认识H1N1流感病毒的进化机制。     

浙江省首例人禽流感病例的病原学与分子生物学研究

为确认浙江省首例疑似人禽流感病例,进行病原学分析,对患者气管吸出物进行核酸RT-PCR、荧光定量RT-PCR检测以及病毒分离,并对患者血清进行HI抗体测定。结果表明:患者气管吸出物H5N1亚型和A型流感病毒特异核酸均呈阳性,分离到禽流感病毒A/Zhejiang/16/06(H5N1)株;双份血清中禽流感病毒(H5N1)HI抗体滴度分别为1:320和1:640,从病原学和血清学上证实为人禽流感病例。分离毒株测序结果显示,A/Zhejiang/16/06(H5N1)株在HA裂解位点为多个碱性氨基酸,符合高致病性禽流感病毒特征;该毒株的HA、NA、PB2、NP、M和NS基因序列均为禽源,与2005年我国福建、安徽等地禽流感病毒分离株高度同源,而与越南、泰国以及香港1997年分离到的禽流感病毒株之间存在明显差异。     

共表达H5和H9亚型禽流行性感冒病毒血凝素基因的重组禽痘病毒及其免疫效力

为了构建更为安全有效能同时抵抗高致病性H5亚型和低致病忡H9亚型禽流行性感冒(禽流感)病毒的基因工程疫苗,将H5和H9亚型禽流感病毒分离株的血凝素(HA)基因,分别由鸡痘病毒早晚期启动子PS和PE／L调控其转求,定向插入鸡痘病毒转移载体p11s中,获得H5A和H9A基因分别处于PS及PE／L启动子转录调控下的重组转移载体p11SH5H9。以FuGene^TM6转染法将p11SH5H9转染至已感染鸡痘病毒282E4疫苗株(wt-FPV)的鸡胚成纤维细胞(CEF)中。p11SH5H9与wt—FPV基因组DNA之间的同源重组产生了重组鸡痘病毒rFPV11SH5H9。通过在含X-gal的营养琼脂上连续挑选蓝色病毒蚀斑获得并纯化rFPV-11SH5H9。以间接免疫荧光法试验证实,纯化的rFPV-11SH5H9感染的CEF能同时表达H5A和H9A。初步的动物试验表明,用10^5PFU的rFPV-11SH5H9免疫无特定病原体(SPF)鸡,免疫后血凝抑制(HI)抗体监测阳性率均为100％(8／8);该重组病毒能显著抑制H9亚型AIV滴鼻、点眼后7日龄SPF鸡从气管和泄殖腔排毒,同时也能抵抗H5亚型AIV肌肉注射后对7日龄SPF鸡致死性攻击,保护率均为100％,显示出一定的应用前景。     

一株H5N1亚型禽流感病毒的分离与鉴定

2004年1月湖北宜昌某鸡场暴发疫病,从该鸡场濒死鸡肺组织中分离到了一株病毒,电镜切片观察到典型的禽流感病毒粒子;采用ELISA检测禽流感抗原为阳性;RT-PCR扩增HA、NA基因并测序,经BLAST分析,HA基因与A／Goose／Guangdong／1／96(H5N1)HA基因同源性为97％;NA基因与A／Goose／Guangdong／1／96(H5N1)NA基因同源性为96％,确定该分离株为禽流感病毒H5N1亚型(A／Chicken／Yichang／Lung-1／04(H5N1))。     

H5N1禽流感病毒实验室检测方法灵敏性比较

目的比对实验室常用的H5N1禽流感病毒检测方法灵敏性。方法增殖H5N1病毒,蚀斑技术定量待检病毒,应用细胞接种、血凝实验、RT-PCR、Real-time RT-PCR等方法检测稀释的病毒悬液,比较检测的最低滴度。结果细胞接种、Real-time RT-PCR、RT-PCR及血凝实验能检测病毒的最低滴度为10 PFU/mL、10 PFU/mL、103 PFU/mL及3.52×105 PFU/mL。结论几种检测方法比较而言,细胞接种与Real-time RT-PCR检测灵敏性最高;血凝实验用时最短,但灵敏性低,结果需要进一步确认;RT-PCR用时较较短,检测灵敏性较高。     

Influenza Human Monoclonal Antibody 1F1 Interacts with Three Major Antigenic Sites and Residues Mediating Human Receptor Specificity in H1N1 Viruses

Most monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to the influenza A virus hemagglutinin (HA) head domain exhibit very limited breadth of inhibitory activity due to antigenic drift in field strains. However, mAb 1F1, isolated from a 1918 influenza pandemic survivor, inhibits select human H1 viruses (1918, 1943, 1947, and 1977 isolates). The crystal structure of 1F1 in complex with the 1918 HA shows that 1F1 contacts residues that are classically defined as belonging to three distinct antigenic sites, Sa, Sb and Ca₂. The 1F1 heavy chain also reaches into the receptor binding site (RBS) and interacts with residues that contact sialoglycan receptors and determine HA receptor specificity. The 1F1 epitope is remarkably similar to the previously described murine HC63 H3 epitope, despite significant sequence differences between H1 and H3 HAs. Both antibodies potently inhibit receptor binding, but only HC63 can block the pH-induced conformational changes in HA that drive membrane fusion. Contacts within the RBS suggested that 1F1 may be sensitive to changes that alter HA receptor binding activity. Affinity assays confirmed that sequence changes that switch the HA to avian receptor specificity affect binding of 1F1 and a mAb possessing a closely related heavy chain, 1I20. To characterize 1F1 cross-reactivity, additional escape mutant selection and site-directed mutagenesis were performed. Residues 190 and 227 in the 1F1 epitope were found to be critical for 1F1 reactivity towards 1918, 1943 and 1977 HAs, as well as for 1I20 reactivity towards the 1918 HA. Therefore, 1F1 heavy-chain interactions with conserved RBS residues likely contribute to its ability to inhibit divergent HAs.     

H5N1亚型高致病性禽流感病毒NS1基因的克隆及其序列分析

目的：克隆H5N1亚型禽流感病毒的NS1基因,并分析其序列特性。方法：通过RT-PCR方法克隆H5N1亚型禽流感病毒NS1基因,并对该基因片段进行测序,将此序列与数据库中不同时间、地点、宿主来源的H5N1亚型流感毒株NS1基因序列进行同源性比较。结果：获得了678bp的NS1全长基因,可编码225个氨基酸;其与毒株A／chicken／Jilin／hq／2003的同源性最高,二者的核酸和氨基酸的同源性分别为99．7％和99．1％。比对分析发现,该毒株NS1基因在第238-252位有15个核苷酸的缺失;进化树分析表明,它与1997年香港流行的H5N1亚型禽流感病毒毒株分别属于2个不同的分支。结论：克隆了一株H5N1亚型禽流感病毒的NS1基因,并初步分析了其序列特性,为进一步研究NS1基因的功能奠定了基础。     

一株H5N1亚型禽流感病毒的分离与鉴定

2004年1月湖北宜昌某鸡场暴发疫病,从该鸡场濒死鸡肺组织中分离到了一株病毒,电镜切片观察到典型的禽流感病毒粒子;采用ELISA检测禽流感抗原为阳性;RT-PCR扩增HA、NA基因并测序,经BLAST分析,HA基因与A/Goose/Guangdong/1/96(H5N1)HA基因同源性为97%;NA基因与A/Goose/Guangdong/1/96(H5N1)NA基因同源性为96%,确定该分离株为禽流感病毒H5N1亚型(A/Chicken/Yichang/Lung-1/04(H5N1)).     

H5N1型禽流感病毒感染非人灵长类动物的观察

目的观察H5N1型禽流感病毒对中国非人灵长类动物的易感性并建立动物模型。方法将病毒通过滴鼻接种实验猴,观察感染后动物的临床症状,采血、咽拭子及各器官组织进行血清学、病原学及病理学检查,记录抗体变化、病毒分离情况及病理学改变。结果感染后动物表现轻度食欲下降、一过性体温升高及外周血白细胞减少,肺组织病毒分离及RT-PCR阳性,病理检查感染急性期动物肺组织表现为间质性肺炎,肺泡间隔增宽,充血出血明显,肺泡受压变形,间质及肺泡内有大量炎细胞浸润,符合病毒性肺炎的改变,感染后14 d动物血清IgG抗体水平较感染前升高4倍。结论H5N1病毒可感染非人灵长类动物,可以作为感染模型进行H5N1病毒的发病机制、疫苗评价、药物筛选等研究。     

Glycosylation on Hemagglutinin Affects the Virulence and Pathogenicity of Pandemic H1N1/2009 Influenza A Virus in Mice

The two glycosylation sites (Asn142 and Asn177) were observed in the HA of most human seasonal influenza A/H1N1 viruses, while none in pandemic H1N1/2009 influenza A (pH1N1) viruses. We investigated the effect of the two glycosylation sites on viral virulence and pathogenicity in mice using recombinant pH1N1. The H1N1/144 and H1N1/177 mutants which gained potential glycosylation sites Asn142 and Asn177 on HA respectively were generated from A/Mexico/4486/2009(H1N1) by site-directed mutagenesis and reverse genetics, the same as the H1N1/144+177 gained both glycosylation sites Asn142 and Asn177. The biological characteristics and antigenicity of the mutants were compared with wild-type pH1N1. The virulence and pathogenicity of recombinants were also detected in mice. Our results showed that HA antigenicity and viral affinity for receptor may change with introduction of the glycosylation sites. Compared with wild-type pH1N1, the mutant H1N1/177 displayed an equivalent virus titer in chicken embryos and mice, and increased virulence and pathogenicity in mice. The H1N1/144 displayed the highest virus titer in mice lung. However, the H1N1/144+177 displayed the most serious alveolar inflammation and pathogenicity in infected mice. The introduction of the glycosylation sites Asn144 and Asn177 resulted in the enhancement on virulence and pathogenicity of pH1N1 in mice, and was also associated with the change of HA antigenicity and the viral affinity for receptor.     

miR-769-3p 对甲型 H1N1流感病毒核蛋白表达的调控

目的:预测靶向甲型流感病毒核蛋白(NP)基的微小 RNA(miRNA),并检测其对 NP 表达的影响.方法:从miRBase 数据库中获取人成熟 miRNA 序列,利用 miRanda 软件预测潜在靶向流感病毒 A/FM/1/47(H1N1) NP 基的人 miRNA;通过双萤光素酶报告基系统及 Western 印迹验证所预测的 miRNA 对 NP 表达的影响.结果:用 miRanda软件在流感病毒 A/FM/1/47(H1N1) NP 基上预测得到分值及最小结合自由能均较好的 miR-769-3p;双萤光素酶报告基结果显示 miR-769-3p 能显著降低报告基载体萤光素酶的表达;Western 印迹结果显示 miR-769-3p 能明显抑制 NP 的表达,但突变 NP 基上的 miR-769-3p 结合位点后,miR-769-3p 不能抑制 NP 的表达.结论:miR-769-3p 可靶向流感病毒 A/FM/1/47(H1N1) NP 基并抑制 NP 的表达,为抗甲型流感病毒的 miRNA 药物研发提供了据和潜在药物靶标.     

禽流感H5N1病毒感染BALB/c小鼠的细胞免疫动态变化

[目的]测定H5N1病毒感染BALB/c的小鼠模型的细胞免疫动态变化,探讨病毒对机体免疫系统的影响。[方法]通过流式细胞仪测定CD3+T、CD4+T、CD8+T等细胞免疫变化。[结果]感染H5N1病毒的小鼠血液中CD3+T、CD4+T、CD8+T细胞数量下降(P<0.05),脾脏中T细胞数量下降的趋势与血液相同,CD4+T/CD8+T的比例上升,只是两者的时间有所差别。[结论]说明病毒对细胞免疫T细胞数量影响较大,而且CD8+T受到的影响更为明显,反应了机体特异性细胞免疫功能受抑制,并且彼此之间的平衡受到破坏。     

H9N2亚型禽流感病毒非结构蛋白(NS1)基因的克隆与表达

由于H9N2亚型禽流感对我国的养鸡业已造成了很大的损失,因而在我国许多养鸡场不得不使用H9N2亚型禽流感灭活苗[1],但由于灭活苗的使用,而增加了H9N2亚型禽流感的监测难度.因此,建立一种能区别自然感染鸡和疫苗免疫鸡的鉴别诊断方法已被提到日程上来.