Potential of genes and gene products fromTrichoderma sp. andGliocladium sp. for the development of biological pesticides

Fungal cell wall degrading enzymes produced by the biocontrol fungiTrichoderma harzianum andGliocladium virens are strong inhibitors of spore germination and hyphal elongation of a number of phytopathogenic fungi. The purified enzymes include chitinolytic enzymes with different modes of action or different substrate specificity and glucanolytic enzymes with exo-activity. A variety of synergistic interactions were found when different enzymes were combined or associated with biotic or abiotic antifungal agents. The levels of inhibition obtained by using enzyme combinations were, in some cases, comparable with commercial fungicides. Moreover, the antifungal interaction between enzymes and common fungicides allowed the reduction of the chemical doses up to 200-fold. Chitinolytic and glucanolytic enzymes fromT. harzianum were able to improve substantially the antifungal ability of a biocontrol strain ofEnterobacter cloacae. DNA fragments containing genes encoding for different chitinolytic enzymes were isolated from a cDNA library ofT. harzianum and cloned for mechanistic studies and biocontrol purposes. Our results provide additional information on the role of lytic enzymes in processes of biocontrol and strongly suggest the use of lytic enzymes and their genes for biological control of plant diseases.     

Molecular characterization of Arabidopsis thaliana cDNAs encoding three purine biosynthetic enzymes

Glycinamide ribonucleotide (GAR) synthetase, GAR transformylase and aminoimidazole ribonucleotide (AIR) synthetase are the second, third and fifth enzymes in the 10-step de novo purine biosynthetic pathway. From a cDNA library of Arabidopsis thaliana, cDNAs encoding the above three enzymes were cloned by functional complementation of corresponding Escherichia coli mutants. Each of the cDNAs encode peptides comprising the complete enzymatic domain of either GAR synthetase, GAR transformylase or AIR synthetase. Comparisons of the three Arabidopsis purine biosynthetic enzymes with corresponding enzymes/polypeptide-fragments from procaryotic and eucaryotic sources indicate a high degree of conserved homology at the amino acid level, in particular with procaryotic enzymes. Assays from extracts of E. coli expressing the complementing clones verified the specific enzymatic activity of Arabidopsis GAR synthetase and GAR transformylase. Sequence analysis, as well as Northern blot analysis indicate that Arabidopsis has single and monofunctional enzymes. In this respect the organization of these three plant purine biosynthesis genes is fundamentally different from the multifunctional purine biosynthesis enzymes characteristic of other eucaryotes and instead resembles the one gene, one enzyme relationship found in procaryotes.     

Genetics and biochemistry of phenol degradation byPseudomonas sp. CF600

Pseudomonas sp. strain CF600 is an efficient degrader of phenol and methylsubstituted phenols. These compounds are degraded by the set of enzymes encoded by the plasmid locateddmpoperon. The sequences of all the fifteen structural genes required to encode the nine enzymes of the catabolic pathway have been determined and the corresponding proteins have been purified. In this review the interplay between the genetic analysis and biochemical characterisation of the catabolic pathway is emphasised. The first step in the pathway, the conversion of phenol to catechol, is catalysed by a novel multicomponent phenol hydroxylase. Here we summarise similarities of this enzyme with other multicomponent oxygenases, particularly methane monooxygenase (EC 1.14.13.25). The other enzymes encoded by the operon are those of the well-knownmeta-cleavage pathway for catechol, and include the recently discoveredmeta-pathway enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase (acylating) (EC 1.2.1.10). The known properties of thesemeta-pathway enzymes, and isofunctional enzymes from other aromatic degraders, are summarised. Analysis of the sequences of the pathway proteins, many of which are unique to themeta-pathway, suggests new approaches to the study of these generally little-characterised enzymes. Furthermore, biochemical studies of some of these enzymes suggest that physical associations betweenmeta-pathway enzymes play an important role. In addition to the pathway enzymes, the specific regulator of phenol catabolism, DmpR, and its relationship to the XylR regulator of toluene and xylene catabolism is discussed.     

二氧化碳固定酶固碳效率及其对地衣芽孢杆菌代谢的影响

【背景】随着代谢工程与合成生物学的快速发展,通过对异养微生物进行代谢改造,利用生物法进行二氧化碳固定成为一个新的趋势。生物代谢途径中存在着大量固碳酶,这些酶尚待挖掘与应用,不同的酶固碳效率之间也缺少比较。【目的】在体外和体内对固碳功能和效率进行评价。【方法】选取3种固碳酶,即核酮糖1,5-二磷酸羧化加氧酶(ribose 1,5-diphosphate carboxylation oxygenase, RuBisCo)、磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧激酶(phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, PCK)和乙酰辅酶A羧化酶(acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase, ACC)在大肠杆菌中异源表达并纯化。测定纯酶的酶活,并建立无细胞催化实验-液质联用评价酶固碳能力的方法。在厌氧发酵条件下检测代谢指标,比较过表达固碳酶的地衣芽孢杆菌相较于原始菌的代谢差异。【结果】3种酶均实现可溶性表达,纯酶的比酶活分别为66.43、1.16和12.52 U/mg。通过体外无细胞催化实验,ACC在3种酶中表现出最高的固碳效率。分别过表达了PCK、ACC的重组地衣芽孢杆菌,厌氧发酵主产物乳酸的转化率从48.6%分别提升至58.1%和59.7%。【结论】可以通过体外、体内结合的方式对固碳酶的效率进行评价,该研究可为固碳酶在微生物遗传改造中理性、精准地应用提供参考。     

Localization of Glyoxylate Cycle Enzymes in Glyoxysomes in Euglena*

SYNOPSIS. We demonstrated previously microbodies in Euglena gracilis grown in the dark on 2-carbon substrates. We have now established in Euglena the particulate nature of enzymes known in other organisms to be localized in microbodies (glyoxysomes and leaf peroxisomes). On a linear sucrose gradient the glyoxylate cycle enzymes band together at a nigner equilibrium density (1.20 g/cm3) than mitochondrial marker enzymes (1.17 g/cm3), establishing the existence in Euglena of glyoxysomes similar to those of higher plants. Glyoxylate (hydroxypyruvate) reductase and, under certain conditions, also glycolate dehydrogenase co-band with the glyoxylate cycle enzymes, suggesting that Euglena glyoxysomes, like those of higher plants, may contain peroxisomal-type enzymes. Catalase, an enzyme characteristic of microbodies from a variety of sources, was not detected in Euglena.     

Identification and characterization of novel esterases from a deep-sea sediment metagenome

A deep-sea sediment metagenomic library was constructed and screened for lipolytic enzymes by activity-based approach. Nine novel lipolytic enzymes were identified, and the amino acid sequences shared 56% to 84% identity to other lipolytic enzymes in the database. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these enzymes belonged to family IV lipolytic enzymes. One of the lipolytic enzymes, Est6, was successfully cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli Rosetta in a soluble form. The recombinant protein was purified by Ni-nitrilotriacetic affinity chromatography column and characterized using p-nitrophenyl esters with various chain lengths. The est6 gene consisted of 909 bp that encoded 302 amino acid residues. Est6 was most similar to a lipolytic enzyme from uncultured bacterium (ACL67845, 61% identity) isolated from the South China Sea marine sediment metagenome. The characterization of Est6 revealed that it was a cold-active esterase and exhibited the highest activity toward p-nitrophenyl butyrate (C4) at 20°C and pH 7.5.     

Enzymology of the thermophilic ascomycetous fungus Thermoascus aurantiacus

Different strains of the thermophilic ascomycetous fungus Thermoascus aurantiacus have been reported in the literature to produce high levels of a variety of industrial interest enzymes (i.e. amylases, cellulases, pectinases and xylanases), which have been shown to be remarkably stable over a wide range of temperatures and appear to have tremendous commercial potential. Most studies on enzyme production by T. aurantiacus are carried out in chemically defined liquid medium, under conditions suitable for induction of a particular enzyme. A few studies have investigated the production of some enzymes by T. aurantiacus by solid-state fermentation, using lignocellulosic materials. The present review focuses on the enzymes produced by T. aurantiacus, their main kinetic parameters, and the effect of different culture conditions on production and enzyme activity. It also provides a view of the possible applications of T. aurantiacus enzymes, considering that this thermophilic fungus could comprise a potential source of thermostable enzymes.     

Molecular Cloning of the Genes for Pyruvate Kinase of Two Bacilli,Bacillus psychrophilus and Bacillus licheniformis,and Comparison of the Properties of the Enzymes Produced in Escherichia coli

The genes for the pyruvate kinases of a psychrophile, Bacillus psychrophilus, and a mesophile, Bacillus licheniformis, have been cloned in Escherichia coli, and all their nucleotides were sequenced. The two bacterial enzymes each had an extra C-terminal sequence consisting of about 110 amino acid residues, which has been found in the B. stearothermophilus enzyme. Both enzymes were overexpressed in E. coli and the properties of the purified enzymes were compared to those of the B. stearothermophilus enzyme. Both enzymes were less stable than the B. stearothermophilus one. The B. psychrophilus enzyme was more stable than the B. licheniformis one. Similarly to the B. licheniformis and B. stearothermophilus pyruvate kinases, the B. psychrophilus enzyme was activated by AMP or ribose 5-phosphate, and inhibited by A TP or fructose 1,6-bisphosphate. Thus, these enzymes were very similar in the sigmoidal saturation curve for phosphoenolpyruvate and allosteric effectors, but their optimum temperatures and thermostabilities were very different.     

Expression and Characterization of Fifteen <Emphasis Type="Italic">Rhizopus oryzae</Emphasis> 99-880 Polygalacturonase Enzymes in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pichia pastoris</Emphasis>

Polygalacturonase (PG) enzymes hydrolyze the long polygalacturonic acid chains found in the smooth regions of pectin. Interest in this enzyme class continues due to their ability to macerate tissues of economically important crops and their use in a number of industrial processes. Rhizopus oryzae has a large PG gene family with 15 of 18 genes encoding unique active enzymes. The PG enzymes, 12 endo-PG and 3 exo-galacturonases, were expressed in Pichia pastoris and purified enabling biochemical characterization to gain insight into the maintenance of this large gene family within the Rhizopus genome. The 15 PG enzymes have a pH optima ranging from 4.0 to 5.0. Temperature optima of the 15 PG enzymes vary from 30 to 40°C. While the pH and temperature optima do little to separate the enzymes, the specific activity of the enzymes is highly variable ranging from over 200 to less than 1 μmol/min/mg. A general pattern related to the groupings found in the phylogentic tree was visible with the group containing the exo-PG enzymes demonstrating the lowest specific activity. Finally, the progress curves of the PG enzymes, contained within the phylogenetic group that includes the exo-PG enzymes, acting on trigalacturonic acid lend additional support to the idea that the ancestral form of PG in Rhizopus is endolytic and exolytic function evolved later.     

Activity of bacteriolytic enzymes adsorbed to clays

Myxococcus virescens is able to produce extracellular bacteriolytic enzymes that are rapidly adsorbed on montmorillonite. These adsorbed enzymes are active and can be assayed by measuring the release of UV-absorbing materials in mixtures containingMicrococcus luteus cells. The activity of the clay-adsorbed enzymes is, however, considerably lower than that of the unadsorbed enzymes. Both unadsorbed and adsorbed enzymes have their maximum activity at approximately the same pH. At lower clay-enzyme concentrations, the activity is proportional to the concentration. If, however, increasing amounts of clay are added to a fixed volume of clay-enzyme suspension, the activity remains almost unchanged until a definite limit is reached, then the activity decreases rapidly. This limit was dependent only on the ratio of the amounts of enzyme and clay and not on the absolute concentration of the enzyme. The montmorillonite-adsorbed bacteriolytic enzymes fromM. virescens were not active against gram-negative bacteria, and no activity against purified cell walls fromM. luteus could be measured. Montmorillonite-adsorbed egg white lysozyme was not active onM. luteus cells.     

Investigation of cellular targeting of carotenoid pathway enzymes in Pichia pastoris

Cellular targeting of lycopene biosynthetic enzymes was investigated in Pichia pastoris X-33. Three lycopene pathway enzymes, CrtE, CrtB, and CrtI, were fused to fluorescent EGFPs with or without a peroxisomal targeting sequence (PTS1) and then expressed in P. pastoris. When P. pastoris was grown in YPD, the PTS1 fusion enzymes were found to be localized in peroxisomes, whereas the enzymes not fused with PTS1 were equally distributed throughout the entire cell. A similar targeting pattern was also observed in P. pastoris strains that were grown in peroxisome-proliferating medium, YPOT. Analysis of the fluorescent images of isolated peroxisomes showed that the PTS1 fused enzymes were dominantly present in peroxisomes whereas small amount of the enzymes not fused with PTS1 were non-specifically sent to peroxisomes. These results indicate that PTS1 specifically target lycopene pathway enzymes into peroxisomes and this targeting pathway was strong enough to overcome their inherent targeting program. In conclusion, we first showed that carotenogenic enzymes can be targeted into the specific cellular location of recombinant hosts and this targeting strategy can serve as the basis for the subsequent development of sophisticated pathway engineering in microorganisms.     

Enzymes of SPZ7 phage: Isolation and properties

Bacteriophage enzyme preparations exolysin and endolysin were studied. Exolysin (a phage-associated enzyme) was obtained from tail fraction and endolysin from phage-free cytoplasmic fraction of disintegrated Salmonella enteritidis cells. A new method for purification of these enzymes was developed, and their molecular masses were determined. The main catalytic properties of the studied enzymes (pH optimum and specificity to bacterial substrates) were found to be similar. Both enzymes lyse Escherichia coli cells like chicken egg lysozyme, but more efficiently lyse S. enteritidis cells and cannot lyse Micrococcus luteus, a good substrate for chicken egg lysozyme. Similar properties of exolysin and endolysin suggest that these enzymes are structurally similar or even identical.     

The molecular cloning of genes specifying some enzymes of the 3,5-xylenol degradative pathway

Enzymes for the degradation of 3,5-xylenol ofPseudomonas putida NCIB9869 are encoded on a transmissible plasmid, pRA500. Genes specifying the inducible synthesis of some enzymes encoded on pRA500, namely, citraconase (G), citramalate coenzyme-A-transferase (H), citramalyl-coenzyme-A lyase (I), maleyl-pyruvate isomerase (J) and fumarylpyruvate hydrolase (K) have been cloned on a 7.9-kbHindIII fragment into the vector pKT231 to give pRA507. Biochemical and restriction analysis of pRA507 and some of its deleted derivatives has enabled preliminary locations to be assigned to the genes encoding these enzymes. The structural genes for enzymes H and I, together with a regulatory gene controlling their expression, are located on a 1.6-kbHindIII/XhoI fragment of pRA507 and the genes for enzymes G, J and K are located within a 4.5-kbXhoI/ClaI fragment of pRA507, which lies immediately adjacent to the former fragment. Biochemical analysis of the strain carrying pRA507, of its plasmid-free derivative and of other plasmid-free derivatives of the wild-typeP. putida has provided indirect evidence for the presence of two isofunctional enzymes at three different steps of the degradative pathway. One set of 3-hydroxybenzoate 6-hydroxylase, gentisate 1,2-dioxygenase and maleylpyruvate hydrolase is encoded on pRA500 and these enzymes are inducible only. A second set is encoded on the chromosome and these enzymes are constitutive and not further inducible. The chromosomally located genes appeared to be silent until 3,5-xylenol-negative strains were incubated for prolonged periods with compounds such asm-hydroxybenzoate orp-cresol.     

A kinetic analysis of three modified novel nitroreductases

A kinetic comparison between three nitroreductase enzymes isolated from the genome of Bacillus licheniformis ATCC 14580 for prospective use as immobilised enzymes for explosives detection has been conducted. The genes encoding the three enzymes (yfkO [BLNfnB] encoding an NfsB-like enzyme; nfrA [BLNfrA1] and ycnD [BLNfrA2] encoding PnrA-like enzymes) have been PCR amplified from the native genome and cloned into pET-28a(+) and a modified cysteine₍₆₎-tagged pET-28a(+) and subsequently over-expressed, purified, and biochemically characterised. The previously uncharacterised nitroreductases exhibited activity against a wide range of explosives, including cyclic nitramines. Amino acid alignments and overall structural comparisons with other nitroreductase family members suggest that the B. licheniformis enzymes are members of the NfsA-Frp/NfsB-FRase I family group. Despite the overall low amino acid identity, regions for flavin mononucleotide binding and active site residues were highly conserved.     

Extracellular Lytic Enzymes of Myxococcus virescens II. Purification of Three Bacteriolytic Enzymes and Determination of their Molecular Weights and Isoelectric Points

The bacteriolytic enzymes produced by Myxococcus virescens and previously concentrated and separated from most of the non-bacteriolytic proteins have been further separated and purified. The bacteriolytic enzyme solution was concentrated by lyo-philization. When applied to a Sephadex G-100 column, three peaks of bacteriolytic activity were eluted. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that all the three enzyme fractions were contaminated with at least four non-bacteriolytic proteins. In the first enzyme fraction the bacteriolytic enzymes could be freed from the contaminating proteolytic activity by adsorption on a hydroxylapatite column. The bacteriolytic enzymes could then be adsorbed on a CM-cellulose column. The remaining contaminating proteins passed the column un-adsorbed while the bacteriolytic enzymes could be eluted with a gradient of 0.02–0.10 M ammonium hydrogen carbonate solution. The second enzyme fraction was adsorbed on a CM-cellulose column and then eluted with 0.03–0.15 M NH4 HCO₃. After rechromatography on a new column under the same conditions, all of the contaminating proteins had disappeared. For purification of the third enzyme fraction chro-matography on one single CM-cellulose column was sufficient. The elution of the adsorbed enzymes was performed with a gradient of 0.15–0.30 M NH₄HCO₃. The recovery of activity for each of the ion-exchange chromatography separations was at least 90%. The purity of the enzymes was tested by polyacrylamid gel electrophoresis. Each of the purified enzymes gave only one coloured band which coincided with the enzyme activity assayed in sliced gels. The molecular weights of the enzymes were determined by electrophoresis on acryl-amide gels containing sodiumdodecylsulphate. The molecular weights determined in this way (about 40,000, 30,000 and 20,000, respectively) were about 10,000 daltons higher than those obtained by gel chromatography on Sephadex G-100. This discrepancy seems to depend on interactions between the enzymes and the dextran molecules probably caused by the strongly basic nature of the enzymes or by formation of enzyme-substrate complexes.     

Broad-specificity GH131 β-glucanases are a hallmark of fungi and oomycetes that colonize plants

Plant-tissue-colonizing fungi fine-tune the deconstruction of plant-cell walls (PCW) using different sets of enzymes according to their lifestyle. However, some of these enzymes are conserved among fungi with dissimilar lifestyles. We identified genes from Glycoside Hydrolase family GH131 as commonly expressed during plant-tissue colonization by saprobic, pathogenic and symbiotic fungi. By searching all the publicly available genomes, we found that GH131-coding genes were widely distributed in the Dikarya subkingdom, except in Taphrinomycotina and Saccharomycotina, and in phytopathogenic Oomycetes, but neither other eukaryotes nor prokaryotes. The presence of GH131 in a species was correlated with its association with plants as symbiont, pathogen or saprobe. We propose that GH131-family expansions and horizontal-gene transfers contributed to this adaptation. We analysed the biochemical activities of GH131 enzymes whose genes were upregulated during plant-tissue colonization in a saprobe (Pycnoporus sanguineus), a plant symbiont (Laccaria bicolor) and three hemibiotrophic-plant pathogens (Colletotrichum higginsianum, C. graminicola, Zymoseptoria tritici). These enzymes were all active on substrates with β-1,4, β-1,3 and mixed β-1,4/1,3 glucosidic linkages. Combined with a cellobiohydrolase, GH131 enzymes enhanced cellulose degradation. We propose that secreted GH131 enzymes unlock the PCW barrier and allow further deconstruction by other enzymes during plant tissue colonization by symbionts, pathogens and saprobes.     

Comparative studies on the in vitro properties of phytases from various microbial origins

The physical and chemical properties of six crude phytase preparations were compared. Four of these enzymes (Aspergillus A, Aspergillus R, Peniophora and Aspergillus T) were produced at commercial scale for the use as feed additives while the other two (E. coli and Bacillus) were produced at laboratory scale. The encoding genes of the enzymes were from different microbial origins (4 of fungal origin and 2 of bacterial origin, i.e., E. coli and Bacillus phytases). One of the fungal phytases (Aspergillus R) was expressed in transgenic rape. The enzymes were studied for their pH behaviour, temperature optimum and stability and resistance to protease inactivation. The phytases were found to exhibit different properties depending on source of the phytase gene and the production organism. The pH profiles of the enzymes showed that the fungal phytases had their pH optima ranging from 4.5 to 5.5. The bacterial E. coli phytase had also its pH optimum in the acidic range at pH 4.5 while the pH optimum for the Bacillus enzyme was identified at pH 7.0. Temperature optima were at 50 and 60°C for the fungal and bacterial phytases, respectively. The Bacillus phytase was more thermostable in aqueous solutions than all other enzymes. In pelleting experiments performed at 60, 70 and 80°C in the conditioner, Aspergillus A, Peniophora (measurement at pH 5.5) and E. coli phytases were more heat stable compared to other enzymes (Bacillus enzyme was not included). At a temperature of 70°C in the conditioner, these enzymes maintained a residual activity of approximately 70% after pelleting compared to approximately 30% determined for the other enzymes. Incubation of enzyme preparations with porcine proteases revealed that only E. coli phytase was insensitive against pepsin and pancreatin. Incubation of the enzymes in digesta supernatants from various segments of the digestive tract of hens revealed that digesta from stomach inactivated the enzymes most efficiently except E. coli phytase which had a residual activity of 93% after 60 min incubation at 40°C. It can be concluded that phytases of various microbial origins behave differently with respect to their in vitro properties which could be of importance for future developments of phytase preparations. Especially bacterial phytases contain properties like high temperature stability (Bacillus phytase) and high proteolytic stability (E. coli phytase) which make them favourable for future applications as feed additives.     

Succinate-mediated catabolite repression of enzymes of glucose metabolism in root-nodule bacteria

Enzymes of the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas and Entner-Doudoroff pathways were detected in strains ofRhizobium andBradyrhizobium cultured on glucose. The enzymes, except glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, were present only in trace amounts in succinategrown cells. The enzymes of the pentose phosphate pathway, being absent inBradyrhizobium, were detected only in glucose-grown cells ofRhizobium. The presence of the glucose-catabolic enzymes in cells only during growth on glucose suggests that they are inducible in nature. Succinate repressed the glucose catabolic enzymes, and the repression appeared to be similar to catabolite repression. Exogenous addition of cAMP caused no change in the activity of these enzymes, demonstrating that the repression was unlikely to be mediated via cAMP.     

Haemonchus contortus: The in vitro effects of dl-tetramisole and rafoxanide on glycolytic enzymes

Kaur R. and Sood M. L. 1982. Haemonchus contortus: the in vitro effects of dl-tetramisole and rafoxanide on glycolytic enzymes. International Journal for Parasitology 12: 585–588. Various enzymes of glycolysis (hexokinase, phosphoglucomutase, phosphoglucoisomerase, adolase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphoglycerate kinase, phosphoglyceromutase-enolase-pyruvate kinase and lactate dehydrogenase) have been detected in adult Haemonchus contortus. Low pyruvate kinase and lactate dehydrogenase activities suggested an alternate pathway from phosphoenolpyruvate. In vitro incubation had no significant effects on these enzymes and the worm was able to maintain normal metabolism for 12 h. Varying degrees of inhibition of glycolytic enzymes were observed with 50 μg/ml of dl-tetramisole and rafoxanide. The enzymes were inhibited to a greater extent by dl-tetramisole. These effects may block the glycolytic pathway and deprive the parasite of its ATP production.     

Production and characterization of ligninolytic enzymes ofBjerkandera adusta grown on wood meal/wheat bran culture and production of these enzymes using a rotary-solid fermenter

Manganese peroxidase (MnP) and lignin peroxidase (LiP) were produced by growing a white-rot fungusBjerkandera adusta statically, on a wood meal/wheat bran culture in flasks. MnP and LiP reached their maximum activity after 6 and 19 days of inoculation, respectively. Both MnP and LiP are thought to be important enzymes in lignin biodegradation byB. adusta. Ion exchange chromatography showed thatB. adusta produced a single LiP and a single MnP enzyme in wood meal/wheat bran culture. These enzymes were separated and characterized. The molecular weight of MnP was 46,500 with a pl of 3.9. The molecular weight of LiP was estimated to be 47,000 with a pl of 3.5. Spectral analysis demonstrated that both enzymes are heme proteins. Production of these enzymes was also achieved using a rotarysolid culture fermenter. MnP, LiP and veratryl alcohol oxidase were produced byB. adusta in the fermenter.