基于改进遥感生态指数的宁夏沿黄平原区生态环境质量评价

区域生态环境质量评价是国民经济建设与可持续性发展规划的基础，是生态学研究的主要方向之一。以土地利用/覆盖数据和Landsat OLI数据为基础，分别在ArcGIS和GEE平台上进行景观多样性指数（Landscape Diversity Index，LDI）与归一化植被指数（Normalized Difference Vegetation Index，NDVI）、湿度（Wet Index，WI）、归一化裸土和建筑指数（Normalized Difference Building-Soil Index，NDBSI）、遥感生态指数（Remote Sensing Based Ecological Index，RSEI）和改进遥感生态指数（Modified Remote Sensing Ecological Index，MRSEI）的计算。在LDI最佳尺度约束下分析表明，宁夏沿黄平原区景观多样性指数具有显著尺度依赖特征（P<0.001），阈值出现在3000 m×3000 m。主成分分析（Principal Component Analysis，PCA）解释了研究区改进遥感生态指数主要受到NDVI和LDI影响，其中NDVI是PC1（特征值贡献率68.98%）的决定因子，特征向量为0.8901；LDI为次要决定因子，特征向量为-0.4146，该分量在MRSEI计算中分值较高。LDI是PC2（特征值贡献率28.76%）的决定因子，特征向量为0.9100；NDVI为次要决定因子，特征向量为0.4056，该分量在MRSEI计算中分值较低。从MRSEI在应用中可信性来看，其在分析中采用LDI替代LST有效地避免了RSEI分析中NDBSI和LST之间存在的生态学意义重复表达和多因子向量投影中的高度聚集。研究区空间异质性主要以"差"和"较差"级别分布在不同土地利用/覆盖类型交错区且以环绕研究区为主要特点。在"差"到"好"梯度上，斑块密度为减少趋势由8.3个/km²减少到5.9个/km²，而平均斑块面积呈增加趋势由0.120 km²增加到0.169 km²。综合来看宁夏沿黄平原区生态环境质量总体MRSEI值为0.0117刚好超过"较好"水平下限。     

北京城区医院绿地林木树冠覆盖与城市森林结构分析

城市森林对人体健康的促进作用已经得到广泛的证实,医院是城市人流最聚集,生态健康需求最迫切的地区之一,急需加强对医院城市森林现状以及建设潜力的研究工作。利用2013年7-9月份0.5m分辨率的World View 2遥感影像以及基于面向对象解译平台eCognition软件解译得到的2013年北京市城区树冠覆盖栅格与矢量图,并结合实地调查,对北京城区医院绿地林木树冠覆盖与城市森林结构进行分析。结果显示：医院总体林木树冠覆盖率为18.59%,潜在树冠覆盖率为1.55%;无论是现实还是潜在林木树冠覆盖率,三级医院均高于二级医院;各环路现实树冠覆盖率表现为：五环-六环外1km（19.15%） > 三环-四环（13.03%） > 二环-三环（11.64%） > 四环-五环（11.18%） > 二环内（8.16%）,潜在树冠覆盖率表现为五环-六环外1km（0.03%） > 四环-五环（0.01%）,其他各环路均为0;六个行政区间现实树冠覆盖率表现为：石景山区（24.49%） > 海淀区（21.67%） > 朝阳区（20.11%） > 丰台区（19.43%） > 西城区（13.52%） > 东城区（10.55%）,各行政区潜在林木树冠覆盖率值几乎均为0;本次调研共记录到植物62种,分属于33科54属,其中乔木层树种中雪松（Cedrus deodara）、紫玉兰（Magnolia liliflora）、银杏（Ginkgo biloba）的重要值以及应用频度较高;灌木层树种中榆叶梅（Amygdalus triloba）、石榴（Punica granatum）、金银木（Lonicera maackii）等观花观果树种重要值以及应用频度较高;医院城市森林群落的平均密度为55株/hm²,平均胸高断面积为2.23m²/hm²;平均胸径、冠幅、树高分别为17.69cm、4.65m、6.60m,树种规格整体较小。     

京津冀地区生态用地稳定性格局及其影响因素

探索生态用地稳定性格局对动态背景下区域生态规划与管理具有重要意义。本文基于2000、2010、2020年京津冀地区生态用地数据基础,提取2000—2010和2010—2020年间稳定性生态用地,借鉴并应用生态用地稳定性指数予以衡量区域生态用地的时空稳定效应,并利用ArcGIS平台空间统计工具对生态用地稳定性空间格局进行分析,最后基于地理探测模型对生态用地稳定性的影响机制及其区域差异进行探索。研究结果显示,(1)2000—2010年和2010—2020年,京津冀地区稳定性生态用地有所减少,集中分布在内蒙古草原生态区和燕山-太行山山地林生态区。(2)两时期生态用地稳定性指数分别为90.85%和83.86%,呈现“西北高、东南低”。生态用地稳定性指数等级结构显示前期极低稳定性和极高稳定性面积占绝对主导,后期极低、高和极高稳定性面积共同主导。生态用地稳定性指数空间格局呈现显著冷热点效应,热点区汇集在燕山-太行山山地林生态区和内蒙古草原生态区,冷点区集中在京津唐城市生态区和华北平原生态区。(3)整体研究区高程、坡度、地貌和土壤类型等地理要素解释力较高;平原区内温度因子解释力度最为突出,地理因素和...     

基于GIS的广州市中心城区城市森林可达性分析

城市森林是城市中主要的生态功能景观,已经成为城市生态环境建设的主体。基于居民方便获取城市森林服务的要求,根据大型城市森林斑块、道路网和街区单元数据,利用ArcGIS9.2的Network Analyst工具,分析了广州市中心城区在2km步行距离内街区单元到达城市森林斑块的可达性以及城市森林斑块的承载力,并结合航片解译的树冠覆盖数据对具有不同可达性的街区单元进行了分析。分析结果表明：广州中心城区的外环高速以内的区域范围,分别有73%、46%和18%的的街区单元在步行2km、1km和0.5km距离内能够到达大型城市森林绿地斑块。从街区单元的行政归属看,以越秀区的街区可达性最好,而海珠区和原芳村区的街区可达性较差。研究范围内,0.5km内不能到达大型城市森林斑块且树冠覆盖超过30%的街区类型中,以公共管理单位类型为主,单位绿化对于树冠覆盖的贡献率大;而绝大多数以住宅类型为主的街区单元的树冠覆盖率低于10%,其中64%的街区树冠覆盖率低于5%。以街区单元为基本对象进行可达性度量,分析城市森林斑块现状分布和服务状况,并结合其树冠覆盖特征,可以明确需要重点关注区域的空间分布,可为广州市在较小尺度上的城市森林空间布局优化提供参考。     

北京城市潜在林木树冠覆盖的区域分布、动态变化与评价研究

城市林木树冠覆盖(urban tree canopy,UTC)既是衡量一个城市生态状况的标志性指标,也是衡量森林城市建设成就的关键指标,其中的潜在林木树冠覆盖(possible urban tree canopy,简称PUTC)又与城市森林建设目标的科学制定息息相关。在国外文献与实践案例研究的基础上,以北京市六环外1km以内范围为研究对象,利用2002和2013年的0.5m分辨率航、卫片影像,通过其解译的地表覆盖数据,对其两个年度的潜在林木树冠覆盖的区域分布和动态变化进行分析,并利用人口密度、道路密度和现实林木树冠覆盖率等指标,以村(社区)为单元对其潜在林木树冠覆盖的优先度进行了分析评价。结果显示,11年间,研究区域的PUTC从40882.18hm^2减少到了18845.82hm^2,空间分布也呈现出沿环路越是靠近城市中心区域,其分布也越少的格局,从其类型上看,随着时间的推移,其类型的丰富度也越来越低,到2013年,则呈现出荒草地类型绝对占优的格局。PUTC的斑块数量从109892个减少为7793个,但斑块平均面积从2002年的0.37hm^2增加到了2013年的2.36hm^2,斑块大小格局也从2002年的小斑块占绝对优势演变为各种类型"平分秋色"的状况。以PUTC为核心的村(社区)区域潜力评价结果显示,整个研究区域在2002年时低潜力和中潜力区域范围最大,分别占到了研究区域的32.39%和28.83%,2013年时潜力格局改变为极低潜力和低潜力区域面积最大,分别占研究区域总面积的25.83%和50.94%。极高优先度和高优先度区域应该是北京城市未来重点发展城市森林的区域,目前的潜在优先度评价结果表明,其面积占比分别达到了研究区域面积的13.11%和41.79%,其中极高优先度区域主要分布在构成城市核心区的东城区和西城区,因此北京城区未来的林木树冠发展策略应该走植被潜在斑块与不透水地表潜在斑块共同开发之路。     

北京市景观格局演变及其对多种生态系统服务的影响

景观格局是人与自然共同作用的结果,深刻影响着区域的生态系统服务及可持续发展。以高度城市化地区——北京市为案例,选取了粮食生产、水质净化、空气净化、气体调节、生境质量以及休闲娱乐6项重要生态系统服务,采用InVEST （Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs）、ROS （Recreation Opportunity Spectrum）等模型定量评估了1980-2018年生态系统服务时空分布。通过对北京市景观组成与景观配置指数进行定量分析,进一步探索了景观格局演变对生态系统服务的影响。结果表明：（1）北京市1980-2018年建设用地扩张了120%,建设用地扩张是耕地面积减少的主要原因。景观格局总体上趋于破碎化,斑块形状复杂化,斑块异质性增加;（2）时间上,北京市1980-2018年粮食生产、水质净化、气体调节、生境质量、休闲娱乐5项生态系统服务均呈现下降趋势;空间上,粮食生产呈现东南部较高,西北部较低的分布特征,其余生态系统服务均呈现西北部较高,东南部较低,市中心最低的分布特征;（3）景观水平上,林地、建设用地等景观组成变化对生态系统服务影响最为显著。破碎化指数、多样性指数等景观配置指数对生态系统服务影响最为显著;类型水平上,平均斑块面积、斑块聚集度对生态系统服务影响相对最为显著。总体来讲,通过分析景观格局演变如何影响生态系统服务,为如何通过设计和优化景观格局来提升生态系统服务提供了定量依据,从而为促进区域的景观可持续规划提供理论依据和案例参考。     

北京市近二十年景观破碎化格局的时空变化

基于1993—2013年3期时间序列的遥感影像获得的一、二级景观类型的土地覆盖数据,利用移动窗口法和空间主成分分析法研究景观破碎度空间分布格局和破碎化过程。结果表明:北京市正处于快速城市化阶段,20年间其建设用地面积增加了1000.8 km~2,增长47.14%,而耕地面积减少21.86%;全市破碎化程度增加,其中,景观斑块总数增加了15.26%,而景观斑块的平均面积缩小了15.35%,景观形状指数(LSI)从88.426增加到98.897;北京市景观破碎化格局的空间异质性较大,但没有方向性偏好,却表现了"两极化"发展趋势,其中,高破碎化区域和低破碎化区域的面积增加,中等破碎化的区域面积减少,核心大城区和山区的景观破碎度降低,而新兴城区和郊区的景观破碎度增大;北京市景观破碎化格局的距离效应显著,呈现倒"U"型二次函数关系,其中,2013年的破碎度距离函数为:Y_3=0.1767+0.02898X_3-0.0005167X_3~2,距城市中心20—35 km处的城郊交错区景观破碎化程度最高。景观破碎化格局的分析有助于了解大城市快速发展阶段的景观格局演变规律,为城市生物多样性保护、绿地廊道维护和生态文明城市建设提供理论依据。     

广州市风水林群落空间异质性及其对区域物种多样性的贡献

以广州地区村边风水林为研究对象,选取了67个风水林斑块,并在每个斑块内建立了一个20m×20m的样方,调查了其胸径大于1cm的植物组成。首先以种面积关系外推法和非参数法估计了风水林群落对区域生物多样性的贡献;然后以加法准则拆分了gamma多样性,以分析风水林群落物种组成的异质性;最后根据每个风水林群落的物种丰富度、稀有种(在所有群落中只出现一次的物种)数目和谱系多样性分析了在保护中需要优先考虑的区域。结果发现：（1）广州地区风水林群落至少保存了32.74%的区域物种多样性;（2）gamma多样性(184)中绝大部分由beta多样性(163.43)构建,只有很小部分来自于alpha多样性(20.57)。这表明风水林群落在物种组成上具有较高的空间异质性,要想尽可能多地保护风水林内物种多样性,就需要尽可能多地保护风水林群落斑块;（3）相对于平原地区,位于山区的风水林群落具有更高的物种丰富度和谱系多样性以及更多的稀有种数目。在保护资金和土地资源有限的情况下,位于山区的风水林群落应该给予优先考虑。     

北京市主城区城市森林景观格局特征分析

城市森林是城市生态文明建设的重要组成部分。该文以北京市五环内城市森林为研究对象,以2016年9月16日的GF-2遥感影像为数据源,依据景观和生态服务功能将城市森林划分为附属庭院美化林、道路河流防护林、城区公园休闲林和城市郊野游憩林四个类型,并运用面向对象法提取不同类型的城市森林数据信息,制作生成专题图,同时运用Fragstats 4.2软件对景观斑块数量和构成、破碎度指数、分维数、辛普森多样性指数、辛普森均匀度指数、聚合指数等指标进行计算。结果表明:高分影像在城市森林信息提取上具有优势,分类总体精度高达90.36%,Kappa系数达0.88;北京主城区城市森林总面积为22 514.79 hm 2 ,林木覆盖率为32.35%;城市森林斑块分布不均,大型、特大型斑块数量占总数比例13.62%,但面积占比高达73.20%,中小斑块的生态价值有待挖掘;不同城市森林类型特征存在差异,附属庭院美化林和道路河流防护林为优势景观类型,但两者破碎度高,聚合度差,分布零散,城区公园休闲林和城市郊野游憩林面积占比相对较小,南部城区公园建设薄弱;城市森林景观指数随城市拓展呈规律性变化,景观破碎度自市中心向外逐渐减小,二环内破碎度高达183.50。基于研究结果,建议北京市在城市森林建设中加强对中小斑块的资源整合,增建口袋公园;加强道路河流防护林建设,用以连接城区公园休闲林和城市郊野游憩林等大型斑块,同时加强南部城区公园建设;加强城市森林整体空间调控,对三环内老城区进行补植,对三环以外城市森林优化经营技术,提高整体城市森林覆盖度和质量。     

北京市平原区受胁鸟类栖息地识别和评价

在北京分布的受胁鸟类主要分布在平原区,而平原区为城市发展的主要区域,因此,在城市管理中融入受胁鸟类保护的内容十分必要。以北京市平原区分布的24种受胁鸟类为研究对象,以鸟类对栖息地的需求为分类依据,结合国家土地利用分类标准,采用人工目视解译法,在北京市平原区的高清卫星影像图上识别出5类一级鸟类栖息地和17类二级鸟类栖息地,得到北京市平原区鸟类栖息地分布图。使用24种受胁鸟类的空间分布模型掩膜鸟类栖息地分布,得到24种受胁鸟类的预测空间分布,叠加之后获得受胁鸟类丰富度分布格局,结果显示,水域是受胁鸟类丰富度最高的栖息地。将受胁鸟类丰富度分布格局与北京市国家级和市级自然保护区分布叠加进行空缺分析,结果显示：1）北京市的自然保护区多分布在山区,不能有效保护受胁鸟类;2）受胁鸟类的保护与平原区的城市建设、绿地管理关系密切。采用分区统计方法,计算各类栖息地中分布的平均鸟类种类数,作为栖息地保护行动优先级指标,得出湖泊、水库、坑塘、滩地、沼泽地等湿地区域是具有最高保护优先级的栖息地类型,在保护实践资源充足的情况下,应对各类栖息地开展综合保护。该研究首次为北京城市区域受胁鸟类保护提出空间参考和管理建议。     

The role of patch area and habitat diversity in explaining native plant species richness in disturbed suburban forest patches in northern Belgium

Relatively easy measurable patch characteristics (especially habitat diversity measures) have proven to be valuable indicators of forest plant species richness in forest fragments of relatively undisturbed areas. Urban and suburban forest patches, however, are characterized by a specific landscape ecological context implying that specific processes may influence ecosystem functioning and hence that other abiotic indicators for plant diversity are more appropriate. We studied the relation between functional ecological plant species groups and suburban forest patch characteristics such as patch area, habitat diversity and isolation. Some components of species richness were related to the isolation of the patches. In contrast to previous similar large-scale fragmentation studies in more rural areas, further results stressed the overwhelming importance of patch area relative to habitat variables in determining species richness. This suggests (1) the occurrence of density-dependent species extinction processes in small forest patches; or (2) the existence of external deterministic factors which put a major constraint on species richness in small patches. We tend to support the latter hypothesis and propose forest disturbance and associated black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.) invasion as such a possible external factor. Small forest patches may be more sensitive to disturbance and biological invasion due to various reasons. Hence large forest patches are to be preferred for plant conservation in the suburban area.     

阔叶红松林林冠斑块特征及其与林木更新的关系

调查了长白山北坡海拔740m处阔叶红松林主要树种林冠斑块的特征,及其对林分结构与更新的影响,结果表明,林冠斑块主要由红松,椴树,色木,蒙古栎4个树种组成,其林冠斑块覆盖面积占林地面积的57．1％,占样地内林冠斑块总面积的87％,其中以红松和紫椴林冠为主,小林冠斑块数量多,分布广,大斑块则很少,林冠斑块面积基本在100m^2以上,只有个别的斑块超过100m^2,林冠斑块形状变异较大,呈现不规则的多边形,林冠树种对幼龄个体的分布存在一定的影响,色木槭幼龄个体几乎分布在所有的紫椴和红松林冠斑块内,最大密度出现32m^2的紫椴林冠斑块和28m^2的红松林冠斑块内,紫椴的幼龄个体只集中在少数林冠斑块内。     

Distribution of birds in natural landscape mosaics of old-growth forests in northern Sweden: relations to habitat area and landscape context

We censused breeding birds for three years in natural landscape mosaics of virgin old-growth spruce forest and mire in a large protected forest area in northern Sweden Twenty forest patches, ranging from 0 2 to 17 8 ha in size, were selected in two matrix types, dominated by forest and mire, respectively Patches were very similar with regards to habitat features There was a strong effect of patch area on species richness, but no effect of matrix type Standardization of species richness by rarefaction revealed that small patches (<5 ha) had fewer and large patches (>10 ha) more species than expected Overall distribution of species across patches showed a highly significant nested pattern, indicating that a few habitat generalists occupy all size classes, whereas more demanding species avoid small patches regardless of landscape composition Individual species tended to be distributed evenly across patch classes and no significant edge effect in terms of density of birds was found Our results have bearings on actions to preserve avian diversity in northern boreal forests small patches (<5 ha) provide habitat only for habitat generalists, and therefore larger (>10 ha) patches should be preserved     

基于SWAT模型的北京平原区森林景观格局对雨洪减缓的影响研究

景观格局及其变化是影响地表径流及空间分布的重要因素,也是管理城市雨洪、治理生态环境的途径。以北京市平原区百万亩造林项目为背景,选取第一轮造林时间（2011、2013、2015、2017年）的遥感数据,以三环、五环、六环路为界,将平原区划分为核心区、中心区、近郊区、远郊区四个区域,分别分析整体及分区林地景观格局的变化。运用SWAT模型模拟不同格局对不同区域暴雨径流的影响,探究影响径流变化的主导林地景观指数。研究发现：1）平原区林地面积呈增长趋势,增幅为12.96％。除核心区和中心区的部分地区外,林地斑块更聚集、形状更复杂。2）百万亩造林工程对平原区雨洪风险的减缓有积极作用,但受城市建设及人类活动的影响,不同区域造林对径流的减缓强度与建设扩张的影响强度大小关系略有不同。核心区、中心区造林对径流的减缓强度大于建设扩张对径流的副作用,径流总量减小,减少比例为1.98％、4.29％。而近郊区、远郊区相反,径流总量变大,增大比例为0.09％与6.82％,其中远郊区建设扩张的强度是影响平原区径流风险的主导原因。3）不同区域雨洪减缓的关键性林地景观指数不同。核心区径流的主导林地因子为斑块数量与形状因子,中心区为面积因子,近郊区为聚合度因子和形状因子,远郊区为面积与聚合度因子。主导林地因子的大小调控将更高效的减缓雨洪风险。本研究通过SWAT模拟分析得到第一轮造林期间平原区森林格局与径流特征的空间变化及各区域径流减缓的关键性林地因子,为第二轮造林提高雨洪减缓功效提供参考。     

Concentrated Distribution of Wild Yam Patches: Historical Ecology and the Subsistence of African Rainforest Hunter-Gatherers

Availability of annually reproducing wild yam species (Dioscorea praehensilis and Dioscorea semperflorens) is considered to be a key factor for the viability of forest hunter-gatherer subsistence in the African rainforests. I here describe the habitat and distribution of wild yam patches, and discuss possible human impacts on the formation of wild yam patches, which currently support long-term forest expeditions by Baka hunter-gatherers in southeastern Cameroon. An analysis of canopy photographs shows that annual yams favor a habitat of canopy gaps which receive sufficient sunlight. However, the fact that annual yams patches are limited to specific locations even though gaps in the canopy occur throughout the forest, combined with the mostly vegetative reproductive system of the yams, suggests annual yams do not propagate extensively in the wild. Moreover, areas with abundant annual yam patches that are presently situated far from any villages contain several abandoned village sites. Since the Baka often transplant parts of yam tubers to encourage their spread, it seems that human activities may have contributed to the formation of locally concentrated annual yam patches.     

Urbanization Level and Woodland Size Are Major Drivers of Woodpecker Species Richness and Abundance

Urbanization is a process globally responsible for loss of biodiversity and for biological homogenization. Urbanization may have a direct negative impact on species behaviour and indirect effects on species populations through alterations of their habitats, for example patch size and habitat quality. Woodpeckers are species potentially susceptible to urbanization. These birds are mostly forest specialists and the development of urban areas in former forests may be an important factor influencing their richness and abundance, but documented examples are rare. In this study we investigated how woodpeckers responded to changes in forest habitats as a consequence of urbanization, namely size and isolation of habitat patches, and other within-patch characteristics. We selected 42 woodland patches in a gradient from a semi-natural rural landscape to the city centre of Poznań (Western Poland) in spring 2010. Both species richness and abundance of woodpeckers correlated positively to woodland patch area and negatively to increasing urbanization. Abundance of woodpeckers was also positively correlated with shrub cover and percentage of deciduous tree species. Furthermore, species richness and abundance of woodpeckers were highest at moderate values of canopy openness. Ordination analyses confirmed that urbanization level and woodland patch area were variables contributing most to species abundance in the woodpecker community. Similar results were obtained in presence-absence models for particular species. Thus, to sustain woodpecker species within cities it is important to keep woodland patches large, multi-layered and rich in deciduous tree species.     

Forest landscape pattern in the KwaZulu–Natal midlands,South Africa: 50 years of change or stasis?

Abstract Understanding patterns and processes of habitat change is essential for managing and conserving forest fragments in anthropogenically altered landscapes. Digitized aerial photographs from 1944 and 1996 were examined for changes to the indigenous forest landscape in the Karkloof‐Balgowan archipelago in KwaZulu–Natal, South Africa. Attributes relating to proximate land‐use, patch shape, isolation and position in the landscape were used to determine putative causes of forest change. The total change in forest area was ?5.7% (forest covered 6739 ha in 1996). This is contrasted with previous reports for the period 1880–1940 that estimated change in total forest area of up to ?80%. Attrition was the predominant process of forest transformation between 1944 and 1996. Despite little overall change in forest area, 786 mostly small (<0.5 ha) forest patches were lost from the landscape, leaving 1277 forest patches in 1996. An increase in patch isolation, but no change in patch cohesion accompanied the changes in forest area. Ignoring patches that were eliminated, 514 patches decreased in area. This was partly a function of patch size, but the conversion of natural grassland to commercial plantation forestry in the matrix also influenced forest decline. Their small size and irregular shape caused forest patches in the region to be vulnerable to edge effects. Core area declined in a negative exponential way with increasing edge width and the total area of edge habitat exceeded that of core habitat at an edge width of only 50 m. Nevertheless, total core area decreased by only 2% (65 ha) between 1944 and 1996 because most of the eliminated patches were small and contained no core area. The large Karkloof forest (1649 ha) is a conservation priority for forest interior species, but the ecological role and biodiversity value of small forest patches should not be overlooked.     

Forest pattern dynamics and landscape connectivity changes in the Manwan Basin after dam construction in the Lancang River,China

Regional habitat quality and landscape connectivity can be greatly impaired by dam construction and subsequent land-use changes. This study examined landscape pattern and connectivity changes in the Manwan Basin from 1974 to 2006 to quantify the effects of dam construction. Landscape pattern indices and kernel density estimation (KDE) were used to analyze forest pattern dynamics, while the probability of connectivity (PC) index was applied to evaluate landscape connectivity changes. The results showed that forest area decreased by nearly 20 %, while the number of forest patches increased more than sixfold from 1974 to 2006 in the Manwan Basin. During the study period, forest fragmentation mainly occurred in the western and northern parts of the Manwan Basin. Due to the changes in the forest landscape pattern, landscape connectivity decreased by an average of 54.74 %. In addition, we detected changes to key stepping-stone patches by calculating the percentage importance of each resource patch. The results showed that 300.38 km² of high-importance forest patches transformed to medium- and low-importance patches from 1974 to 2006.