温州蜜柑叶片气体交换和叶绿素荧光对低温的响应

研究了低温对温州蜜柑叶片气体交换和叶绿素荧光的影响 ,结果表明 :(1) 8℃低温处理 18h对气体交换和叶绿素荧光影响不大。 (2 ) 2℃低温处理 15h后 ,净光合速率 (Pn)、气孔导度 (Gs)、羧化效率 (CE)下降 ,胞间CO2 浓度 (Ci)升高 ,表观量子效率 (AQY)和叶绿素荧光参数F0 及Fv/Fm没有显著变化。 (3)室外自然低温处理 2和 7d ,Pn、Gs、CE、饱和CO2 光合速率、AQY及Fv/Fm显著下降 ,Ci及F0 显著升高 ;在 2 0℃室内 ,Fv/Fm、F0 和AQY比CE和Pn恢复快。 (4 )低温胁迫使Jf(依据叶绿素荧光参数计算所得的电子传递速率 )和Jc(依据CO2 同化测定所得的电子传递速率 )下降 ,Jf/Jc 值升高。 (5 )低温处理降低了Pn和光呼吸速率 (Pr) ,但Pr下降的速率小于Pn下降的速率     

全光和遮阴下两种亚热带木本植物的光合作用对光的响应

以气体交换和调制叶绿素荧光测定技术测定了2年生亚热带乔木黧蒴,林下灌木九节在全自然光和17％自然光下叶片同部位的光合作用和与之相关的荧光参数的日变化。和全光照比较,遮阴下植物叶片净光合速率Pn,气孔导度gs,胞间CO2浓度与大气CO2浓度之比Ci/Ca,类胡萝卜素与叶绿素含量之比Car/Chl,光系统Ⅱ原初光[化学效率Fv/Fm 的变化幅度相对较小,种间差异较不明显,全光照黧蒴和九节Pn的口变化图式与gs,Ci/Ca类似,与Φpsll,qp的下降吻合。全光下黧蒴叶片qN和Car/Chl的口进程表现为增加,九节则下降,低的Car/Chl可能是导致强光下九节未能提高其qN的原因,正午前后,黧蒴qN和Car/Chl增大,而qp和Φpsll降低,Fv/Fm则保持相对稳定,反映其开放的PSII反应中心数目在此期间虽有所减少,但仍然维持了较高的光化学效率,提高的Car/Chl和qN则说明其肯有较强的对过剩激发能的耗散能力,此条件下九节的gs,Fv/Fm和qN下降且明显低于黧蒴,Φpsll和qp保持相对稳定但高于黧蒴的水平,表明九节的PSII反应中心活性较稳定,但强光下气孔部分关闭,较低的Fv/Fm和qN限制了CO2供应和对光能的有效利用,且未能诱导热能耗散机制的积极运行及对光合器起到保护作用。总体上说,九节对高光强反应比黎蒴敏感。     

干旱胁迫对丹参叶片气体交换和叶绿素荧光参数的影响

研究了干旱处理15d后,大叶型丹参和小叶型丹参2个品种幼苗气体交换和叶绿素荧光参数的变化.结果表明:在干旱胁迫15d后,大叶型丹参叶片净光合速率(Pn)和PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)分别下降了66.42%和10.98%,而小叶型丹参的Pn和Fv/Fm分别下降了29.32%和5.47%,干旱胁迫对大叶型丹参Pn和Fv/Fm的影响明显大于小叶型丹参.小叶型丹参Pn下降主要由气孔因素造成,而大叶型则主要由非气孔因素所致.干旱胁迫使丹参叶片的气孔导度(Gs)下降,但明显诱导了水分利用效率(WUE)、非光化学猝灭系数(qN)和光呼吸速率与净光合速率比率(Pr/Pn)的增加,以提高干旱胁迫抗性.其中小叶型丹参的增幅明显大于大叶型丹参.表明小叶型丹参的抗干旱胁迫能力更强.     

高温胁迫对柑橘光合速率和光系统Ⅱ活性的影响

用红外CO2分析仪和叶绿素荧光仪测定了温州蜜柑和脐橙叶片的净光合速率(Pn)、初始荧光(Fo)、最大光能转换效率(Fv／Fm)及电子传递速率(ETR)．结果表明,与常温(25℃)相比,高温胁迫(38～40℃)使温州蜜柑和脐橙叶片的Pn、Fv／Fm及ETR下降,Fo升高．胁迫25d后温州蜜柑和脐橙叶片的Pn分别下降55．6％和39．8％．Fv／Fm下降22．0％和6．7％,ETR下降55．0％和41．5％,Fo分别上升了113．8％和14．9％．柑橘经高温胁迫后,在25℃下处理10d,叶片的Pn、Fv／Fm、Fo及ETR恢复明显．这些结果说明柑橘的光合速率下降与PSⅡ反应中心失活有关．     

西宁和海北麻花艽净光合速率和叶绿素荧光参数的日变化比较

以青藏高原药用植物麻花艽为材料,研究了西宁和海北两个地区麻花艽叶片的净光合速率和叶绿素荧光参数的日变化进程。结果表明：在中午太阳辐射较强时两地麻花艽叶片的净光合速率（Pn）均下降,下午随日间光强的减弱逐渐上升,形成双峰曲线;海北麻花艽叶片的净光合速率（Pn）及其日变幅均低于西宁。随日间光强的增加麻花艽叶片的PSⅡ最大光化学效率（Fv／Fm）、PSⅡ的潜在活性（Fv/Fo）下降,非光化学猝灭系数（NPQ）则上升,黄昏各参数都恢复到接近早晨的水平,表明未发生光合机构的破坏;一天中海北麻花艽叶片的Pn、Fv／Fm、Fv／Fo均低于西宁,表明随海拔的升高、光强的增加,海北麻花艽热耗散增多,午间光抑制加重。     

旺长期遮光及光照转换对不同肥料条件下烟草叶片光合特性的影响

采用盆栽方法研究了旺长期遮光及光照转换对不同肥料条件下烟草叶片光合速率(Pn)与荧光特性的影响。结果表明,遮光促进两种肥料条件下烟草叶片叶绿素(Chl)和类胡萝卜素(Car)含量的积累,却降低它们的Pn。其中施无机肥的烟草叶片Chl含量增加较多,而50%无机肥+50%饼肥配施烟草叶片的Car增幅显著,从而,施无机肥烟草叶片Chl/Car上升,而无机肥+饼肥配施烟草叶片Chl/Car却下降。无论从自然光转至遮荫条件下还是从遮荫条件转至自然光下,两种肥料条件下生长的烟草叶片的Pn、实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)、最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)及光化学猝灭系数(qP)均急剧下降,但与施无机肥相比,无机肥+饼肥配施烟草叶片保持较高的Pn、ΦPSⅡ、Fv/Fm、及qP,可能是饼肥促进了栽培条件下烟草植株的光生态适应性。     

苗期遮荫对花生（Arachis hypogaea L.）光合生理特性的影响

大田条件下,以花生品种"花育22号"为材料,齐苗期设置遮荫50%和85%两个遮荫强度分别处理40d,研究了遮荫对花生光合特性的影响及遮荫解除后的光合恢复规律.结果表明:(1)与正常光照条件相比,遮荫花生叶片净光合速率(Pn)、RuBP羧化效率降低,叶绿素含量、表观量子效率及光系统Ⅱ的最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)增加,表明花生对弱光胁迫有一定的自我调节和适应能力.(2)遮荫和自然光下生长的花生中午强光下的Fv/Fm值均明显下降,表明发生了光抑制,遮荫程度越大,光抑制愈严重.(3)Fv/Fm值和净光合速率Pn遮荫解除后5d之内持续下降,之后逐步恢复.遮荫50%处理的叶片Fv/Fm值和Pn分别于遮荫解除后8d和10d左右恢复到对照水平;遮荫85%的处理分别于遮荫解除后15d和20d左右才恢复到最大,但Pn不能恢复到对照水平,显著低于对照.     

夜间低温胁迫后外源SA对恢复中黄瓜幼苗光合特性的影响

为明确低温胁迫后恢复过程中水杨酸(SA)对植物光合特性的影响,以黄瓜品种‘津研四号’幼苗为材料,通过沙培试验,研究了外源SA对夜间5℃低温胁迫后常温(25℃)恢复中黄瓜幼苗叶绿素含量、光合速率、叶绿素荧光参数、气体交换参数等的影响。结果显示:(1)与喷施清水处理相比,外源SA处理显著促进了夜间低温胁迫后的常温(25℃)恢复效果,显著提高了恢复速度和水平,表现在黄瓜幼苗叶绿素含量、净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)和胞间CO2浓度(Ci)显著升高,黄瓜幼苗净光合速率在恢复6h时达到对照水平的82.18%。(2)外源SA还明显加快了恢复过程中黄瓜幼苗叶片最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)及非循环电子传递速率(ETR)的恢复,提高了非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)值,增强了幼苗自身光保护能力。(3)外源SA也促进了黄瓜幼苗叶片表观量子效率(AQY)和羧化效率(CE)的恢复,它们在恢复2d时分别达到对照水平的92.59%和90.62%。研究表明,在夜间低温胁迫后的常温恢复过程中,外源SA可有效地促进黄瓜幼苗光合作用的恢复,增强其对低温环境的适应能力。     

干旱胁迫对金花茶幼苗光合生理特性的影响

以金花茶一年生实生苗为材料,采用盆栽控水试验,研究不同水分处理(CK、T1、T2、T3,土壤含水量分别为田间持水量的85%~90%、65%~70%、50%~55%、35%~40%)对金花茶幼苗光合生理指标的影响。结果显示:(1)在重度干旱胁迫(T3处理)下,金花茶植株都因干旱而死亡,表明金花茶幼苗对干旱胁迫的耐受极限为田间持水量的50%~55%(土壤含水量为15.04%~16.54%)。(2)随着干旱胁迫程度的加剧,金花茶幼苗叶片净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔限制值(Ls)和PSⅡ实际光化学量子效率(ΦPSⅡ)均显著降低,胞间CO2浓度(Ci)和水分利用效率(WUE)无显著变化,干旱胁迫下金花茶光合速率降低的主要原因是由非气孔因素所致。(3)与CK相比,T1处理下叶片初始荧光(F0)、最大荧光(Fm)、PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)和丙二醛(MDA)含量均无显著变化,而T2处理下F0、MDA含量显著升高,Fm、Fv/Fm显著降低;T1处理下金花茶的PSⅡ反应中心还未受到伤害,而T2处理下其光合机构发生了不可逆的破坏。(4)叶片叶绿素总量(Chl)、叶绿素a(Chl a)、叶绿素b(Chl b)、类胡萝卜素(Car)含量、Chl a/Chl b、Car/Chl、叶片相对含水量(RWC)均随干旱胁迫的增强而降低,脯氨酸(Pro)含量随干旱胁迫的加剧呈现出先升高后降低的趋势。研究表明,金花茶对干旱胁迫极为敏感,水分稍有亏缺,便会明显抑制其光合作用;金花茶不耐干旱的生理特性可能是限制其种群扩散的一个重要原因。     

温度对绿豆离体叶片光合作用的影响

绿豆离体叶片分别经25、30、35、40、45、50、55℃处理60 min后,发现净光合速率和光系统Ⅱ的最大量子效率(Fv/Fm)当温度分别高于35和40℃时明显下降;细胞间隙CO2浓度的变化趋势与净光合速率的基本相反.因此认为,Fv/Fm比净光合速率(Pn)更能耐受高温;气孔因素不是各种温度处理中净光合速率升高或降低的主要原因.     

Allometric models for non-destructive leaf area estimation in coffee (Coffea arabica and Coffea canephora)

We aimed to evaluate the currently used allometric models, as well as to propose a reliable and accurate model using non-destructive measurements of leaf length (L) and/or width (W), for estimating the area of leaves of eight field-grown coffee cultivars. For model construction, a total of 1563 leaves were randomly selected from different levels of the tree canopies and encompassed the full spectrum of measurable leaf sizes (0.3–263 cm²) for each genotype. Power models better fit coffee leaf area (LA) than linear models. To validate the model, an independent data set of 388 leaves was used. We demonstrated that the currently used allometric models are biased, underestimating the area of a coffee leaf. We developed a single power model     based on two leaf dimensions [LA = 0.6626 (LW)^1.0116; standard errors: β₀ = 0.0064, β₁ = 0.0019; R² = 0.996] with high precision and accuracy, random dispersion pattern of residuals and also unbiased, irrespective of cultivar and leaf size and shape. Even when the L (but not width) alone was used as the single leaf dimension, the power model developed still predicted with good accuracy the LA but at the expense of some loss of precision, as particularly found for 8% of the leaves sampled with length-to-width ratios below 2.0 or above 3.0.     

Relationship between Incidence of Brown Eye Spot of Coffee Cherries and the Chemical Composition of Coffee Beans

To study the chemical composition of coffee beans from coffee cherries infected by brown eye spot, two experiments were conducted with coffee cherries from Catuaí Amarelo and Acaiá Cerrado farms, in the full physiological maturity stage. The coffee cherries were harvested manually, and 20 litres of cherries without visible symptoms of brown eye spot (healthy coffee cherries) and 20 l of cherries with visible symptoms of the disease (diseased coffee cherries) were individually separated. After separation, the cherries were mixed in five different proportions to form the treatments: 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% of diseased coffee cherries to 100, 75, 50, 25 and 0% of healthy coffee cherries. The experimental design was performed in randomized blocks, with each 8 l of coffee cherries being considered an experimental unit. After drying (humidity 12%), the chemical characteristics were analysed. Polyphenols, potassium leachate and electrical conductivity had a linear increase with the rising of the proportion of diseased coffee cherries. Total sugars, soluble solids and pH decreased linearly with the rising of the proportion of diseased coffee cherries.     

In vitro culture of coffee zygotic embryos for germplasm preservation

Immature zygotic embryos of Coffea arabica L. Cv. Cauvery (Catimor) were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (1962) (MS) medium supplemented with abscisic acid (ABA) at 0, 0.4, 3.8, 18.9, 37.8 and 75.6 μM., L-cystein hydrochloride at 50 mg 1^-1 and sucrose at 3%. Cultures were preserved in parafilm sealed Petri dishes in dark at a temperature of 25 ± 1 °C for up to two years. The preserved embryos were taken out from the media at 6 month intervals in order to test their viability by germination on MS + NAA (0.5 μM) + BA (4.4 μM). On the preservation media devoid of ABA or with a low concentration (0.4 μM) of ABA, the embryos germinated and showed higher mortality with increasing duration of storage. In contrast, the embryos became increasingly dormant with increasing concentrations of ABA and a 74.2% survival was found even after 2 years on medium supplemented with 18.9 μM or 37.8 μM of ABA. The results suggest that embryos can be preserved with a little loss of viability in the presence of ABA even at the normal room temperature (25 + 1 °C) up to two years without any transfer. Application of this technique for germplasm preservation of coffee is discussed. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Pollen morphology in the genus Coffea (Rubiaceae) and its taxonomic significance

The pollen morphology of 38 representative species and varieties within the genus Coffea L. is described. Eight pollen types, placed in two major groups, have been identified on the basis of the number of colpi, colpus characteristics, exine morphology and pollen size. Differences in pollen structures of the species studied do not correspond to present taxonomic groupings, but support a current proposal to place some of the species in the genus Paracoffea Leroy. Among the four sections in the genus, the section Eucoffea contains a high degree of pollen polymorphism.     

Vegetative Compatibility Grouping of Colletotrichum kahawae in Kenya

Vegetative compatibility using nitrate nonutilizing ( nit ) mutants was analysed between 44 isolates of Colletotrichum kahawae from Kenya, one each from Ethiopia and Malawi, one of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and one of Colletotrichum acutatum . Another isolate of C. kahawae did not generate mutants and thus could not be utilized. The results showed that all the C. kahawae isolates, except a white sector mutant (VCG2), belonged to one vegetative compatibility group (VCG4). The other species belonged to their own unique groups (VCGs 1 and 3). Implications of the results and future research needs on the subject are discussed.     

Uptake of adenine by purine permeases of Coffea canephora

Purine permeases (PUPs) mediate the proton-coupled uptake of nucleotide bases and their derivatives into cytosol. PUPs facilitate uptake of adenine, cytokinins and nicotine. Caffeine, a purine alkaloid derived from xanthosine, occurs in only a few eudicot species, including coffee, cacao, and tea. Although caffeine is not an endogenous metabolite in Arabidopsis and rice, AtPUP1 and OsPUP7 were suggested to transport caffeine. In this study, we identified 15 PUPs in the genome of Coffea canephora. Direct uptake measurements in yeast demonstrated that CcPUP1 and CcPUP5 facilitate adenine – but not caffeine – transport. Adenine uptake was pH-dependent, with increased activity at pH 3 and 4, and inhibited by nigericin, a potassium–proton ionophore, suggesting that CcPUP1 and CcPUP5 function as proton-symporters. Furthermore, adenine uptake was not competitively inhibited by an excess amount of caffeine, which implies that PUPs of C. canephora have evolved to become caffeine-insensitive to promote efficient uptake of adenine into cytosol.     

香溪河大型底栖无脊椎动物空间分布

2005年7月至2006年6月,通过对大型底栖无脊椎动物的量化检测,对三峡水库湖北库区最大河流香溪河的大型底栖无脊椎动物空间分布进行了研究.结果表明：四节蜉、高翔蜉、短尾石蝇为香溪河水系大型底栖动物优势类群;香溪河各支流间生境特征及大型底栖无脊椎动物群落结构差异较大;功能摄食类群密度相对丰度的变化能够反映不同的栖境特征.对生物多样性指数及优势类群耐污值的比较表明,大型底栖动物栖境为九冲河最好,香溪河干流次之,高岚河和古夫河较差.典型对应分析表明：铵态氮对香溪河大型底栖动物群落结构影响显著;pH值、浊度、水深、二氧化硅、电导和碱度对九冲河大型底栖动物群落结构影响显著;浊度对高岚河大型底栖动物群落结构影响显著;铵态氮和硝酸盐氮对古夫河大型底栖动物群落结构影响显著.     

Calcium and phosphate effects on growth and alkaloid production in Coffea arabica: experimental results and mathematical model

Plant, mammalian, and microbial cells are commonly immobilized in calcium alginate gels for the production of valuable secondary metabolites. However, calcium ions are known to inhibit growth in various types of cells, and calcium is an integral part of such gels. Therefore, an investigation was conducted to evaluate the effect of calcium on the growth and alkaloid production of a model cell-line, Coffea arabica, in suspension culture before, attempting to immobilize such cells in alginate. A kinetic model was then developed from the results to describe cell growth and alkaloid production and the mechanism by which calcium influences these variables. In addition, it was observed that there was a characteristic relationship between the concentration of calcium in the external medium and the concentration of extra cellular and intracellular phosphate. The intracellular phosphate level was, in turn, related to the production of alkaloids. Using these results, a dynamic mathematical model of cell growth and alkaloid production was developed based on the proposed roles of calcium and phosphate. The model showed satisfactory agreement with three sets of experiments at different calcium concentrations. A possible linkage between the calcium and phosphate results is postulated based on the limited solubility of calcium phosphate.