三勒浆的溯源

在查阅、考证大量文献资料的基础上对三勒浆之称的由来、三勒的植物学来源及分布、"三勒"的传播与文化、"三勒"在民族药中的应用等进行了阐述.     

余甘子的化学成分和保健功能作用

余甘子是一种具有较高的食用和药用价值的野生植物资源．风味独特．营养丰富,保健功能强,含有多种对人体有益的活性物质,具有补益、抗肿瘤、抗衰老等保健作用,这一特性使余甘子得到广泛关注,成为联合国卫生组织指定在全世界推广种植的三种保健植物之一。本文介绍余甘子的化学成分和保健功能作用,旨在促进余甘子的开发利用。     

余甘果的医疗保健作用

余甘果是亚热带植物余甘子的果实,含有丰富维生素C,民间广泛用作保健和医疗食品。国内最近的研究证明,余甘果能阻断强致癌物N-亚硝基化合物在动物、人体内外的合成,阻断率皆为90％以上余甘果含有对人体有益的活性物质——超氧物歧化酶(SOD),每克含SOD活力为482.14u。15名老年受试者,饮用余甘果汁后红细胞SOD活力明显高于服用前(P<0.01),上升率100％,血浆中脂质过氧化物(LPO)的含量下降,下降率为73％。     

诃子的化学成分研究

从诃子(Terminalia chebula Retz.)果实的乙醇提取物中分离得到了6个化合物,经波谱分析确定其结构分别为:arjunglucoside Ⅰ(1),反式苯丙烯酸(2),诃子次酸三乙酯(3),Arjuaic acid(4),Ajungenin(5),胡萝卜苷(6).其中化合物2和4为首次从该植物中分得.     

中国余甘子的开发利用

余甘子(Phyllanthus emblica L. )又名“余甘”、“油柑”、“油甘子”、“山油柑”、“庵摩勒”、“牛甘子”、“喉甘子”、“杨甘”。外国的油柑名称有:“emblic,emblic myrobalan,mirobalano,nelli,amla,aonla,awla,malacca tree,Indian gooseberry(印度猕猴桃)、makarn pom(圆形罗望子果)。余甘子为大戟科叶下珠属(油柑属)落叶乔木或灌木。它既是一种药用植物和粗生、高产、优质水果,又是一种水土保持、绿化荒山、荒地的优良树种和优美风景树。     

煎煮时间对三果汤化学成分及抗疲劳作用的影响CSCD

探究煎煮时间对三果汤成分转化及抗疲劳作用的影响。采用HPLC法跟踪煎煮过程中三果汤的成分变化,通过偏最小二乘判别分析(partial least squares discriminant analysis,PLS-DA)筛选出12个差异成分,其中已鉴定的有7个,它们在煎煮过程中的含量变化为:没食子酸、诃子次酸增加,诃子酸、诃黎勒酸、没食子酸乙酯、鞣花酸降低,柯里拉京先增加后降低。抗疲劳评价实验中,小鼠游泳时间及11种疲劳相关指标测定结果显示,煎煮时间越长,三果汤抗疲劳能力越强。差异化合物中与抗疲劳药效相关性最大的为没食子酸和诃子次酸。说明煎煮会促使三果汤大分子鞣质水解成没食子酸和诃子次酸,且这种水解有利于抗疲劳作用的发挥。     

云南野生诃子资源及开发利用

对诃子的药用价值、生物学特征、分布及其利用现状进行了论述,为开发利用云南野生诃子资源提供参考,并提出了诃子可持续利用建议.     

云南金钱槭叶子中的酚性成分

利用各种色谱技术从云南金钱槭(Dipteronia dyeriana)叶片中分离得到13个化合物。通过波谱学方法鉴定为11,12-诃子裂酸二甲酯(1),12,13-诃子裂酸二甲酯(2),11-诃子裂酸甲酯(3),12-诃子裂酸甲酯(4),13-诃子裂酸甲酯(5),鞣料云实素(6),类叶升麻苷(7),短叶苏木酚酸甲酯(8),3-O-没食子酰基莽草酸(9),樱桃苷(10),山萘酚-3-O-β-D-木糖基-(1→2)-β-D-葡萄糖苷(11),没食子酸(12),莽草酸(13)。所有化合物均首次从金钱槭属植物中分离得到。     

药用果树——余甘子

药用果树——余甘子汪开治余甘子（Ｐｈｙｌａｎｔｈｕｓｅｍｂｌｉｃａ）,又称庵罗果、庵摩勒、印度醋栗,系大戟科叶下珠属落叶小乔木或灌木。原产于印度及亚洲热带地区,我国云南、贵州、四川、福建、广东、广西等地均盛产。余甘子的扁球形肉质浆果甘酸可口,营养丰富...     

余甘子果实的加工工艺及其应用研究

余甘子果实的产地、特性、化学成份、药用以及栽培管理,《中国野生植物》1986年第2期已作介绍。本文着重叙述余甘子果实加工品的加工工艺及临床应用。一、加工蜜饯把余甘子鲜果加工成蜜饯是余甘子鲜果综合加工利用的一个主要产品。余甘子蜜饯基本上能够保持原有色、香、味,且有脆度。分析结果表明,余甘子蜜饯含有较多维生素 C 和其它营养成分,是一种比较好的蜜饯食品并保持药用功能。     

GC-MS-employed phytochemical characterization,synergistic antioxidant,and cytotoxic potential of Triphala methanol extract at non-equivalent ratios of its constituents

Triphala is a famous triherbal drug, comprising three herb fruits, including Terminalia chebula (Haritaki), Terminalia bellirica (Bibhitaki), and Phyllanthus emblica (Amalaki). It is enriched with vitamin C, polyphenols, flavonoids, sterols, saponins, etc., and is well-documented for its potent antioxidant, anticancer, chemoprotective, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory effects. This research was conducted to evaluate the synergistic antioxidative and cytotoxic potential of mixtures of the individual constituents of Triphala at their nonequivalent ratios along with the chemical characterization of individual constituents of Triphala to identify and quantify individual compounds. The antioxidative potential was measured using total antioxidant capacity (TAC), DPPH free radical scavenging assay, and total phenolic content (TPC) tests. The cytotoxic potential was assessed on brain cancer cells (N4X4) using MTT assay, and phytochemical characterization was performed by GS-MS analysis. Nonequivalent ratios of Triphala constituents exhibited significantly higher synergistic antioxidant and cytotoxic potential than the equivalent ratios of them. Moreover, the nonequivalent ratio where the quantity of Amalaki was doubled than the other two constituents showed the highest synergistic antioxidant and cytotoxic effect. GC-MS analysis of individual constituents of Triphala identified and quantified the presence of a wide array of compounds, and fatty acid, fatty acid ester, triterpene, and aminoglycoside remained the predominant class of compounds. Thus, it can be inferred that the observed bioactivities can be attributed to the phytocompounds characterized and extracts at the nonequivalent ratio of Triphala constituents where Amalaki is doubled can be more effective in treating oxidative degenerative diseases and glioblastoma.     

Triphala,a formulation of traditional Ayurvedic medicine,shows protective effect against X-radiation in HeLa cells

Ayurveda is a holistic medical system of traditional medicine, and Triphala is one of the most popular formulations in Ayurveda. Triphala is composed of three kinds of herb, Terminalia chebula, Terminalia bellirica, and Emblica officinalis. Since Triphala is shown to exhibit a protective activity against ionizing radiation in mice, we investigated its activity in HeLa cells. We found that Triphala showed the protective effects against X-radiation and bleomycin, both of which generate DNA strand breaks, in HeLa cells. Further, Triphala efficiently eliminated reactive oxygen species (ROS) in HeLa cells. Thus, the antioxidant activity of Triphala would likely play a role in its protective actions against X-radiation and bleomycin because both agents damage DNA through the generation of ROS. These observations suggested that the radioprotective activity of Triphala can be, at least partly, studied with the cells cultured in vitro. The simple bioassay system with human cultured cells would facilitate the understanding of the molecular basis for the beneficial effects of Triphala.     

Genome size and polyploidy variation in the tropical hardwood genusTerminalia (Combretaceae)

Chromosome complements and 2C DNA amounts of six species ofTerminalia have been studied.Terminalia oliveri, T. myriocarpa andT. arjuna are diploid (2n = 24),T. chebula andT. bellirica are tetraploid (2n = 48),T. muelleri shows a triploid number (2n = 36). Two well demarcated groups of species are recognizable on the basis of chromosome length and 2C DNA values which range from 3.60 pg (T. oliveri) to 12.80 pg (T. bellirica) showing a 3.5-fold difference. Differences of DNA per basic genome or per chromosome are greatest (1.97-fold) betweenT. oliveri andT. arjuna. Two species groups (1)T. oliveri andT. chebula, and (2)T. myriocarpa, T. arjuna, T. muelleri, T. bellirica, therefore are well differentiated by DNA per basic genome, irrespective of polyploidy. The mean values of the two groups are 1.81 pg and 3.34 pg, respectively, showing a 1.84-fold difference. Within diploids and tetraploids there is 1.97-fold and 1.76-fold variation, respectively.     

DNA isolation from fresh,dry plant samples with highly acidic tissue extracts

Current DNA isolation methods are limited in their ability to obtain quality and/or quantity DNA from plants, such asEmblica officinalis, Terminalia belerica, andTerminalia chebula, which have low pH and high amounts of secondary metabolites in tissue extracts. Our modified DNA isolation method yields good-quality, high-molecular-weight DNA that is free of contaminants and colored pigments and is suitable for PCR amplification. This method is also useful for isolating DNA from dry powders.     

油榄仁果实化学成分的研究

为了解油榄仁(Terminalia bellirica Roxb.)的化学成分,从油榄仁果实的乙酸乙酯提取物中分离得到11个化合物,通过波谱分析,分别鉴定为:表松脂酚(1)、(–)-芝麻素(2)、麻醉椒苦素(3)、二氢醉椒素(4)、异香兰素(5)、3,4-二羟基苯甲酸(6)、没食子酸(7)、没食子酸甲酯(8)、没食子酸乙酯(9)、3,4,8,9,10-五羟基二苯骈[b,d]吡喃-6-酮(10)、polystachyol(11),其中化合物1~6、10和11为首次从油榄仁果实中分离得到。     

In vitro kinetics and antifungal activity of various extracts of Terminalia chebula seeds against plant pathogenic fungi

The aim of the present study was to examine the efficacy of various seed extracts of Terminalia chebula as an antifungal potential against certain important plant pathogenic fungi. The organic extracts of methanol, ethyl acetate and chloroform at the used concentration of 1500 ppm/disc revealed remarkable antifungal effect as a fungal mycelial growth inhibitor against Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani, Phytophthora capsici and Botrytis cinerea, in the range of 41.6–61.3%, along with MIC values ranging from 62.5 to 500 μg/ml. Also, the extracts had a strong detrimental effect on spore germination of all the tested plant pathogens along with concentration as well as time-dependent kinetic inhibition of B. cinerea. The results obtained from this study suggest that the natural products derived from Terminalia chebula could become an alternative to synthetic fungicides for controlling such important plant pathogenic fungi.     

木麻黄浸提液对榄仁树幼苗生长及生理生化的影响

该研究试图将榄仁树引入木麻黄海防林以期形成混交林型的海防林。以15 d榄仁树种子苗为材料,分别采用浓度为125 g·L~-1的木麻黄根、木麻黄凋落物和林下表层土壤的水浸提液胁迫处理榄仁树幼苗60 d,研究木麻黄化感作用对榄仁树幼苗生长、光合作用、膜系统伤害、抗氧化系统酶活性及游离Pro含量的影响。结果表明:木麻黄根、木麻黄凋落物及林下表层土壤的水浸提液都能降低榄仁树幼苗的存活率,影响幼苗株高、叶和根生物量,可以推断不同浸提液中对影响植物生长成分的浓度有所不同。3种浸提液均显著降低处理15~45 d期间幼苗的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Ccond)、胞间CO_2浓度(Ci)、蒸腾速率(Tr),且显著增加幼苗水分利用率(WUE)。第60天时3种木麻黄浸提液能显著增加幼苗叶片、根的Pro含量,使得幼苗根系组织细胞膜通透性增加,而木麻黄根浸提液能显著增加幼苗Ccond、Ci、叶SOD、根CAT含量,木麻黄凋落物浸提液能显著增加幼苗Ccond和Tr,同时凋落物浸提液会显著降低幼苗根POD含量。榄仁树幼苗通过调整自身的生理生化能适应木麻黄化感胁迫的影响,为此可考虑榄仁树作为沿海防护林建设的树种之一。     

Uses of ethnomedicinal plants by the people living around Kitam Bird Wildlife Sanctuary,South Sikkim,India

The utilization of wild medicinal plants in primary healthcare system is still vital for mankind, particularly for people residing nearby the protected area. However, ethnobiological knowledge of indigenous people on plant usage is diminishing. The present study aimed at documenting the wild ethnomedicinal plants and to evaluate their importance in the healthcare among the local inhabitants in the fringe villages of Kitam Bird Sanctuary, South Sikkim, India. The methodology comprised interviews and questionnaire-based household surveys focusing on the informant's knowledge and experience in the use of wild medicinal plants against several diseases and ailments. Data was analysed using relative frequency citation (RFC), use value (UV), informant consensus factor (ICF) and fidelity level (FL%). A total of 23 ethnomedicinal plant species belonging to 20 families were recorded from the study area. Among the growth forms, herbs accounted the highest number of species (39%), followed by trees (30%), climbers (13%), ferns and shrubs with 9% each. Fruits have shown the highest use (20%), followed by leaves (16%) and whole plant. Terminalia chebula had the highest RFC (0.91) and UV (0.99), followed by Terminalia bellirica (RFC = 0.89, UV = 0.96) and Phyllanthus emblica (RFC = 0.84, UV = 0.91). Results indicate that the locals in the area had good ethnobotanical knowledge of medicinal plants which indicates their dependency on plants for treating several ailments and diseases. Some unexplored species such as Calamus erectus, Laportea bulbifera, Pteris biaurita and Solanum viarum possessing high fidelity level have scope for further pharmacological investigation.     

In Vitro Antibacterial Evaluation of Terminalia chebula as an Alternative of Antibiotics against Bovine Subclinical Mastitis

The extent of subclinical mastitis in three breeds of cattle, Kankrej, Gir, and Crossbred, was performed at cattle farms in Anand town of Gujarat State, India. The prevalence of subclinical mastitis in crossbred cattle was higher compared to local breed of cattle. Causative agents identified using 16S rDNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based molecular method were Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Bacillus megaterium. In vitro antibacterial activity of ethyl acetate extract of plant Terminalia chebula (Combretaceae) was checked by agar well diffusion method against four isolated and molecularly identified microorganisms. Ethyl acetate extract shows antimicrobial activity with varying magnitudes against all identified isolates. Among the three different concentrations, 500?µg/mL conc. of extract is as effective as that of standard amoxicillin. In vitro results support the use of plant extract from T. chebula as an alternative to antibiotics therapy against bovine subclinical mastitis.     

Effect of Triphala on oxidative stress and on cell-mediated immune response against noise stress in rats

Stress is one of the basic factors in the etiology of number of diseases. The present study was aimed to investigate the effect of Triphala (Terminalia chebula, Terminalia belerica and Emblica officinalis) on noise-stress induced alterations in the antioxidant status and on the cell-mediated immune response in Wistar strain male albino rats. Noise-stress employed in this study was 100 dB for 4 h/d/15 days and Triphala was used at a dose of 1 g/kg/b.w/48 days. Eight different groups of rats namely, non-immunized: control, Triphala, noise-stress, Triphala with noise-stress, and corresponding immunized groups were used. Sheep red blood cells (5×10⁹ cells/ml) were used to immunize the animals. Biochemical indicators of oxidative stress namely lipid peroxidation, antioxidants superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), ascorbic acid in plasma and tissues (thymus and spleen) and SOD, GPx and corticosterone level in plasma were estimated. Cell-mediated immune response namely foot pad thickness (FPT) and leukocyte migration inhibition (LMI) test were performed only in immunized groups. Results showed that noise-stress significantly increased the lipid peroxidation and corticosterone level with concomitant depletion of antioxidants in plasma and tissues of both non-immunized and immunized rats. Noise-stress significantly suppressed the cell-mediated immune response by decreased FPT with an enhanced LMI test. The supplementation with Triphala prevents the noise-stress induced changes in the antioxidant as well as cell-mediated immune response in rats. This study concludes that Triphala restores the noise-stress induced changes may be due to its antioxidant properties.