农用抗生素筛选模型的发展概述

农用抗生素是指微生物产生的,可用于防治农业有害生物的次级代谢产物。随着筛选模型的贫乏,发现新型农用抗生素的难度越来越大,同时农用抗生素的研究应用与筛选模型密切相关,并随筛选模型的不断改进而向前推进。近年来,随着新技术特别是现代生物技术在微生物研究中的应用,从微生物中筛选新的农用抗生素的几率逐渐加大。主要对传统筛选模型、特定筛选模型以及高通量筛选模型进行了阐述,并对我国未来农用抗生素筛选模型的发展方向提出了预测。     

我国发酵微生物农药的发展概况与趋势

简单叙述了生物农药的发展概况,再针对性的叙述了有代表性的发酵微生物农药：农用抗生素和苏云金杆菌的发展情况以及未来发展趋势。目前我国生物农药年产值约为18亿元,约占农药总产值的9％;其中发酵微生物农药年产值约为14亿元,占农药总产值的7％。预计发酵微生物农药将以7％-10％的速度增长壮大,5年后年产值将达到20亿元,可占到农药总产值的10％左右;其中农用抗生素类可占到农药总产值的9％。     

我国生物农药的发展现状与展望

生物农药是指“利用生物活体或其代谢产物对害虫、病菌、杂草、线虫、鼠类等有害生物进行防治的一类农药制剂．或者是通过生物技术或仿生合成具有农药功能作用的生物制品”。生物农药按照其成分和来源可分为微生物活体农药、微生物代谢产物（包括抗生素、蛋白质和寡糖等生物化学成分）农药、植物源农药．天敌牛物．转基因生物等几类农药。     

武夷菌素对土壤微生物群落及抗生素抗性基因的影响

抗生素抗性基因(antibiotic resistance genes, ARGs)作为一种新型环境污染物近年来受到广泛关注。目前关于抗生素的环境污染研究主要集中于医疗和养殖业,对植物保护领域的农用抗生素环境污染研究很少。武夷菌素是一种环保、高效、广谱的农用抗生素,在农业生产中得到了广泛应用,对农作物真菌性病害具有良好的防治效果。本研究分别选取了未使用武夷菌素和使用武夷菌素的蔬菜大棚中的土壤,通过高通量测序分析了土壤中微生物群落结构,发现两份土壤中主要的微生物群落种类没有发生明显改变,但是优势菌群的丰度有显著差异。通过荧光定量PCR技术,对18个典型的抗生素抗性基因进行了检测,发现aadA、aac(3)-Ⅱ、strA、strB、aacA4、tetX、sulI和intI1 8个基因在两份土壤中的绝对含量和丰度均有显著差异,表明武夷菌素对土壤中微生物的群落结构及抗生素抗性基因的绝对含量和丰度均会造成一定影响。本研究为评估武夷菌素的环境安全性及合理正确使用武夷菌素提供了理论依据,也为其它农用抗生素的相关研究提供了借鉴。     

微生物中抗耐药菌活性天然产物的研究进展

近年来,细菌耐药性已成为全球性问题。微生物作为抗生素的重要来源,在发掘抗耐药菌新型抗生素的研究中承担了重要角色,许多微生物来源天然化合物展现了显著的抗耐药菌活性。本文主要综述了近十年发现的微生物源抗耐药菌天然化合物,并概括了抗耐药菌活性天然产物的筛选方法,以期对抗耐药菌新型抗生素的发现做铺垫。     

食源性致病微生物危害风险及其防控用抗菌生物活性肽研究进展

食源致病微生物是污染食品、食用农产品的主要生物危害物,严重威胁人类及动物健康;同时也给食品、食用农产品产业造成巨大经济损失,是制约产业健康可持续发展的关键危害因素。传统依赖抗生素对致病微生物的防控效果显著,但由于抗生素长期的不合理使用甚至是滥用所诱发产生的致病微生物耐药性,以及对人类和动物体内脏器、肠道组织、神经和代谢系统正常功能构成的潜在危害性等问题也同样突出。抗菌生物活性肽作为具有抗菌功能的生物多肽类蛋白质,被认为是对人类、动物以及生态环境友好的抗菌物质,有望替代抗生素用于致病微生物的防控,现已成为探索新型安全抗菌类药物研发的热点。全面梳理了食源致病微生物种类、污染特点及其主要危害风险;系统概述了抗菌生物活性肽主要类型、来源及其创制技术;着重介绍了当前抗菌生物活性肽在食源致病微生物防控上的研究状况,并深入探讨了其应用前景、存在问题及拟解决对策,旨在为食品、食用农产品中食源性致病微生物筛查以及靶向防控技术提供最新的有参考价值的文献资料和创新思路。     

农用化学品污染对土壤微生物群落DNA序列多样性影响研究

采用ＲＡＰＤ分子遗传标记技术研究了农用化学品不同使用环境下的４种土壤微生物群落ＤＮＡ序列多样性的变化。结果表明,４种土壤微生物群落ＤＮＡ序列在其丰富度、多样性指数、均匀度等方面均存在差异;农用化学品的使用会对土壤微生物群落在ＤＮＡ分子水平上的多样性产生影响;而冰同的农用化学品对土壤微生物群落ＤＮＡ序列多样性影响各不相同：化肥污染会引起某些土壤微生物的富集和一些微生物物种的丧失;农药杂会引起土壤微生     

2000年新农药的设想——农用抗生素专题规划会议在杭州召开

由石油化工部组织召开的农用抗生素专题规划讨论会,于85年6月19日至6月22日在杭州召开。全国20多个研究单位以及生产工厂的专家和学者参加会议。会上广泛地总结和讨论了国内农药发展情况以及国外农药中抗生素农药的进展情况。专家们一致认为:农用抗生素不仅是一种低毒高效的新农药,而且,它是现代生物工程中发酵工程的新课题。由于它对人寿年丰有重要的贡献,因此,一些经济发达的国家十分重视农抗研究和开发。     

180型农用微生物简易发酵罐

随着农业学大寨运动的深入发展,农业科学试验日益活跃。我县开展了细菌肥料、细菌农药和植物激素等农用微生物的生产和使用,陆续办起了一批农用微生物生产厂。为了配合农用微生物的生产,我们在咸阳地区革委会计委及兴平县革委会领导下,在县油漆厂和县农技站协助下,进行了简易发酵罐的研制工作,经过200余次试验,终于试制成功了生产性能良好     

现代生物技术与饲用微生态制剂

近年来,使用抗生素的副作用越来越多地受到关注,世界上许多国家已出台相应政策来控制抗生素的使用。但是由于养殖行业的迅猛发展,养殖密度加大,养殖动物病害发病的风险提高,急需可替代抗生素的新型绿色饲料添加剂产品。微生态制剂作为一种新型绿色饲料添加剂,在养殖行业发挥了重要作用。随着饲用微生态制剂产品研发的深入,现代生物技术在提升微生态制剂的理论和应用研究方面发挥着重要作用。PCR、核酸分子杂交、基因工程以及组学等技术已应用于微生物菌种鉴定、基因改良、作用机理等研究中。本文对饲用微生态制剂的研发现状进行了阐述,并综述了现代生物技术在饲用微生态制剂研究中的应用。     

植物内生放线菌研究进展

植物内生菌主要包括细菌、真菌和放线菌。放线菌的次生代谢产物,如抗生素、有机酸、生物碱等,在抗癌药物、新型抗生素、植物促生剂、生物农药、纳米新材料等领域取得了一系列研究成果。内生放线菌在生态农业、食品工业、制药工业和环境治理等方面扮演重要角色。本文简要概述了目前植物内生放线菌的研究成果,讨论了存在的问题和发展方向。     

水稻害虫绿色防控技术应用研究现状及展望

发展绿色防控技术是当前现代农业发展的必然要求,对保障我国粮食安全、生态安全等方面起着十分重要的作用.本文从农业和生态调控、理化诱控、生物防治、精准施药等4个方面回顾和梳理了我国水稻害虫绿色防控技术应用研究的发展和现状,并对未来的发展提出了建议和展望.本综述可为水稻害虫绿色防控技术的研究和应用提供参考.     

豆野螟的生物防治研究进展与展望

豆野螟Maruca vitrata是豇豆等豆类作物的世界性重要害虫,常年在亚热带地区严重发生,防控难度很大。传统的化学防治方法难以对其进行长久且有效的控制,因而造成害虫抗药性增强、超范围使用化学农药等诸多不良现象,严重威胁人民群众身体健康与生态安全。而生物防治作为减少化学农药用量与残留的关键技术之一,在当前我国绿色农业高速发展期更应引起研究人员的高度重视。因此,本文围绕豆野螟生物防治的研究现状与进展,分别从昆虫性信息素、天敌昆虫资源、昆虫病原物、植物源农药等4个方面进行了概述,并深入探讨了我国豆野螟生物防治领域的研究前景与方向,为豆野螟绿色防控体系的全方位建设提供参考,助力我国绿色农业高质量发展。     

Natural products in crop protection

The tremendous increase in crop yields associated with the ‘green’ revolution has been possible in part by the discovery and utilization of chemicals for pest control. However, concerns over the potential impact of pesticides on human health and the environment has led to the introduction of new pesticide registration procedures, such as the Food Quality Protection Act in the United States. These new regulations have reduced the number of synthetic pesticides available in agriculture. Therefore, the current paradigm of relying almost exclusively on chemicals for pest control may need to be reconsidered. New pesticides, including natural product-based pesticides are being discovered and developed to replace the compounds lost due to the new registration requirements. This review covers the historical use of natural products in agricultural practices, the impact of natural products on the development of new pesticides, and the future prospects for natural products-based pest management.     

Role of nanotechnology in agriculture with special reference to management of insect pests

Nanotechnology is a promising field of interdisciplinary research. It opens up a wide array of opportunities in various fields like medicine, pharmaceuticals, electronics and agriculture. The potential uses and benefits of nanotechnology are enormous. These include insect pests management through the formulations of nanomaterials-based pesticides and insecticides, enhancement of agricultural productivity using bio-conjugated nanoparticles (encapsulation) for slow release of nutrients and water, nanoparticle-mediated gene or DNA transfer in plants for the development of insect pest-resistant varieties and use of nanomaterials for preparation of different kind of biosensors, which would be useful in remote sensing devices required for precision farming. Traditional strategies like integrated pest management used in agriculture are insufficient, and application of chemical pesticides like DDT have adverse effects on animals and human beings apart from the decline in soil fertility. Therefore, nanotechnology would provide green and efficient alternatives for the management of insect pests in agriculture without harming the nature. This review is focused on traditional strategies used for the management of insect pests, limitations of use of chemical pesticides and potential of nanomaterials in insect pest management as modern approaches of nanotechnology.     

Application of antimicrobial peptides in agriculture and food industry

Antimicrobial peptides have captured the attention of researchers in recent years because of their efficiency in fighting against pathogens. These peptides are found in nature and have been isolated from a wide range of organisms. Furthermore, analogs or synthetic derivatives have successfully been developed on the basis of natural peptide patterns. Long use of pesticides and antibiotics has led to development of resistance among pathogens and other pests as well as increase of environmental and health risks. Antimicrobial peptides are under consideration as new substitutes for conventional pesticides and antibiotics. Many plants and animals have been manipulated with antimicrobial peptide-encoding genes and several pesticides and drugs have been produced based on these peptides. Such strategies and products may still have a long way to go before being confirmed by regulatory bodies and others need to surmount technical problems before being accepted as applicable ones. In spite of these facts, several cases of successful use of antimicrobial peptides in agriculture and food industry indicate a promising future for extensive application of these peptides. In this review, we consider the developing field of antimicrobial peptide applications in various agricultural activities.     

从可再生资源获得新型绿色“平台化合物”乙酰丙酸的研究与开发

综述了近年来从可再生生物质资源生产新型绿色平台化合物乙酰丙酸及其主要应用领域的国内外研究及开发的进展,讨论了乙酰丙酸及其衍生物在新型燃料、新一代光动力药物和农用化学品、新材料等方面的应用前景,对我国开展这一领域的研究提出了建议。     

Extreme environments: microbiology leading to specialized metabolites

The prevalence of multidrug-resistant microbial pathogens due to the continued misuse and overuse of antibiotics in agriculture and medicine is raising the prospect of a return to the preantibiotic days of medicine at the time of diminishing numbers of drug leads. The good news is that an increased understanding of the nature and extent of microbial diversity in natural habitats coupled with the application of new technologies in microbiology and chemistry is opening up new strategies in the search for new specialized products with therapeutic properties. This review explores the premise that harsh environmental conditions in extreme biomes, notably in deserts, permafrost soils and deep-sea sediments select for micro-organisms, especially actinobacteria, cyanobacteria and fungi, with the potential to synthesize new druggable molecules. There is evidence over the past decade that micro-organisms adapted to life in extreme habitats are a rich source of new specialized metabolites. Extreme habitats by their very nature tend to be fragile hence there is a need to conserve those known to be hot-spots of novel gifted micro-organisms needed to drive drug discovery campaigns and innovative biotechnology. This review also provides an overview of microbial-derived molecules and their biological activities focusing on the period from 2010 until 2018, over this time 186 novel structures were isolated from 129 representatives of microbial taxa recovered from extreme habitats.     

拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂对蜜蜂的毒性和影响

蜜蜂是最重要的农业授粉昆虫之一,蜜蜂在授粉过程中极有可能接触到广泛使用的广谱杀虫剂-拟除虫菊酯,大多数拟除虫菊酯对蜜蜂等农业授粉昆虫有较高的毒性.本文对拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂的作用机理进行了综述;总结了蜂群及蜂产品中拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂的残留现状、拟除虫菊酯对蜜蜂的急性毒性以及亚致死效应,讨论了拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂复配农药对蜜...