细菌Ⅵ型分泌系统的研究进展

Ⅵ型分泌系统(Type Ⅵ secretion system,T6SS)是最近发现的一种新的分泌系统,广泛存在于革兰氏阴性菌变形菌门细菌中,主要由构成分泌系统的结构蛋白、形成跨膜管道结构的转位蛋白、分泌蛋白以及一些对分泌系统起辅助功能的蛋白组成。T6SS能够增强细菌对外界环境的适应性,介导细菌对宿主细胞的致病力以及其他功能。     

铜绿假单胞菌Ⅵ型分泌系统的研究进展

铜绿假单胞菌是一种能引起多部位急、慢性感染且难以用抗生素控制的机会致病菌,近年来已成为院内感染的主要致病菌之一。大量研究表明,细菌将毒力因子精准输送至宿主细胞是其致病的关键,分泌系统在这一过程中扮演重要作用,其中近期发现的Ⅵ型分泌系统(type Ⅵ secretion system,T6SS)在铜绿假单胞菌与宿主间的相互作用和促进生物膜的形成等机制中发挥重要作用,已引起国内外学者高度关注。着重对铜绿假单胞菌T6SS的结构组成、效应功能和调节机制等相关研究进行简要综述,旨在为铜绿假单胞菌感染患者的治疗提供新策略。     

空肠弯曲菌感染动物模型的研究进展

空肠弯曲菌是一种全球关注的人兽共患病原菌,感染后可引起人和动物多种疾病。动物模型是开展致病机理、疫苗评价和药物开发等研究的基础。空肠弯曲菌由于培养条件苛刻以及感染实验动物的疾病相似性、经济性和重复性等因素,仍缺乏良好的感染动物模型,其致病机理迄今尚不清楚。本文对已报道的空肠弯曲菌感染实验动物模型进行综述。     

空肠弯曲菌生物学分型的研究

用马尿酸水解,28℃中生长及10种试剂抗性试验,研究了空肠弯曲菌的生物学分型,每株菌按3种方法,4组实验进行计数,我们对86株弯曲菌进行了生物学分型,其中空肠弯曲菌79株,分为17种类型,结肠弯曲菌5株为5种类型,海鸥弯曲菌2株为2种类型。这对菌株在流行病学上分析有一定意义。     

476株空肠弯曲菌血清学分型

本文用Penner氏被动血凝法,对476株空肠弯曲菌进行血清学分型,分型率为69.33%,共检出30种不同血清型,其中人源菌有17个型,鸡源菌有19个型,鸭源菌有16个型,猪源菌有17个型。其中常见型与国外报道的完全不同,与国内上海、苏州等地区报道的材料也有不同,说明空肠弯曲菌的血清型分布存在着明显的地区性差异。但发现当地的动物源菌株的血清型与人源菌血清型的关系密切,鸡、鸭、猪的血清型与当地人源菌血清型相同者分别占89.7、81.4和94.07%,因此认为这三种宿主动物是莆田地区人类空肠弯曲菌肠炎的主要传     

细菌Ⅵ型分泌系统的调控与功能研究进展

Ⅵ型分泌系统(Type Ⅵ Secretion System,T6SS)是近年来研究较多的一种细菌分泌系统,广泛存在于革兰氏阴性菌中,在细菌的毒力、定殖、扩散及竞争遗传中发挥着重要的作用.本文综述了细菌T6SS的结构、调控以及生物学功能的最新研究进展,以期为基于T6SS的抗菌药物研制及细菌感染的诊断与防控提供新思路.     

139株空肠弯曲菌耐药性分析

空肠弯曲菌(Campylobacter jejuni)是最常见的食源性病原菌之一。本研究采用微量肉汤稀释法对分离得到的139株空肠弯曲菌(117株为禽源样本分离株,22株为人源样本分离株)进行耐药性检测。通过对最小抑菌浓度(MIC)的判定结果得出:120株(86. 33%)空肠弯曲菌分离株对6类9组临床常用的抗生素表现出不同程度的耐药,其中禽源空肠弯曲菌耐药率为83. 76%,22株人源空肠弯曲菌均表现出耐药性。对喹诺酮类抗生素表现出高度耐药(环丙沙星80. 58%,萘啶酸77. 70%);对四环素类表现为中等耐药(四环素53. 24%);对部分大环内酯类、氨基糖苷类、林可酰胺类表现为低耐药(庆大霉素7. 19%,阿奇霉素5. 76%,克林霉素6. 47%);对酰胺醇类、部分大环内酯类表现为敏感(氟苯尼考0%,红霉素0%、泰利霉素0%)。139株空肠弯曲菌共产生14种耐药谱型,以TET-CIP-NAL谱型最多,占比38. 13%,耐三重及以上抗生素的多重耐药菌株占比53. 24%。禽源菌株中多重耐药占比46. 15%,人源菌株中多重耐药占比90. 91%。研究结果显示空肠弯曲菌耐药现状不容乐观,尤其对喹诺酮类与四环素类抗生素耐药性较为突出,且过半数菌株为多重耐药。本研究为食源性空肠弯曲菌的防控及临床用药提供参考。     

鞭毛介导的空肠弯曲菌氧应激机制研究进展

空肠弯曲菌(Campylobacter jejuni)是世界范围流行的食源性人兽共患病原菌,是革兰氏阴性微需氧菌。其对氧气、温度、pH和胆汁酸盐等环境条件极其敏感,在环境传播和宿主定殖过程中会遭受许多不利条件,包括致命的活性氧自由基(reactive oxygen species,ROS),因此,抵抗活性氧自由基是空肠弯曲菌进化的一种重要策略。空肠弯曲菌为抵抗氧应激进化出了多种响应机制,其中,鞭毛及其介导的运动力也参与氧应激。本文对国内外有关空肠弯曲菌氧应激研究进展及鞭毛介导的氧应激机制进行综合阐述,以期为进一步完善空肠弯曲菌氧应激调控系统奠定基础,并为弯曲菌源头防控提供思路。     

空肠弯曲菌生物学特性上的一些歧异

对195例不同年龄腹泻患者的粪便、690只健康和腹泻畜禽的直肠和泄殖腔拭子及108份腹泻死亡畜禽的脏器材料进行了空肠弯曲菌培养,共分离鉴定458株弯曲菌(其中空肠弯曲菌445株、结肠弯曲菌13株),就其一些生物学特性进行了观察,采用Lior生物学分型法进行了354株弯曲菌(空肠弯曲菌352株、结肠弯曲菌2株)的分型。虽然表明绝大多数生物学性状符合已有文献描述,但也发现在形态、培养和生理生化特性及抗菌药抗性上存有一些歧异,其中最为主要的是483%(215/445)的空肠弯曲菌和231%(3/13)的结肠弯曲菌有萘啶酮酸抗性,11%(5/445)的空肠弯曲菌和76%(1/13)的结肠弯曲菌有噻孢霉素抗性,抗菌药抗性与菌株来源有关(P<0005)。352株空肠弯曲菌生物学分型结果表明在这些动物体内生物型Ⅰ(409%)和Ⅱ(582%)占优势,同一动物体内可有该菌的2个生物型分布。     

鲍曼不动杆菌VI型分泌系统溶血素-联合调节蛋白研究进展

鲍曼不动杆菌是一种革兰氏阴性的非发酵致病菌,在医院环境中广泛存在,并且已经成为医院获得性感染的重要病原体之一。近年来,由于抗菌药物的广泛应用,导致多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌引起的感染和暴发流行,给临床治疗带来了极大的挑战。有研究表明,细菌Ⅵ型分泌系统与细菌的致病性相关。本文综述了鲍曼不动杆菌Ⅵ型分泌系统及主要功能蛋白(溶血素-联合调节蛋白)的研究进展,以期为进一步研究鲍曼不动杆菌的致病机制提供基础。     

Effect of temperature on growth and chemotactic behaviour of Campylobacter jejuni

AIM: To determine the effect of two physiologically important temperatures on growth and chemotaxis in Campylobacter jejuni. METHODS AND RESULTS: Growth curves of Camp. jejuni were compared at 37 degrees C and 42 degrees C. Chemotaxis was compared at 37 degrees C and 42 degrees C by the disc and capillary assays. Student's t-test was applied to the results of the capillary assay to assess the significance in the difference between chemotaxis at the two temperatures. Both, the growth rate and chemotactic ability of the isolate, were found to be greater at 37 degrees C. CONCLUSIONS: Quorum sensing (related to population density), a regulation mechanism of virulence in micro-organisms, has been reported in Campylobacter. Chemotaxis is also a known virulence factor of Campylobacter. Both, growth (in terms of population density) and chemotaxis, being greater at 37 degrees C than at 42 degrees C, suggests that the physiological temperature of humans (37 degrees C) might be more favourable for the expression of virulence in Campylobacter than that of birds (42 degrees C). SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: It is as yet not known why Campylobacter causes disease in humans but is avirulent in birds. This study suggests that the human body temperature is optimum for growth and chemotaxis in Campylobacter. There is scope for the study of temperature regulation of other virulence determinants of Campylobacter.     

Type VI secretion system sheath inter‐subunit interactions modulate its contraction

Secretion systems are essential for bacteria to survive and manipulate their environment. The bacterial type VI secretion system (T6SS) generates the force needed for protein translocation by the contraction of a long polymer called sheath. The sheath is a six‐start helical assembly of interconnected VipA/VipB subunits. The mechanism of T6SS sheath contraction is unknown. Here, we show that elongating the N‐terminal VipA linker or eliminating charge of a specific VipB residue abolishes sheath contraction and delivery of effectors into target cells. Mass spectrometry analysis identified the inner tube protein Hcp, spike protein VgrG, and other components of the T6SS baseplate significantly enriched in samples of the stable non‐contractile sheaths. The ability to lock the T6SS in the pre‐firing state opens new possibilities for understanding its mode of action.     

Type VI secretion system effector proteins: Effective weapons for bacterial competitiveness

The Type VI secretion system (T6SS) is a protein translocation nanomachine widespread among Gram‐negative bacteria and used as a means to deliver effectors directly into target bacterial or eukaryotic cells. These effectors have a wide variety of functions within target cells that ultimately help the secreting cell gain a competitive fitness advantage. Here, we discuss the different ways in which these effectors can be delivered by the T6SS and the diverse mechanisms by which they exert their noxious action upon recipient cells. We also highlight the existence of roles for T6SS effectors beyond simply the killing of neighbouring cells.     

Campylobacter jejuni

This review describes characteristics of the family Campylobacteraceae and traits of Campylobacter jejuni. The review then focuses on the worldwide problem of C. jejuni antimicrobial resistance and mechanisms of pathogenesis and virulence. Unravelling these areas will help with the development of new therapeutic agents and ultimately decrease illness caused by this important human pathogen.     

Polymicrobial infection in Campylobacter jejuni enteritis in Karachi

Between September 1984 and April 1985, 210 stool specimens from patients with acute enteritis, in the city of Karachi, Pakistan were cultured for the presence of different enteropathogenic bacterial agents.Campylobacter jejuni was isolated from 62 (29.5%) of these specimens from children under 2 years of age. The highest incidence of C. jejuni was found among infants from birth to 6 months of age. The frequency of isolation gradually decreased among the 7–12-month-old infants and again among children from 13–24 months of age, respectively. C. jejuni was more frequently isolated in stool specimens from males (61.2%) and reflected the higher incidence of illness caused by C. jejuni in males. Our results emphasise the importance of this newly recognised enteropathogen, C. jejuni, in the etiology of diarrhoeal disease in Pakistan.     

Evaluation of cytotoxic activity in fecal filtrates from patients with Campylobacter jejuni or Campylobacter coli enteritis

We sought to determine the prevalence of cytotoxic activity in fecal filtrates from persons with C. jejuni or C. coli enteritis. Stool specimens were collected from 20 persons with C. jejuni or C. coli enteritis, 20 persons with acute diarrheal illnesses of other causes, and 9 healthy, asymptomatic persons. Fecal filtrates were then incubated with Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) or HeLa cells. The fecal filtrate from 1 of the 20 (5%) persons with Campylobacter enteritis was cytotoxic for HeLa cells at a titer of 1:40, and 10 (50%) were cytotoxic for CHO cells at maximum titers of 1:20. Cytotoxic activity for CHO cells at a median titer of 1:20 was also present in 40% of the fecal filtrates from persons with diarrhea due to causes other than Campylobacter enteritis, and in 33% of filtrates from healthy, asymptomatic persons. The observed low level of cytotoxicity in fecal filtrates from all patient groups studied likely resulted from non-specific factors, unrelated to the pathogenesis of Campylobacter enteritis.     

The Campylobacter jejuni glycome

Microbial cell surface glycans in the form of glycolipids and glycoproteins frequently play important roles in cell-cell interaction and host immune responses. Given the likely importance of these surface structures in the survival and pathogenesis of Campylobacter jejuni, a concerted effort has been made to characterise these determinants genetically and structurally since the genome was sequenced in 2000. We review the considerable progress made in characterising the Campylobacter glycome including the lipooligosaccharide (LOS), the capsule and O- and N-linked protein glycosylation systems, and speculate on the roles played by glycan surface structures in the life-cycle of C. jejuni.