发酵透明质酸寡糖兽疫链球菌工程菌株的构建

透明质酸(HA)广泛应用于医学、化妆品、食品等领域。HA的生物活性取决于其分子量(M_w)。透明质酸寡糖由于具有重要的生理活性与特殊生理功能,在医药领域具有重要的应用前景。兽疫链球菌因其发酵周期短、生产强度较强的特点,在商业生产HA上具有广泛的应用。为了高效发酵合成透明质酸寡糖和解决发酵过程的溶氧问题,文中通过在兽疫链球菌WSH-24中过表达透明质酸合酶HasA以及优化表达水蛭来源的透明质酸酶LHAase。重组菌株摇瓶发酵24h,透明质酸寡糖积累至0.97g/L,比野生菌提高了182.0%。在3L发酵罐中发酵24 h,透明质酸寡糖生产强度为294.2 mg/(L·h),HA积累至7.06 g/L,比野生菌的罐上水平提高了112.4%。文中所构建的发酵合成透明质酸寡糖的兽疫链球菌重组菌株具有重要的应用前景。     

金黄色葡萄球菌透明质酸裂解酶HylS的异源表达与特性研究

透明质酸酶能够将透明质酸聚糖降解成具有抗氧化等生物活性的低分子量寡糖.微生物来源透明质酸酶具有酶学性质多样和易于重组表达等特点,是开发透明质酸酶的研究热点.通过基因组测序获得一个潜在的金黄色葡萄球菌来源透明质酸裂解酶基因hylS,将其进行了大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)异源重组表达,并对重组酶进行了酶学特性和酶解产物抗氧化...     

透明质酸酶的研究进展

透明质酸酶是以降解透明质酸为主的糖苷酶。近年来国内外关于透明质酸酶各方面的研究日益增多,透明质酸酶的构效关系及生物学应用越来越引起人们的关注。对透明质酸酶的相关研究进行了综述,主要阐述了各类型透明质酸酶的研究概况包括人透明质酸酶、牛睾丸透明质酸酶、毒液透明质酸酶、微生物透明质酸酶。简要介绍了透明质酸酶的活性测定、酶活抑制剂及透明质酸酶制剂的应用情况,最后对透明质酸酶的研究前景进行展望。     

透明质酸酶研究进展

根据底物的特异性和产物的不同,透明质酸酶可分为3类,该酶为糖蛋白,不同来源的酶分子量差异较大,已知的3种不同来源的酶的一级结构也不相同,有多种活性调节因子,透明质酸酶的功能复杂,具有多种生物学活性,并在许多疾病的和生物学研究中呈现应用前景。     

关于水蛭透明质酸酶的研究

关于水蛭透明质酸酶的研究杨潼（中国科学院水生生物研究所武汉４３００７２）关键词水蛭，透明质酸酶，提取物透明质酸酶（Ｈｙａｌｕｒｏｎｉｄａｓｅ）这个词最初是用来命名从动物组织中得到的能水解透明质酸的酶，后来人们发现这个命名并不恰当，因为从许多动物体内得...     

一株产透明质酸酶的菌株鉴定及酶学性质研究

透明质酸酶可用于药物渗透剂、动物皮革松散及低分子量的透明质酸制备.实验室前期筛选了一株具有较高透明质酸降解能力的菌株,本研究对其进行了 16S rRNA基因和生理生化反应鉴定,鉴定为弗氏柠檬酸杆菌,但弗氏柠檬酸杆菌来源的透明质酸酶的功能还未见报道.因而,以透明质酸为底物研究其酶学性质,结果表明:该酶最适pH值为5.5,在pH值4.0～8.0下处理1 h可以保持60％以上酶活力;最适温度为50℃,在50℃和60℃下处理1h后剩余60％以上的酶活力.该酶和人源透明质酸酶最适pH相似,但其耐热性更高.因此,本研究挖掘到了新颖的透明质酸酶的资源,并为其开发利用提供了参考价值.     

东亚钳蝎毒透明质酸酶的纯化和部分性质的研究

用CM-SephadexC50,CM-SephadexC25和SephadexG-75凝胶过滤,从东亚钳蝎毒中提纯蝎毒透明质酸酶,应用低pH系统不连续聚丙烯酰胺凝胶圆盘电泳,SDS-不连续聚丙烯酰胺凝胶垂直板电泳鉴定均为单一条带,活力提高34倍,产率为12％,纯品无出血活性,无神经毒性。用凝胶过滤法和SDS电泳法测得分子量为54000,PAS染色证实为糖蛋白。 纯化的透明质酸酶的最适pH为4.5～6.5,最适温度为37℃,该酶对热的稳定性比蛇毒透明质酸酶高一些,但在碱性环境中也易失活。0.15MNaCl对酶活性有明显稳定作用,Fe~(2+)、Fe~(3+)及肝素对酶活性有明显的抑制作用,Cu~(2+)对酶活力也有一定影响。     

东亚钳蝎毒液透明质酸酶全基因序列的克隆和结构分析

本研究通过以东亚钳蝎毒腺为研究材料,采用TRIzol法分离透明质酸酶的全基因序列,并从中分离出4个东亚钳蝎透明质酸酶序列,分别命名为BmHYⅠ、BmHYⅡ、BmHYⅢ和BmHYⅣ。BmHYⅠcDNA全长是1423 bp,包括42 bp的5’非翻译区,1230 bp的开放阅读框,编码了一个410个氨基酸,还有151 bp的3’非翻译区;BmHYⅠ中包含5个糖基化位点;与其它物种蛋白质比对结果显示,BmHYⅠ中有10个高度保守半胱氨酸残基形成5个二硫键。BmHYⅠ在二级结构中形成了13个螺旋和14个折叠,其中折叠主要分布在N端和C端。系统进化树结构表明,东亚钳蝎BmHYⅠ与其它蝎子物种透明质酸酶亲缘关系最近,其次是蜘蛛,最后是脊椎动物。而BmHYⅡ、BmHYⅢ和BmHYⅣ序列缺少终止密码子,蛋白序列与BmHYⅠ具有高度同源性。本研究结果为进一步透明质酸酶的功能提供数据参考。     

虎纹捕鸟蛛毒液中透明质酸酶的纯化和部分性质的研究

用分子筛和阳离子交换高效液相色谱从虎纹捕鸟蛛毒液中分离提纯透明质酸酶。经等电聚焦电泳为一条带,ＰＩ＝７．２,经ＳＤＳ－聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳测得分子量为４０ｋＤ,经凝胶过滤测得分子量为４０．７ｋＤ。以透明质酸为底物时在ＰＨ３．５－５．５范围内有较大活性,最适ＰＨ值４．０,在ＰＨ４．５－６．０范围内稳定,在反应温度为３０－６０℃时有较大活性,最适温度为５０℃;对热稳定。０．１５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ的ＮａＣｌ对酶活     

卡拉胶酶研究进展

卡拉胶酶是一种多糖水解酶,可以通过降解卡拉胶的β-1,4糖苷键,来生成卡拉胶低聚糖。根据酶解底物的差异,将其分为κ-卡拉胶酶,■-卡拉胶酶和λ-卡拉胶酶。近年来,研究发现卡拉胶寡糖具有抗病毒、抗肿瘤、免疫调节及抗凝血等药理活性,有望成为新一代的海洋药物而卡拉胶酶不但可以作为工具酶用于卡拉胶寡糖的制备,而且有助于卡拉胶结构的研究;另外,卡拉胶酶还可用于藻类原生质体的制备、因此,卡拉胶酶的研究具有重要的理论意义和明确的应用前景。本文从卡拉胶酶的分类及家族归属、来源、性质、分子生物学研究以及应用等方面综述了近年来国内外卡拉胶酶的最新研究进展     

Reverse hyaluronan substrate gel zymography procedure for the detection of hyaluronidase inhibitors

Little is known of the ubiquitous inhibitors of hyaluronidase, molecules that may be important for the deposition of hyaluronan. A reverse hyaluronan-substrate gel procedure is described here that detects such inhibitors, even in crude biological extracts, and is independent of the catalytic mechanism of the target enzyme. Following electrophoresis, hyaluronan-containing gels are incubated in a hyaluronidase solution. Alcian blue-staining bands indicate hyaluronan protected from degradation and the location of hyaluronidase inhibitors. Coordinated use of hyaluronan substrate gel and reverse substrate gel procedures provides estimates of the number and relative molecular sizes of both enzymes and their inhibitors.     

Structures of vertebrate hyaluronidases and their unique enzymatic mechanism of hydrolysis

Human hyaluronidases (Hyals) are a group of five endo-beta-acetyl-hexosaminidase enzymes, Hyal-1, -2, -3, -4, and PH-20, which degrade hyaluronan using a hydrolytic mechanism of action. Catalysis by these Hyals has been shown to follow a double-displacement scheme. This involves a single Glu residue within the enzyme, the only catalytic residue, as the proton donor (acid). Also involved is a carbonyl group of the hyaluronan (HA) N-acetyl-D-glucosamine as a unique type of nucleophile. Thus the substrate participates in the mechanism of action of its own catalysis. An oxocarbonium ion transition state is postulated, but there is no formation of a covalent enzyme-glycan intermediate, as found in most such reactions. The major domain is catalytic and has a distorted (beta/alpha)8 triose phosphate isomerase (TIM) barrel fold. The C-terminal domain is separated by a peptide linker. Each Hyal has a different C-terminal sequence and structure, the function of which is unknown. These unique C-termini may participate in the additional function(s) associated with these multifunctional enzymes.     

Isoenzyme-specific differences in the degradation of hyaluronic acid by mammalian-type hyaluronidases

Bovine testicular hyaluronidase (BTH) has been used as a spreading factor for many years and was primarily characterized by its enzymatic activity. As recombinant human hyaluronidases are now available the bovine preparations can be replaced by the human enzymes. However, data on the pH-dependent activity of hyaluronidases reported in literature are inconsistent in part or even contradictory. Detection of the pH-dependent activity of PH-20 type hyaluronidases, i.e. recombinant human PH-20 (rhPH-20) and BTH, showed a shift of the pH optimum from acidic pH values in a colorimetric activity assay to higher pH values in a turbidimetric activity assay. Contrarily, recombinant human Hyal-1 (rhHyal-1) and bee venom hyaluronidase (BVH) exhibited nearly identical pH profiles in both commonly used types of activity assays. Analysis of the hyaluronic acid (HA) degradation products by capillary zone electrophoresis showed that hyaluronan was catabolized by rhHyal-1 continuously into HA oligosaccharides. BTH and, to a less extent, rhPH-20 exhibited a different mode of action: at acidic pH (pH 4.5) HA was degraded as described for rhHyal-1, while at elevated pH (pH 5.5) small oligosaccharides were produced in addition to HA fragments of medium molecular weight, thus explaining the pH-dependent discrepancies in the activity assays. Our results suggest a sub-classification of mammalian-type hyaluronidases into a PH-20/BTH and a Hyal-1/BVH subtype. As the biological effects of HA fragments are reported to depend on the size of the molecules it can be speculated that different pH values at the site of hyaluronan degradation may result in different biological responses.     

Hyaluronidases--a group of neglected enzymes.

Hyaluronan is an important constituent of the extracellular matrix. This polysaccharide can be hydrolyzed by various hyaluronidases that are widely distributed in nature. The structure of some bacterial and animal enzymes of this type has recently been elucidated. It could be shown that the hyaluronidases from bee and hornet venom and the PH-20 hyaluronidase present on mammalian spermatozoa are homologous proteins.     

Enhanced activity of serum and urinary hyaluronidases in streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar and GK rats

Using streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar and GK rats as models of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, respectively, we investigated the changes in serum and urinary hyaluronidase activity with the pathological progress. The serum hyaluronidase levels of streptozotocin-induced rats started to increase on the third day after injection and thereafter maintained approximately threefold higher levels compared with control rats; those of GK rats were already higher ( approximately twofold) from the beginning of the experiment. The increases of serum hyaluronidase activity in both diabetic rats were similar to those of blood glucose level, indicating that diabetes mellitus was accompanied by enhanced activity of circulating hyaluronidase from the early phase of its development. In zymography, every serum from diabetic and control rats gave two hyaluronidase isomers, a major 73-kDa band (Hyal-1 type) and a minor 132-kDa band, suggesting that the increases in serum hyaluronidase activity were not due to the appearance of novel isomers. The hyaluronidase activity in 24-h urine of streptozotocin-induced rats was 3-, 7-, and 11-fold higher at the 8th, 15th, and 18th week than that of control rats, respectively, and the urinary hyaluronidase activity of GK rats was not significantly different from controls. There was a good correlation between the urinary hyaluronidase activity and the albumin excretion. Thus the increase in urinary hyaluronidase activity may reflect enhanced glomerular permeability in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and may be a useful marker for diabetic nephropathy. Relative resistance to SDS-denaturation in zymography of rat serum and urinary hyaluronidases compared with human serum hyaluronidase are also shown.     

Analysis of the two active sites of the hyaluronan synthase and the chondroitin synthase of Pasteurella multocida

Type A Pasteurella multocida produces a hyaluronan (HA) capsule to enhance infection. The 972-residue HA synthase, pmHAS, polymerizes the linear HA polysaccharide composed of alternating beta3N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc)-beta4glucuronic acid (GlcUA). We demonstrated previously that pmHAS possesses two independent glycosyltransferase sites. Here we further define the sites and putative motifs. Deletion of residues 1-117 does not affect HA polymerizing activity. The carboxyl-terminal boundary of the GlcUA-transferase resides within residues 686-703. Both transferase sites contain a DXD motif essential for HA synthase activity. D247N or D249N mutants possessed only GlcUA-transferase activity, whereas D527N or D529N mutants possessed only GlcNAc-transferase activity, further confirming our assignment of the two active sites within the synthase polypeptide. A potential role of the DXD motif in substrate binding was supported by experiments utilizing high UDP-sugar concentrations that partially rescued the activity of certain mutants. The WGGED sequence motif is involved in GlcNAc-transferase activity because mutants with substitutions at E369 or D370 possessed only GlcUA-transferase activity. Type F P. multocida synthesizes an unsulfated chondroitin (beta3GalNAc-beta4GlcUA) capsule. A chimeric enzyme consisting of residues 1-427 of pmHAS and residues 421-704 of pmCS, the homologous chondroitin synthase, was an active HA synthase. The converse chimeric enzyme consisting of residues 1-420 of pmCS and residues 428-703 of pmHAS was a functional chondroitin synthase. Analyses of a panel of pmHAS/pmCS chimeric enzymes identified a 44-residue region, corresponding to pmHAS residues 225-265, involved in UDP-hexosamine selectivity. Overall, these findings further support the model of two independent transferase sites within a single polypeptide.     

Cloning and molecular characterization of scorpion Buthus martensi venom hyaluronidases: a novel full-length and diversiform noncoding isoforms

Hyaluronidase is a common component of scorpion venom and has been considered as “spreading factor” that promotes a fast penetration of the venom in the anaphylactic reaction. In the current study, a novel full-length of hyaluronidase BmHYI and three noncoding isoforms of BmHYII, BmHYIII and BmHYIV were cloned by using a combined strategy based on peptide sequencing and Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends (RACE). BmHYI has 410 amino acid residues containing the catalytic, positional and five potential N-glycosylation sites. The deduced protein sequence of BmHYI shares significant identity with venom hyaluronidases from bees and snakes. The phylogenetic analysis showed early divergence and independent evolution of BmHYI from other hyaluronidases. An extraordinarily high level of sequence similarity was detected among four sequences. But, BmHYII, BmHYIII and BmHYIV were short of stop-codon in the open reading frame and poly(A) signal in the 3′ end.