免疫调控米色脂肪生成的研究进展

哺乳动物中米色脂肪是一种被新发现的产热脂肪组织,可由白色脂肪转化而成,在机体的糖、脂代谢中起到了重要作用。研究表明,免疫系统跟脂肪代谢息息相关,它可以从多个方面来调控米色脂肪,比如骨髓、嗜酸性粒细胞、2型先天性淋巴细胞(ILC2)、IL-4/IL-13。本文就免疫系统(免疫器官、免疫细胞、免疫因子)对米色脂肪的调控作用加以综述,以期为治疗肥胖及其相关代谢疾病提供新的思路。     

亚硝基化谷胱甘肽还原酶: 一个调控炎症反应的新分子

炎症因子的表达调控是炎症反应的关键步骤,与自身免疫疾病以及癌症等密切相关．一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)在炎症因子表达调控中具有重要作用,但已有的研究多关注于NO合成对炎症因子的调控作用,而对NO代谢的作用知之甚少．亚硝基化谷胱甘肽还原酶(S-nitrosoglutathione reductase,GSNOR)是体内NO信号通路代谢调控的关键蛋白．本研究发现脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)在RAW264.7细胞中上调诱导型一氧化氮合酶(inducible nitric oxide synthase,iNOS)的同时下调GSNOR的转录和蛋白质表达,该下调作用依赖MEK1/2、p38和PI3K信号通路．抑制GSNOR可促进LPS诱导的炎症因子IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α表达,而过表达GSNOR作用相反．抗炎症药物曲古抑菌素A (trichostatin A,TSA)能够挽回LPS对GSNOR的下调作用,并且GSNOR抑制剂削弱了TSA对炎症因子IL-6和TNF-α转录的抑制效应．这些结果表明：GSNOR是一个新的重要炎症调控分子,它可能成为调控NO介导的炎症相关信号通路的新的潜在靶点,上调GSNOR可能是抑制炎症的新思路．本研究揭示了巨噬细胞通过上调iNOS和下调GSNOR共同增强免疫炎症反应的新机制,拓展了对NO代谢在炎症反应中作用机制的认识．     

运动干预对肥胖机体体内瘦素等脂肪细胞因子作用的影响

肥胖是近年主要的流行病之一,是危害健康的全球公共卫生问题。肥胖是一种慢性低度全身性炎症,伴随着一些炎性细胞的浸润和改变,并存在脂肪细胞因子分泌紊乱。瘦素是由白色脂肪细胞分泌的一种蛋白类激素,也是促炎细胞因子,在调控体内能量与代谢等方面发挥重要作用。运动干预会使肥胖机体体内促炎因子(瘦素、TNF-α、IL-6)水平含量降低,抗炎因子(脂联素)水平含量升高。运动能够延缓肥胖机体体内炎症反应的发生。本文以体内瘦素的生理功能及作用机制为中心,系统综述了运动对肥胖性慢性炎症的调节,主要包括脂肪细胞因子瘦素、脂联素、IL-6、TNF-α,以此探讨运动干预减重降脂和减轻慢性炎症反应的机制,为防治慢性代谢性疾病提供新视角。     

NLRP3炎性体与代谢性疾病的研究进展

代谢性疾病是由体内氨基酸、葡萄糖和脂质代谢紊乱引起的一类疾病,慢性炎症反应是其重要特征之一.Nod样受体蛋白3(Nod-like receptor protein 3,NLRP3)炎性体是位于细胞内的一种蛋白质复合体,主要功能为活化半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶1(caspase-1)以间接调控白介素1β(IL-1β)、IL-18和IL-33等的成熟和分泌.NLRP3炎性体是炎性体相关研究的热点,多种内源性或外源性危险信号通过激活这一蛋白质复合体上调炎性因子的表达水平,从而促进多种代谢性疾病的发生发展.本文对NLRP3炎性体的结构、功能、调节以及在代谢性疾病中的作用做一综述,以期为代谢性疾病的防治提供新靶点.     

CTRP3研究新进展

近年来许多研究表明脂肪组织作为内分泌器官在人体代谢中起着不可或缺的作用。研究发现,脂肪组织可分泌多种脂肪因子,这些脂肪因子将脂肪组织、代谢及多种疾病联系在一起。C1q肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)相关蛋白3(CTRP3)是一种新近发现的脂肪因子,属于C1q/TNF超家族,与脂联素有高度同源性。CTRP3以内分泌的方式对心血管、代谢、炎症等相关疾病发挥多种作用。关于CTRP3的研究趋于深入和多样化,因此本文将重点阐述CTRP3在心血管及代谢相关疾病方面最新的研究进展,为CTRP3的进一步研究提供新的线索。     

运动通过调节SCFAs延缓衰老及其作用机制的研究进展

短链脂肪酸(SCFAs)作为肠道菌群的代谢产物,其水平失衡与衰老以及增龄相关疾病的发生发展关系密切。本文通过归纳、总结近年运动与老年人产SCFAs菌群相关的研究,系统论述运动对SCFAs的影响,以及SCFAs介导运动延缓衰老可能的作用机制。结果显示：运动能优化老年人肠道菌群组成,使产SCFAs菌群占比增加,促进SCFAs产生;运动调控SCFAs延缓衰老的分子机制可能涉及炎症反应、糖脂代谢及细胞自噬等多个方面。(1)炎症状态缓解：SCFAs激活GPR41/GPR43或HDAC抑制NF-κB通路,降低炎症因子水平,缓解炎性衰老。(2)改善糖脂代谢：SCFAs一方面通过GPR41/GPR43受体促进PYY、GLP-1和瘦素释放,加速血糖被骨骼肌或脂肪组织摄取利用;另一方面介导AMPK通路抑制肝脏糖异生,同时通过AMPK通路上调脂肪组织UCP-1/UCP-2等产热蛋白或ATGL等脂解蛋白表达,促进脂肪氧化与分解。(3)影响细胞自噬：SCFAs可经由AMPK/mTOR或PI3K/Akt/mTOR通路调控细胞自噬,改善衰老相关疾病病程。本文以SCFAs为切入点,对运动调控SCFAs表达进而延缓衰老...     

干预GPR1通路对实验性小鼠脂肪累积的影响

一直以来,肥胖是令人担忧和烦恼的健康问题,可导致包括2型糖尿病在内的代谢综合征发生.与肥胖相关疾病的发病机制是多因子影响的结果,但是,越来越多的证据表明,脂肪组织分泌的细胞因子(脂联素、瘦素、TNF-α等)的改变,以及局部的炎症反应对于这些疾病的发生具有重要作用.Chemerin(也被称为他扎罗汀诱导基因2或者视黄酸受体反应子2),是近年来发现的一种脂肪细胞因子,是G蛋白偶联受体1(GPR1)的配体,在调节代谢、先天免疫等方面具有重要的作用.为了研究Chemerin及其受体GPR1对小鼠脂肪累积的影响,本课题组通过高脂饲料喂养,成功建立小鼠肥胖模型,利用si RNA干扰技术沉默小鼠和分化前3T3-L1细胞中Chemerin或GPR1基因的表达发现:a.Chemerin及其受体GPR1在高脂饲料喂养小鼠的腹股沟脂肪以及肩胛下脂肪中的表达高于正常饲料组;b.沉默C57BL/6小鼠体内Chemerin或GPR1基因的表达后,肝脏以及腹股沟脂肪组织中脂质的累积受到抑制;c.3T3-L1细胞在体外分化成熟过程中,Chemerin和GPR1也呈高表达的趋势,沉默分化前3T3-L1细胞中Chemerin或GPR1基因的表达后,3T3-L1细胞向脂肪细胞的分化受到影响,降低了脂肪细胞中脂质的累积以及与脂质代谢相关基因的表达,改变了成熟脂肪细胞中新陈代谢功能.这些结果提示,Chemerin及其受体GPR1可能在小鼠脂肪累积中具有调控作用.综上所述,Chemerin/GPR1可能是一种调节脂肪组织中脂质累积的潜在信号通路,为肥胖症等代谢紊乱疾病的治疗提供了可能的作用靶点.     

脂肪因子visfatin的调节与功能多样性

内脏脂肪素(visfatin)是一种由内脏脂肪细胞分泌的分子质量为52 ku的蛋白质细胞因子．基因序列分析显示其cDNA编码序列与前B细胞集落增强因子(PBEF)同源且在进化中高度保守．Visfatin被发现具有多种迥然不同的生物活性：通过与胰岛素受体相互作用,在不同的情况下visfatin可表现出类胰岛素或抗胰岛素样作用;在细胞质中,visfatin具有烟酰胺磷酸核糖转移酶(Nampt)活性,能够催化烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(NAD)的生物合成;作为分泌型的细胞因子,visfatin还可以诱导多种炎性因子的表达,如TNFα、IL-1β和IL-6．Visfatin与一些代谢疾病和急、慢性炎性疾病的关系日益受到重视,如糖尿病、肥胖、急性肺损伤、类风湿性关节炎、败血症、心肌梗塞和炎性肠病等．最近,对visfatin的启动子区及其单核苷酸多态性(SNP)的研究,进一步深化了人们对其在疾病发病机制中作用的认识．重点讨论visfatin的结构、功能多态性以及它与多种疾病的关系．     

IL-37与自身免疫性疾病

由调节性T细胞和免疫抑制因子提供的负反馈调控是免疫反应中的重要组成部分.白介素37(IL-37)是最近发现的具有广泛免疫抑制活性的免疫抑制因子.在炎症反应和自身免疫性疾病的发生发展中,IL-37被激活并保持较高水平的表达.被激活的IL-37具有较强的炎症抑制作用.在多种小鼠(Mus musculus)炎症模型中,表达IL-37的转基因小鼠具有较低水平的炎症反应.IL-37可以与IL-18受体结合并激活下游信号通路,进而表达和激活或抑制相关细胞因子,从而达到免疫抑制的作用.本文将首先对免疫抑制细胞和因子进行概述,然后详细阐述IL-37的发现历史、表达调控机制,以及其在自身免疫性疾病中的作用.     

NLRP3炎症小体在脂肪组织纤维化中的作用及运动干预研究进展

脂肪组织纤维化是指白色脂肪组织细胞外基质的过度沉积，是代谢功能障碍的重要诱因，探究其发生机理对代谢相关疾病的防治意义重大。研究表明，NLRP3炎症小体与脂肪组织纤维化关联密切，但其机制尚未完全厘清。作为一种防治慢病的有效策略，运动可通过抑制NLRP3炎症小体活化减轻炎症反应，从而缓解炎症相关疾病的发生与发展。本文就NLRP3炎症小体的生物学特性以及与脂肪组织纤维化的关系进行归纳梳理，总结分析运动通过NLRP3炎症小体调节脂肪组织纤维化的可能机理，以期为脂肪组织炎症相关疾病的防治提供理论参考依据。     

Blood deoxyribonuclease activity in health and diseases

The review summarizes literature data on (deoxy)ribonuclease activity in blood of healthy donors and patients with diseases. Special attention is paid to methodological aspects of the analysis of deoxyribonuclease activity and factors, which interfere with enzyme activity in blood.     

Signaling pathways of prohibitin and its role in diseases

Abstract

Prohibitin (PHB), appearing to be a negative regulator of cell proliferation and to be a tumor suppressor, has been connected to diverse cellular functions including cell cycle control, senescence, apoptosis and the regulation of mitochondrial activities. It is a growth regulatory gene that has pleiotropic functions in the nucleus, mitochondria and cytoplasmic compartments. However, in different tissues/cells, the expression of PHB was different, such as that it was increased in most of the cancers, but its expression was reduced in kidney diseases. Signaling pathways might be very important in the pathogenesis of diseases. This review was performed to provide a relatively complete signaling pathways flowchart for PHB to the investigators who were interested in the roles of PHB in the pathogenesis of diseases. Here, we review the signal transduction pathways of PHB and its role in the pathogenesis of diseases.     

自噬与细胞代谢及疾病关系的研究进展

自噬是以细胞质空泡化为特征的依赖于溶酶体的一种降解途径,是真核细胞特有的普遍生命现象。自噬利用溶酶体降解自身损伤的细胞质和细胞器,降解产物可用于能量生成、新的蛋白质和质膜的合成,以供细胞代谢和老化损伤细胞成分的更新,维持细胞存活、分化、发育和内环境稳态。自噬广泛参与多种生理和病理过程。对自噬与细胞代谢及疾病发生的关系作一概述。     

Regulatory B cell phenotype and mechanism of action: the impact of stimulating conditions

A diverse population of regulatory B (Breg) cells reportedly exhibits significant immunomodulatory effects in various models of inflammatory responses and infectious diseases caused by bacteria, viruses or parasites. Breg cells contribute to maintenance of homeostasis via IL‐10 production and multiple IL‐10‐independent mechanisms. The current review describes various phenotypic and functional subsets of Breg cells in autoimmune and infectious diseases and discusses the impacts of experimental conditions that have been found to drive Breg cell differentiation.

     

Dental screening of medical patients for oral infections and inflammation: consideration of risk and benefit

The primary purpose of preoperative dental screening of medical patients is to detect acute or chronic oral conditions that may require management prior to planned medical interventions. The aim of this communication is to discuss the background of preoperative dental screening and the link between dental pathologies and systemic diseases.     

Vascular endothelial growth factor-B: Impact on physiology and pathology

Angiogenesis plays an important role in controlling tissue development and maintaining normal tissue function. Dysregulated angiogenesis is implicated in the pathogenesis of a variety of diseases, particularly diabetes, cancers, and neurodegenerative disorders. As the major regulator of angiogenesis, the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family is composed of a group of crucial members including VEGF-B. While the physiological roles of VEGF-B remain debatable, increasing evidence suggests that this protein is able to protect certain type of cells from apoptosis under pathological conditions. More importantly, recent studies reveal that VEGF-B is involved in lipid transport and energy metabolism, implicating this protein in obesity, diabetes and related metabolic complications. This article summarizes the current knowledge and understanding of VEGF-B in physiology and pathology, and shed light on the therapeutic potential of this crucial protein.     

Role of Heat Shock Proteins in Diseases and Their Therapeutic Potential

Heat shock proteins are ubiquitously expressed intracellular proteins and act as molecular chaperones in processes like protein folding and protein trafficking between different intracellular compartments. They are induced during stress conditions like oxidative stress, nutritional deficiencies and radiation. They are released into extracellular compartment during necrosis. However, recent research findings highlights that, they are not solely present in cytoplasm, but also released into extracellular compartment during normal conditions and even in the absence of necrosis. When present in extracellular compartment, they have been shown to perform various functions like antigen presentation, intercellular signaling and induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Heat shock proteins represents as dominant microbial antigens during infection. The phylogenetic similarity between prokaryotic and eukaryotic heat shock proteins has led to proposition that, microbial heat shock proteins can induce self reactivity to host heat shock proteins and result in autoimmune diseases. The self-reactivity of heat shock proteins protects host against disease by controlling induction and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. However, antibodies to self heat shock proteins haven been implicated in pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases like arthritis and atherosclerosis. Some heat shock proteins are potent inducers of innate and adaptive immunity. They activate dendritic cells and natural killer cells through toll-like receptors, CD14 and CD91. They play an important role in MHC-antigen processing and presentation. These immune effector functions of heat shock proteins are being exploited them as therapeutic agents as well as therapeutic targets for various infectious diseases and cancers.     

编者按: 自噬与疾病

自噬是细胞的一个重要生物学功能。细胞通过对自噬底物的识别、自噬囊泡的形成,再经过与溶酶体的融合,清除老化细胞器以及降解长周期蛋白和异常积聚蛋白。因此,自噬在蛋白质的代谢、细胞器更新以及组织发育中有着重要作用,其功能调控直接参与了机体对细胞稳态的维持和对疾病的抵抗。目前已有大量研究表明,自噬与疾病的发生密切相关,如心血管病、肿瘤、炎症和免疫以及神经退行性疾病等。近年来,自噬研究得到了国内外科学家的广泛重视,研究论文的数量直线上升。科技部和国家自然科学基金委均已资助相关课题,这进一步促进了我国在自噬研究领域的发展。我国科学家在自噬的机制和疾病关系研究中也取得了重大进展,许多研究成果已经走在世界前沿。本刊对自噬这一研究领域一直十分关注,为促进对该领域现状及发展的了解,本期汇集了6 篇述评和1 篇研究论文,作为自噬研究专题发表,以飨读者。 本专题主要对自噬与一些相关疾病关系的现状和发展进行了评述,并对自噬研究方法学和基本机制也进行了综述,同时报道了在果蝇脊髓小脑变性3型动物模型中开展的关于自噬与Sir2发挥神经保护作用相关性的研究,反映了目前自噬研究的一个侧面。马泰等主要综述了目前自噬研究的技术和方法进展,评价了自噬的评估指标和这些自噬方法学的应用,提供了一个自噬方法学上的基础交流。吴葩等介绍了PI3K复合物中各组分蛋白与细胞自噬的关系,详细阐述了该通路在细胞自噬调节中的最新研究进展,为这一信号通路研究提供了信息。何云凌等很好地总结了低氧环境诱导线粒体自噬发生的相关分子机制,对参与调节线粒体自噬的重要蛋白进行了系统的描述,为目前人们普遍关注的线粒体自噬与疾病的关系提供了前沿资料。谢凤等对心脏疾病状态下细胞自噬的发生、发展及其对心脏疾病的影响进行了详细的论述,有助于研究者从自噬的角度来探讨心脏疾病的发生发展及其机制。林小龙等围绕当前热点问题对自噬与血管内皮细胞的关系作了描述,介绍了血管内皮细胞在各种药物刺激以及相关蛋白质过表达情况下对于自噬的反应以及所引起的下游应答,探讨了自噬与血管疾病发病的相互关系。向波等介绍了细胞自噬与肿瘤的发生发展的关系,描述了炎症-自噬-肿瘤的相关性以及自噬可能的抑瘤机制。曾爱源等利用果蝇的遗传性脊髓小脑变性3 型模型,研究了Sir2在自噬存在情况下对转基因果蝇的神经保护作用,并发现在自噬抑制后Sir2的保护作用明显减弱,揭示了Sir2通过自噬保护神经元、减缓神经变性蛋白损伤的作用机制。 本刊欢迎和期待更多、更好的有关自噬研究的来稿,以更广泛和深入地促进我国自噬研究领域的发展和学术交流。     

Oral microbiomes: more and more importance in oral cavity and whole body

Microbes appear in every corner of human life, and microbes affect every aspect of human life. The human oral cavity contains a number of different habitats. Synergy and interaction of variable oral microorganisms help human body against invasion of undesirable stimulation outside. However, imbalance of microbial flora contributes to oral diseases and systemic diseases. Oral microbiomes play an important role in the human microbial community and human health. The use of recently developed molecular methods has greatly expanded our knowledge of the composition and function of the oral microbiome in health and disease. Studies in oral microbiomes and their interactions with microbiomes in variable body sites and variable health condition are critical in our cognition of our body and how to make effect on human health improvement.