武夷山不同海拔森林表层土壤轻组有机质特征

土壤轻组有机质是土壤有机质的重要组分,研究轻组有机质在不同森林生态系统土壤中的变化规律对理解土壤有机质形成与转换具有重要意义。以福建省武夷山国家级自然保护区不同海拔的常绿阔叶林（海拔600 m）、针阔混交林（海拔1000 m）和针叶林（海拔1400 m）为研究对象,利用密度分组方法分离了表层（0-5 cm和5-10 cm）土壤轻组有机质,研究了不同海拔森林土壤轻组有机质特征及其影响因素。结果表明：针阔混交林表层土壤的轻组有机质含量大于针叶林和常绿阔叶林（P < 0.05）,并且轻组有机碳的含量变化亦是如此（P < 0.05）,而轻组有机氮的含量无显著差异（P > 0.05）。表层土壤对应土层的轻组C：N大于土壤C：N,针阔混交林轻组C：N和土壤C：N均大于其他林分类型。0-5 cm与5-10 cm土层针阔混交林的轻组有机碳、氮储量均大于针叶林和常绿阔叶林（P < 0.05）,并且针阔混交林的轻组有机碳、氮储量所占土壤有机碳与总氮的比重均大于其余两种林分。0-10 cm土层针叶林土壤有机碳与总氮含量与储量最高,并随海拔降低而减小,但差异不显著（P > 0.05）。相关分析结果表明,轻组有机碳、氮储量与SOC、DOC、MBC和细根生物量具有显著相关关系（P < 0.05）,而与年凋落物量无关（P > 0.05）,说明地下细根可能是土壤轻组有机质的重要来源。因此,在未来气候和植被变化共同作用下,地下细根对土壤轻组有机质的形成可能具有不可忽视的作用。     

短尾猴栖息地的季节变化

本文阐述了短尾猴栖息地的季节变化。春季,主要利用海拔570-1600米的常绿阔叶林、常绿、落叶阔叶混交林和落叶阔叶林;夏季,限于海拔1000米以上的落叶阔叶林。秋季的栖息地,在海拔650-1200米常绿阔叶林和常绿、落叶阔叶混交林;冬季仅利用海拔600-900米的常绿阔叶林。此外还报道了短尾猴四季的食物组成。并对栖息地的变化原因,做了初步探讨。     

中国东部森林样带典型森林水源涵养功能

通过对我国东部森林样带四个森林生态系统定位研究站（长白山站、北京站、会同站和鼎湖山站）的九种森林类型水源涵养监测数据的分析,研究了水热梯度下不同森林生态系统水源涵养功能。结果表明：在生长季的5-10月份,各森林类型的水源涵养特性表现出较大差异。林冠截留率的大小依次为：阔叶红松林＞杉木林＞常绿阔叶林＞针阔混交林＞季风常绿阔叶林＞落叶阔叶混交林＞马尾松林＞落叶松林＞油松林,最高的长白山站阔叶红松林的截留率是最低的北京站油松林的2.2倍。森林降雨截留量与林外降雨量呈显著的正相关,林冠截留率与降雨量呈显著负相关。枯落物最大持水深（5-10月份）以北京站落叶阔叶林最大,为6.0mm;鼎湖山站的季风常绿阔叶林最小,为1.0mm。0-60cm土层蓄水量最大的是会同站的人工杉木林,为247mm;最小的是北京站的落叶松林,仅为45.5mm;林分总持水量依次为：杉木林＞阔叶红松林＞常绿阔叶林＞针阔混交林＞季风常绿阔叶林＞落叶阔叶混交林＞马尾松林＞落叶松林＞油松林。各林分总持水量主要集中在土壤层,占总比例的90%以上。     

浙江西天目山主要森林类型的苔藓多样性比较

苔藓是森林的重要组分, 是森林保护区的重要保护对象, 在物种资源和生态系统功能维护中有重要作用。该研究以浙江西天目山国家自然保护区内7种主要森林类型(落叶矮林、落叶阔叶林、常绿-落叶阔叶混交林、常绿阔叶林、针阔混交林、针叶林和竹林)内的苔藓植物为对象, 调查了32个10 m × 10 m的样地, 记录地面生苔藓植物盖度和树附生苔藓植物多度, 采用重要值、相似性系数、多样性指数分析了森林类型间的苔藓植物多样性差异。共采集969份标本, 隶属41科84属142种, 其中苔类植物13科18属33种, 藓类植物28科66属109种, 优势科为灰藓科、青藓科和羽藓科。2种混交林(常绿-落叶阔叶混交林和针阔混交林)的物种丰富度和多样性指数均高于其余5种森林, 其中物种丰富度以针阔混交林最高, 苔藓植物多样性则以常绿-落叶阔叶混交林最高, 竹林两者均为最低。海拔等环境因子较为接近的植被类型的苔藓植物多样性相似性较高, 常绿阔叶林与针叶林相似性最高, 而落叶矮林和竹林相似性最小。     

改变凋落物输入对川西亚高山天然次生林土壤呼吸的影响

2019年5月-10月,采用LI-8100A土壤碳通量自动测量分析仪对川西米亚罗林区20世纪60年代采伐后经自然更新恢复形成的岷江冷杉（Abies faxoniana）次生针叶林（针叶林）、红桦（Betula albo-sinensis）+青榨槭（Acer davidii）+岷江冷杉次生针阔混交林（针阔混交林）和青榨槭+红桦+陕甘花楸（Sorbus koehneana Schneid）次生阔叶林（阔叶林）的土壤呼吸及土壤温湿度因子（对照、去除凋落物和加倍凋落物）进行观测。结果显示：去除和加倍凋落物对土壤温湿度的影响不显著,且3种林型之间的土壤呼吸速率差异不显著。与对照相比,去除凋落物使针叶林、针阔混交林、阔叶林的土壤呼吸速率分别降低了17.65%、21.01%和19.83%（P<0.05）;加倍凋落物则分别增加6.76%、7.28%、8.16%（P>0.05）。3种林分土壤呼吸速率均与土壤温度极显著指数相关,与土壤湿度不相关。对照Q₁₀值变幅为2.01-3.29,去除凋落物降低了3种林型的Q₁₀值;加倍凋落物分别提高了针叶林和降低了针阔混交林和阔叶林的Q₁₀值。土壤呼吸速率仅表现在天然次生林对照处理中受到土壤pH、有机质、可溶性有机氮和草本Pielou均匀度指数的显著影响。研究结果表明,天然次生阔叶林和针阔混交林凋落物对土壤呼吸的贡献及Q₁₀值高于天然次生针叶林,说明在未来CO₂浓度及温度升高背景下,地表凋落物增加并未引起天然次生林土壤呼吸速率成倍增加,更有利于该区域天然次生林尤其是针叶林的土壤碳吸存。     

四川蜂桶寨自然保护区斑羚春季生境选择

2007年3～5月对四川宝兴县蜂桶寨自然保护区斑羚春季的栖息地进行调查.结果 表明,斑羚春季喜欢在离食物与水源地较近,隐蔽条件较好,远离干扰的中低山(海拔1600～2900 m)的南坡的向阳面、中坡位、坡度约30°～50°的针阔混交林和落叶阔叶混交林活动.     

五针白皮松在群落演替过程中的种间联结性分析

通过方差分析、χ2检验和共同出现百分率PC等的计算,对五针白皮松(Pinus squamata)分布的群落中主要树种间的种间联结性进行了定量分析。研究结果表明：2个五针白皮松分布的群落总体种间关联性为显著正相关,其中半阳坡上的群落为正相关,阴坡上的群落为显著正相关。由于半阳坡上的群落为针阔叶混交林,而阴坡上的群落为常绿阔叶林,表明五针白皮松分布的群落有从针阔叶混交林向常绿阔叶林演替的趋势。χ2检验和共同出现百分率PC的结果说明,阴坡群落的树种间有较密切的正相关,五针白皮松与其他树种总体上无关联性,表明五针白皮松是一个阳性先锋树种,它与其他物种的共同出现往往是由于随机的因素。同时,通过五针白皮松年龄结构并联系云南松(Pinus yunnanensis)与其他物种关系的分析得出结论,五针白皮松的濒危状况可能是在长期的植被演化过程中被阔叶树种排挤所造成的。     

桂林岩溶石山常绿落叶阔叶混交林群落结构与物种多样性

常绿落叶阔叶混交林是亚热带岩溶石山典型的森林植被类型之一,为了掌握这类森林植被的群落结构和物种多样性的变化特征,在桂林市灵田镇小水村岩溶石山常绿落叶阔叶混交林内设置了1个320 m×60 m的样地,用于分析群落的垂直结构、径级结构和α多样性变化。结果表明：（1）组成群落的木本植物有37科75属96种,密度为6371株/hm²。其中,常绿树53种,落叶树43种。（2）垂直结构可以分为乔木上层、乔木下层和灌木层。其中,乔木上层分布34个物种（常绿18种,落叶16种）,优势种为青冈栎（Cyclobalanopsis glauca）和南酸枣（Ziziphus jujuba）;乔木下层分布30个物种（常绿17种,落叶13种）,优势种为粗糠柴（Mallotus philippensis）和菜豆树（Radermachera sinica）;灌木层分布32个物种（常绿18种,落叶14种）,优势种为狗牙花（Ervatamia divaricata）和刺叶冬青（Ilex bioritsensis）。（3）在个体水平上,整个样地内所有个体胸径（DBH）呈明显的倒"J"型分布,平均胸径为4.32 cm;以小径级植株数量最多,DBH≤5 cm的个体占总个体数92.36%,而DBH≥20 cm的个体数较少,仅占0.96%;在物种水平上,平均DBH≤5 cm的物种有79种,占总物种数的85.86%,平均DBH≥20 cm的物种数（6种）仅占总物种数的6.52%。（4）每个样方中个体数的均值为262±132,Shannon-Wiener指数均值为2.67±0.26,Simpson指数均值为0.89±0.03,Pielou均匀度指数均值为0.78±0.05。（5）人为干扰和海拔对物种分布影响极显著,土壤厚度、岩石裸露率和坡度对物种分布影响显著。     

湘中丘陵区不同演替阶段森林土壤活性有机碳库特征

为了解天然次生林保护对土壤活性有机碳库的影响,采用空间替代时间研究方法,对湘中丘陵区不同演替阶段4种林分类型（杉木人工林、马尾松+石栎针阔混交林、南酸枣落叶阔叶林、青冈+石栎常绿阔叶林）土壤活性有机碳及其与土壤养分相关性进行研究。结果表明：1）各土层总有机碳（TOC）、微生物生物量碳（MBC）、水溶性有机碳（DOC）、易氧化有机碳（EOC）含量均表现为：青冈+石栎常绿阔叶林 > 南酸枣落叶阔叶林 > 马尾松+石栎针阔混交林 > 杉木人工林,在0-30cm土层,马尾松+石栎针阔混交林、南酸枣落叶阔叶林、青冈+石栎常绿阔叶林TOC含量比杉木人工林分别高出13.40%、19.40%和29.91%,MBC含量分别高出15.62%、32.89%和53.33%,DOC含量分别高出8.52%、8.75%和13.76%,EOC含量分别高出32.79%、38.48%和78.30%;2）天然次生林各土层MBC占TOC的比率以南酸枣落叶阔叶林最高,青冈+石栎常绿阔叶林为其次,马尾松+石栎混交林最低,均高于同一土层杉木人工林（除马尾松+石栎混交林15-30cm土层外）,天然次生林各土层DOC占TOC的比率随着演替进展而下降,均低于同一土层杉木人工林（除马尾松+石栎混交林0-15cm土层外）,天然次生林各土层EOC占TOC的比率随着演替进展而增加,且均高于同一土层杉木人工林;3）土壤MBC、DOC、EOC含量与TOC含量的相关性均达到极显著水平,且天然次生林土壤MBC、DOC、EOC含量与TOC含量的相关系数随着演替进展而增高,均高于杉木人工林;4）4种林分土壤TOC、MBC、DOC、EOC含量与土壤全N、碱解N、全P、有效P、全K、速效K含量之间的相关性均达到显著或极显著水平。     

浙江天童地区常绿阔叶林退化对土壤养分库和碳库的影响

为了解常绿阔叶林退化对土壤碳库和养分库的影响,采用空间代替时间的研究方法,以常绿阔叶林顶级群落为参照,选择了次生常绿阔叶幼年林、次生针阔混交林、次生针叶林、灌丛和灌草丛代表不同的退化类型,分别对其土壤氮磷养分库、碳库进行了调查和分析。结果表明：土壤氮库贮量从大到小依次为,成熟常绿阔叶林、次生常绿阔叶幼年林、灌丛、次生针叶林、灌草丛和次生针阔混交林;土壤总磷含量也是在成熟林最高,次生针阔混交林和次生针叶林的总磷含量显著高于次生常绿阔叶幼年林和灌丛;土壤有机碳含量从高到低依次为：成熟常绿阔叶林,次生针叶林、次生常绿阔叶幼年林、灌丛、灌草丛和次生针阔混交林;土壤铵态氮在成熟林、灌丛和灌草丛的库容量最大,其次分别为次生幼年常绿阔叶林、次生针阔混交林,最小的为次生针叶林;硝态氮则在灌草丛的库容量最大,其次分别为次生针叶林、次生针阔混交林和成熟林针叶林,最小的为次生常绿阔叶幼年林和灌丛。统计显示,常绿阔叶林退化不仅导致土壤有机碳库含量的显著下降,也使得土壤氮磷养分库含量显著下降。可以认为,砍伐导致的大量生物量输出和森林管理措施的影响,植物种类组成的改变,土壤物理性质的改变以及养分和有机碳的主要生物化学转化环节发生改变是导致此类变化的主要因素,常绿阔叶林顶极群落土壤是该地区土壤的最大养分库和碳库。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.

     

Demographic characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus)

Synopsis In a fourteen month study (May 1976 – June 1977) I examined the following characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus) in Morro Bay, California, U.S.A.: annual and seasonal patterns of abundance, age composition and growth rates, survivorship and mortality patterns, and the reproductive cycle for female gobies. Fishes were collected with the aid of quinaldine and otoliths and ovaries removed. Age and growth rates were estimated from otolith annuli using a back calculation formula and a Brody-Bertalanffy growth curve. Mortality rates were derived using the methods of Heincke (1913), Robson & Chapman (1960), mean age, and a catch curve (Ricker 1975). A gonad index was used to describe the annual reproductive cycle. Results indicated that abundance fluctuated seasonally and that these fluctuations appeared to be caused by reproductive emigrations. Bay gobies reached an age of 7+ and a standard length of 87 mm. Growth was relatively constant (6 mm yr⁻¹) until age 5, at which point it began to decline. The mean rates of survivorship, mortality, and instantaneous mortality were 0.75, 0.25, and 0.29 respectively. Mortality rates for individual age classes ranged from 0.13 to 0.51 and increased with age. This stock appears to reproduce mainly during the winter.     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.