蓝藻胞外多糖的生态学意义及其工业应用

蓝藻能够合成胞外多糖并释放到细胞外围及周围环境中,这是其为适应复杂多变的环境而进化出的一种适应性机制.作为细胞与外界环境之间的保护性屏障,蓝藻胞外多糖可以起到抵抗干旱、紫外辐射、生物矿化和原生动物捕食等功能.蓝藻胞外多糖是一种酸性杂多糖,超过75％的多糖由6种以上单糖组成,葡萄糖是出现频率最高的单糖.胞外多糖的性质因种而异,多数蓝藻的胞外多糖呈现阴离子特性,这主要是由于糖醛酸和硫酸基团等带电基团的存在,硫酸基团同时也是多糖呈抗病毒特性的基础,而乙酰基团、缩氨酸部分及脱氧糖等疏水基团的存在使多糖呈乳化特性.因此,蓝藻胞外多糖在食品、化妆品、制药、污水处理等行业有广阔的应用前景.蓝藻胞外多糖的工业应用不仅能将水华蓝藻资源化,创造可观的经济效益,也能解决打捞蓝藻处置难题,避免随意堆放造成的二次污染.但截至目前,仍没有蓝藻胞外多糖类产品出现,理论研究与大批量工业生产之间仍然有很多技术性问题亟待解决.     

蓝藻无菌化方法研究进展

随着微藻产业的蓬勃发展,蓝藻作为具有重要经济价值的资源受到人们越来越多的关注,其多糖和蛋白的开发已被应用于多个领域。为了更深入清晰地挖掘蓝藻的特性和功能,研究者首先需获得无菌的纯种藻株,这是深入开展蓝藻生理生化、遗传和毒性等研究的基础。重点综述了如何根据蓝藻的结构及生理特性选择合适的无菌化方法,介绍了基于蓝藻与污染菌之间差异性的无菌化方法,以期为蓝藻的无菌化工作提供参考。     

土壤基质中细物质含量对人工蓝藻结皮形成的影响

利用人工蓝藻结皮进行生态修复是防治沙漠化的有效方法之一，土壤细物质是限制人工蓝藻结皮拓殖和发育的重要因子之一。流沙中细物质含量较低，为了促进人工蓝藻结皮在流沙中的发育，本研究设置细物质和流沙体积比为0∶1、1∶1、2∶1、4∶1和1∶0共5个处理，比较了不同细物质含量人工蓝藻结皮的生长状况。结果表明：随着细物质含量的增加，人工蓝藻结皮的盖度逐渐增大，叶绿素a含量和胞外多糖含量先增大后略有下降。土壤细物质和流沙体积比为4∶1处理下人工蓝藻结皮发育最好，该处理下培养60 d后，人工蓝藻结皮的盖度为70%,叶绿素a含量为17.5μg·cm^-2,松散结合胞外多糖含量为70.0μg·cm^-2,紧密结合胞外多糖含量为175.0μg·cm^-2,糖被胞外多糖含量为200.0μg·cm^-2。在细物质含量较低的条件下增加蓝藻添加量可以促进人工蓝藻结皮的形成和发育(每个培养皿添加0.5 g蓝藻为最优处理)。本研究为人工蓝藻结皮接种体规模化培养提供了新思路。     

金针菇多糖提取纯化研究进展

金针菇作为药食两用真菌,在我国的资源十分丰富.多糖是金针菇主要功能成分之一,具有抗氧化、抗衰老、抗肿瘤、抑菌、免疫调节和增加记忆等多种功能活性,研究金针菇多糖的提取纯化对金针菇综合开发应用具有重要意义.以近10年来国内发表文献(中国知网)为依据,总结概述金针菇多糖提取纯化研究进展,为金针菇多糖的深入研究及开发应用提供参...     

土壤微藻的种类及其功能研究进展

微藻作为土壤生态系统中重要的生物类群之一,数量和种类非常可观,在生态学研究、农业生产、环境保护和治理、新资源开发利用等领域具有重要的理论研究意义和经济开发价值。介绍了土壤微藻的种类,影响其生长和分布的主要生态因子,以及固氮蓝藻、丝状蓝藻、集胞藻和硅藻等几种重要的土壤微藻类群的生态功能和应用价值。     

青钱柳功能性多糖的研究现状及展望

青钱柳叶是一种古老茶饮,也是国家卫健委认定的新食品原料。青钱柳多糖是其主要活性成分之一,具有降血糖、降血脂、抗氧化、免疫调节等多种功能,在食品、医药和生物医学等领域应用市场潜力巨大。通过综述国内外相关研究文献报道,对青钱柳叶所含功能性多糖的提取工艺、结构特征、药理活性及开发应用的研究现状进行较系统的归纳和分析,并对青钱柳多糖未来研究方向作了展望,拟为开发高活性青钱柳多糖保健食品或药物提供理论依据及研究支撑。     

盐生隐杆藻胞外多糖的粘度特性

盐生隐杆藻(Aphanothece halophytica Fremy)属蓝藻门(Cynnophyta)色球藻目(Chroococales),具有很强的耐盐性,在其生长过程中释放粘性多糖.该多糖粘度较大,可作为增稠剂、润滑剂、乳化剂和保湿剂等,应用于食品、医药和化妆品工业.为进一步开发利用,对该多糖的粘度进行了测定和分析.     

蓝藻Hox氢酶催化产氢的调控

蓝藻是唯一能通过光合作用产生清洁可再生燃料氢气的原核微生物。一些蓝藻具有催化产氢活性的镍-铁Hox氢酶(双向氢酶), 由于其巨大的应用潜力受到广泛的关注。但Hox氢酶在蓝藻产氢过程中调控途径尚不清楚。本文对蓝藻Hox氢酶的结构、生态分布和表达调控的研究进展进行了总结。简单介绍了作者近来对模式蓝藻Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 hox操纵子中两个未知功能基因ssl2420和sll1225的研究结果。     

蓝藻异形胞光合固氮的初步研究

通常认为,异形胞是具有异形胞蓝藻的主要固氮场所。异形胞中只有PSI,没有PSII,其固氮功能和PSI直接相联系,这就为研究蓝藻光合和固氮的关系从结构功能的区分上带来了极大的便利。我们过去在研究整体蓝藻固氮中曾经观察到,蓝藻固氮     

夏枯草多糖提取纯化及其药理作用研究进展

夏枯草为临床常用中药,药理作用广泛,我国资源丰富。夏枯草含有三萜类、甾体类、黄酮类、香豆素类、有机酸和多糖等药效成分,其中多糖作为夏枯草主要药效成分之一,具有抗氧化、抗肿瘤、抗病毒和调节免疫功能等药理作用,有重要的临床应用和开发利用价值,在食品、医药、保健品等行业有诱人的应用前景。从提取、纯化和药理作用等方面梳理概述了国内夏枯草多糖研究进展,并展望了其研究方向,旨为夏枯草多糖的深入研究和临床应用提供参考。     

白蚁与动物及微生物的共生类型及其机制

综述了白蚁螱客的主要种类、共生关系及相关机制的研究进展。白蚁螱客中,已报道的动物种类达170种。在与动物的共生关系中存在偏利共生（宾主共栖和异种共栖）、互利共生和无关共生三种;在与微生物的共生关系中,存在与内生菌（原生动物、细菌、真菌和放线菌）和外生菌（蚁巢伞菌等）间的互利关系。指出了白蚁与螱客研究中存在的问题,给出了解决方案,并提出了今后可能的研究热点或方向,为白蚁的综合利用（如纤维素酶）及今后研究物种间的协同进化提供了基础资料。     

New amino-dithiaphospholanes and phosphoramidodithioites and their rhodium and iridium complexes

New sulfur derivatives of phosphoramidite ligands were synthesized and the impact of the sulfur unit on the spectroscopic properties of their rhodium and iridium complexes was investigated. The new ligands Bn₂NPSCH₂CH₂S^a(P-S^a) (Bn = benzyl, 4), Bn₂NPSCHCHS^a(CH₂)₃C^aH₂(P-S^a)(C^a-S^a) (6) and Bn₂NP(4-XC₆H₄OMe)₂ (X = S, 7a; X = O, 7b) were converted to the rhodium and iridium complexes trans-[Rh(CO)Cl(L)₂] (L = 4, 6, 7), [RhCl(COD)(L)] (L = 4, 6, 7), [IrCl(COD)(7a)] and [IrCl₂Cp∗(6)]. For comparison, some phosphoramidite complexes of these formulations also were synthesized. The new metal complexes were spectroscopically analyzed. For the carbonyl complexes, the ν_CO IR stretching frequencies were lower than for the corresponding phosphite and phosphoramidite ligands. The ¹J_PRh coupling constants for the rhodium complexes with the new ligands were also smaller than for the respective phosphoramidite and phosphite complexes. Finally, the ¹J_PSe coupling constants of the selenides of the new ligands were lower than those of the phosphoramidite ligands but higher than for PPh₃. The spectroscopic data reveal that the new thio ligands 4, 6 and 7a are more electron donating than phosphites and phosphoramidites but less electron donating than PPh₃.     

Astrocytes and Synaptosomes Transport and Metabolize Lactate and Acetate Differently

Astrocytes transport the monocarboxylate acetate, but synaptosomes do not. The reason for this is unknown, because both preparations express monocarboxylate transporters (MCT). The transport and metabolism of lactate, another monocarboxylate, was examined in these two preparations, and the results were compared to those for acetate. Lactate transport is more rapid in astrocytes than in synaptosomes, but of lower affinity (Kms of 17 and 4 mM, respectively). Lactate (0.2 mM) is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in synaptosomes than in astrocytes (rates of 0.37 and 0.07 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). The reason for this is unclear, but cellular differences in lactate dehydrogenase isotype expression may be involved. Acetate is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in astrocytes than in synaptosomes (rates of 0.43 and 0.02 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). This is likely due to cellular differences in the expression of monocarboxylate transporter subtypes.     

Rapporteur report: Basics and technology and metrology and standards

The first and second sessions of the Workshop focussed on the basics of ultrasound and infrasound, their applications in both industry and medicine, and metrology and protection standards for ultrasound applications.     

Relative and combined effects of ethanol and protein deficiency on strontium and barium bone content and fecal and urinary excretion

To elucidate accumulation of minerals in human iliac arteries with aging, the content of minerals was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Bilateral common, internal, and external iliac arteries of 16 men and 8 women, ranging ages from 65 to 93 yr, were examined. It was found that an extremely high accumulation of calcium and phosphorus occurred in the common iliac artery at old age, being higher than that of the internal and external iliac arteries. It should be noted that the accumulation of calcium and phosphorus is the highest in the common iliac artery among the human arteries examined to date. Regarding sexual differences, the content of calcium and phosphorus in the common and internal iliac arteries was higher in women than in men, whereas their content in the external iliac artery was lower in women than in men.     

Prostaglandin and thromboxane production by human and guinea-pig macrophages and leucocytes

The ability of partially purified human and guinea-pig haematogenous cell populations, when cultured in vitro, to metabolise arachidonic acid (AA) has been studied. Supernatants from 24 hour cell culture have been subjected to analysis for products of AA metabolism by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection.The cell types studied were human peripheral blood monocytes (both glass adherent and non-adherent), neutrophils, eosinophils and leukemic leucocytes; thoracic duct lymphocytes and lung alveolar macrophages. From the guinea-pig, induced and non-induced macrophage or neutrophil enriched peritoneal exudate populations, lymph node cells, peritoneal eosinophils and peripheral blood platelets were examined. Supernatants were assayed for the presence of PGE₂, PGD₂, PGF_2α, TXB₂ and 6-keto-PGF_1α. In all types studied PGE₂ and TXB₂ were the major products formed. The identification of PGE₂ and TXB₂ was confirmed by GC/MS with multiple ion monitoring.The results have been compared with other reports and their possible significance discussed in relation to the proposed role of prostaglandins as mediators and modulators in immunopathology.     

Chemokines and cytokines: axis and allies in asthma and allergy

Allergic asthma can be precipitated by many factors. For the atopic person, fungus, pollen, dust mites, cockroach antigens, and diesel exhaust are all agents that may trigger an allergic attack. Cytokines and chemokines are integral mediators of fungal asthma. From the earliest time points, they recruit and activate the cells required for the clearance of fungus as well as being critical factors involved in the immunopathology of this disease. In the final analysis, it is clear that these mediators can act to the benefit or the detriment of the host.     

Oxidation and nitration of ribonuclease and lysozyme by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase

In spite of the many studies on protein modifications by reactive species, knowledge about the products resulting from the oxidation of protein-aromatic residues, including protein-derived radicals and their stable products, remains limited. Here, we compared the oxidative modifications promoted by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase/hydrogen peroxide/nitrite in two model proteins, ribonuclease (6Tyr) and lysozyme (3Tyr/6Trp). The formation of protein-derived radicals and products was higher at pH 5.4 and 7.4 for myeloperoxidase and peroxynitrite, respectively. The main product was 3-nitro-Tyr for both proteins and oxidants. Lysozyme rendered similar yields of nitro-Trp, particularly when oxidized by peroxynitrite. Hydroxylated and dimerized products of Trp and Tyr were also produced, but in lower yields. Localization of the main modified residues indicates that peroxynitrite decomposes to radicals within the proteins behaving less specifically than myeloperoxidase. Nitrogen dioxide is emphasized as an important protein modifier.