河南小麦沟金针虫(`Pleonomus canaliculatus ``Faldermann)的研究

1.沟金针虫需2年以上完成一代生活史。越冬成虫2月下旬出土,3月中旬至4月中旬为活动盛期,产卵在1至2寸表土内,卵于5月初孵化,卵期为5至8星期。老熟幼虫8月下旬开始化蛹。9月中旬起羽化,蛹期约2星期。成虫羽化后即行越冬。 2.越冬幼虫2月底至3月中旬开始向表土活动(10厘米处地温8—12℃左右),3月中旬及4月全月是为害盛期(80％以上幼虫集中在1至2寸之表土内),8月至12月表土之幼虫密度极小(仅有虫1.2—6.8％),不致为害成灾。 3.沟金针虫之天敌除一种壁虱(Cheyletus sp.)和一种蜘蛛及蚂蚁外,尚有寄生菌2种,具中一种经鉴定为冬虫夏草(Cordyceps sp.)之一种。 4.小麦整地时适当深犁(5—7寸)并精耕细作能毁杀大部分蛹体及成虫,并可将幼虫翻上来供鸟类捕食(9,10月间97％老熟幼虫,在5—7寸土内化蛹及羽化,同时88％幼虫分布于1—7寸土内)。此外以芝麻与豆类为小麦前作及夏季休间结合翻耕曝晒亦能减少虫害损失。 5.沟金针虫在河南的主要为害期系在春季,所以早春於麦行间耩666毒土或毒沙以毒杀向表土上升之幼虫是值得继续研究的。     

柑桔光楯枝绿天牛Chelidonium argentatum(Dalman)的初步研究

柑桔光楯枝绿天牛在福州地区一年发生一代,亦有极少数为二年完成一代者。成虫5月间出现,盛期在5月下旬至6月中旬,雌虫产卵于树梢之分叉处。6月间幼虫开始孵化为害,6月中旬至7月上旬为孵化为害盛期。1月间幼虫进入休眠越冬,为害时间达180—200天。4月间化蛹,化蛹盛期在4月下旬至5月下旬。 该虫成虫寿命为15—30天;卵期18—19天;幼虫期为290—320天;蛹期23—25天。文中对该虫之各期形态与生活习性,亦有简要叙述。     

黄翅菜叶蜂的初步研究

黄翅菜叶蜂为油菜、白菜、萝卜等十字花科植物主要害虫之一。在四川凉山地区一年可发生五个重迭世代,以老熟幼虫在土壤中作蛹茧越冬,越冬成虫四月上旬出现,第一代成虫发生于5月上旬-6月中旬,第二代6月上旬-7月中旬,第三代7月上旬-8月下旬,第四代8月中旬-10月中旬,10月间开始越冬。成虫量与油菜生育期有极密切的关系,子叶期成虫量为80.1-93.0%。成虫有较强的伪死性,雨天、阴天伪死性较强,晴天较弱,成虫雨天不活动产卵。雌虫一般多于雄虫,雌虫为68.4-70.9%。雌虫最多产卵量为318粒,最少为35粒。雌成虫寿命5-12天,雌虫3-9天。卵期4-41天,卵孵化率一般为93.3-100%。幼虫有5龄,幼虫期10-36天,1-3龄幼虫多躲在叶背,不易发觉,老熟幼虫潜入1-11厘米土层内化蛹,前蛹期5-21天,蛹期7-25天。成虫初羽化时在土面爬行数分钟才能飞翔,晴天飞翔力强。耕翻土壤对蛹有一定机械损伤,暴露于土面的蛹在自然阳光下照晒其死亡率很高。 666、DDT对黄翅菜叶蜂幼虫具有极强的毒杀效果。敌百虫较差。     

蚕豆象的生物学特性

在武昌,蚕豆象Bruchus rufimanus Boheman每年发生一代,以成虫越冬。成虫必须取食蚕豆花后才能正常交配和产卵。4月为交配盛期。4月中、下旬为产卵盛期,最喜欢把卵产到生长已有1l—20天的嫩蚕豆荚上,但不在豌豆荚上产卵。产卵历期约为9天。4月下旬至5月上旬为孵化盛期。幼虫共四龄,在豆粒内的死亡率随着单个豆粒上侵入孔的增多而增高。8月为化蛹盛期,8月中旬到9月上旬为羽化盛期。羽化出的成虫绝大部分藏在豆粒内越冬。从卵发育到成虫羽化约需120天。成虫寿命一般为212天,最长达295天,但不能度过两个冬季。     

山东豆秆黑潜蝇的研究

豆杆黑潜蝇是大豆的重要害虫之一,在山东省大豆产区均有分布。已知寄主有大豆、赤豆等九种豆科植物。幼虫蛀食髓部及木质部,形成隧道,严重影响养分和水分的传导。危害重时,幼苗枯死,轻时植株生长缓慢,花荚脱落,产量降低。 豆秆黑潜蝇在山东一年发生五代,以蛹过冬。翌年6月上旬末为蝇始发期,下旬中达盛发期。7月上旬为一代幼虫盛期,旬末为一代蝇始发期,下旬中达盛期,旬末至8月上旬中为二代幼虫盛期和二代蝇始发期,中旬达盛期,下旬为三代幼虫盛发期。四、五代重叠发生。成虫活动以6—8时为盛期。卵单粒散产,多产在叶背近基部主脉附近表皮下,以上中部叶着卵较多,卵历期2—3天。一代幼虫主要危害春豆,二、三代相继危害春豆和夏豆,四、五代危害晚播大豆及赤豆等。幼虫老熟后,在豆株茎壁上咬一羽化孔,以便成虫羽化钻出。 防治措施:集中处理越冬寄主,消灭越冬蛹:增施肥料,提早播种,适时间苗等农业措施,均有一定效果。在成虫盛发期用50%杀螟松、50%辛硫磷、50%马拉硫磷和40%乐果乳剂原液超低量喷雾,毒杀当代成虫及下代幼虫效果显著。     

丁香北京瘿蚊的生物学特性研究

丁香北京瘿蚊Pekinomyia syringae Jiao&Kolesik以幼虫在北京丁香Syringa reticulata subsp.pekinensis和暴马丁香Syringa reticulata subsp.amurensis叶片内隐蔽为害,为害严重时导致寄主提前落叶。通过林间调查和室内试验,对其生活史、习性研究发现,该瘿蚊在北京1 a发生1代,以老熟幼虫在表土层结茧越冬。3月初越冬幼虫开始化蛹,成虫羽化盛期为3月底至4月初,成虫不需补充营养,有趋黄性,卵孵化期为4月上中旬,4-10月幼虫为害,10月老熟幼虫脱离叶片在表土层结茧越冬。本研究结果为该虫的综合防治提供了防治基础。     

长鞘卷叶甲生物学特性及防治研究

长鞘卷叶甲Leptispa longipennis(Gestro)是为害绿竹等丛生竹的新害虫,该虫在福建永定一年发生1代,以成虫在卷起的竹叶内越冬。翌年4月上旬开始交尾产卵,卵期10无;5月中旬开始化蛹,蛹期8无：5月中下旬第一代成虫开始羽化。以幼虫及成虫在卷起的竹叶内取食及繁殖。在对其生物学特性进行系统研究的基础上,找到了该虫生活史中的薄弱环节,提出了在7月份新羽化成虫在卷起的竹叶内取食盛期喷洒灭多粉、1605粉荆;初孵化幼虫喷洒白僵菌粉剂、25%灭幼脲粉剂、灭多粉粉荆、1605粉剂的防治技术。     

灰钝额斑螟的生物学特性

灰钝额斑螟Bazaria turensis Ragonot是柴达木盆地白刺(Nitraria sp.)灌丛的主要害虫,为了有效控制该害虫对白刺的危害,采用室内饲养和田间定点观察,对灰钝额斑螟进行了生物学特性观察。结果表明灰钝额斑螟在柴达木盆地1年发生1代,有卵、幼虫、蛹和成虫4种虫态,通过头壳宽确定了幼虫为5个虫龄,以滞育蛹越冬。翌年5月中旬开始羽化,5月下旬为羽化高峰期,6月中旬孵化,6月下旬为孵化盛期,8月上旬开始结茧化蛹,8月中旬结茧化蛹高峰期,随后蛹进入滞育越冬。6月下旬初龄幼虫发生盛期是该害虫防治的最佳时期。     

大栗金龟(虫甲)生活史的研究

大栗金龟(虫甲)是四川西北部重要农林害虫之一,幼虫为害青稞、小麦、豌豆、马铃薯、玉米、甜菜等作物及森林苗圃中的幼苗,成虫为害杉树、桦树、杨树等森林。1955—1963 年在炉霍虾拉沱进行了一系列的调查研究,查明大栗金龟(虫甲)在炉霍虾拉沱六年发生—代,幼虫越冬五次,成虫越冬一次。卵于7月下旬至10月上旬孵化为幼虫,卵期由于产卵时期的温度和土壤湿度不同而为45—66天。幼虫于10月中旬开始下降至40厘米以下越冬,第二年4月中旬开始上升至5—15厘米的土层为害;五次越冬后,于6月中旬至7月上旬在12—44厘米的土层中化蛹,幼虫期58个月强。蛹于7月下旬至9月上旬羽化为成虫,蛹期约两个月。成虫当年不出土,第二年5月上旬开始出土,中下旬最盛:出土后,飞往附近林缘杉树上取食交尾。5月下旬末,雌虫开始飞回田间产卵,成堆产在13—26厘米的土层中,每堆12—28粒。成虫于6月中旬至7月上旬死亡,成虫期约10个月。     

黑紫蛱蝶生物学特性的研究

黑紫蛱蝶Sasainia funebris(Leech)一年发生1代,11月份以四龄幼虫在寄主植物枝条上越冬．翌年4月越冬幼虫眠起．6月化蛹,7月中旬为成虫羽化盛期。各虫态历期：卵6．5—7天,幼虫共6龄,计300天左右,蛹12—13天,成虫10—13天。同时,还记述了该蝶各虫态的形态特征、生活习性和天敌情况等。     

Physicochemical and biological properties of 6(1),6(3),6(5)-tri-O-alpha-maltosyl-cyclomaltoheptaose (6(1),6(3),6(5)-tri-O-alpha-maltosyl-beta-cyclodextrin)

A unique multibranched cyclomaltooligosaccharide (cyclodextrin, CD) of 6(1),6(3),6(5)-tri-O-alpha-maltosyl-cyclomaltoheptaose [6(1),6(3),6(5)-tri-O-alpha-maltosyl-beta-cyclodextrin, (G(2))(3)-betaCD] was prepared. The physicochemical and biological properties of (G(2))(3)-betaCD were determined together with those of monobranched CDs (6-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-alpha-cyclodextrin (G(1)-alphaCD), 6-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-beta-cyclodextrin (G(1)-betaCD), and 6-O-alpha-maltosyl-beta-cyclodextrin (G(2)-betaCD)). NMR spectra of (G(2))(3)-betaCD were measured using various 2D NMR techniques. The solubility of (G(2))(3)-betaCD in water and MeOH-water solutions was extremely high in comparison with nonbranched betaCD and was about the same as that of the other monobranched betaCDs. The formation of an inclusion complex of (G(2))(3)-betaCD with stereoisomers (estradiol, retinoic acid, quinine, citral, and glycyrrhetinic acid) depends on the cis-trans isomers of guest compounds. The cis isomers of estradiol, retinoic acid, and glycyrrhetinic acid were included more than their trans isomers, while the trans isomers of citral and quinine fit more tightly than their cis isomers. (G(2))(3)-betaCD was the most effective host compound in the cis-trans resolution of glycyrrhetinic acid. Among the branched betaCDs, (G(2))(3)-betaCD exhibited the weakest hemolytic activity in human erythrocytes and showed negligible cytotoxicity in Caco-2 cells up to 200 microM. These results indicate unique characteristics of (G(2))(3)-betaCD in some biological responses of cultured cells.     

Spectral and thermodynamic properties of Ag(I), Au(III), Cd(II), Co(II), Fe(III), Hg(II), Mn(II), Ni(II), Pb(II), U(IV), and Zn(II) binding by methanobactin from Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b

Methanobactin (mb) is a novel chromopeptide that appears to function as the extracellular component of a copper acquisition system in methanotrophic bacteria. To examine this potential physiological role, and to distinguish it from iron binding siderophores, the spectral (UV–visible absorption, circular dichroism, fluorescence, and X-ray photoelectron) and thermodynamic properties of metal binding by mb were examined. In the absence of Cu(II) or Cu(I), mb will bind Ag(I), Au(III), Co(II), Cd(II), Fe(III), Hg(II), Mn(II), Ni(II), Pb(II), U(VI), or Zn(II), but not Ba(II), Ca(II), La(II), Mg(II), and Sr(II). The results suggest metals such as Ag(I), Au(III), Hg(II), Pb(II) and possibly U(VI) are bound by a mechanism similar to Cu, whereas the coordination of Co(II), Cd(II), Fe(III), Mn(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II) by mb differs from Cu(II). Consistent with its role as a copper-binding compound or chalkophore, the binding constants of all the metals examined were less than those observed with Cu(II) and copper displaced other metals except Ag(I) and Au(III) bound to mb. However, the binding of different metals by mb suggests that methanotrophic activity also may play a role in either the solubilization or immobilization of many metals in situ.     

Circular dichroism spectra of DNA quadruplexes [d(G(5)T(5))](4) as formed with G(4) and T(4) tetrads and [d(G(5)T(5)). d(A(5)C(5))]2 as formed with Watson-Crick-like (G-C)(2) and (T-A)(2) tetrads

We utilize electrophoresis and find that a thermally treated equimolar mixture of the oligonucleotide d(G(5)T(5)) and its complementary oligonucleotide d(A(5)C(5)) exhibits either two bands or a single band in one lane, depending on the conditions of the incubation solutions. The thermally treated d(G(5)T(5)) solution loaded in a different lane exhibits a single band of the parallel quadruplex [d(G(5)T(5))](4), which is composed of homocyclic hydrogen-bonded G(4) and T(4) tetrads previously proposed. For the thermally treated equimolar mixture of d(G(5)T(5)) and d(A(5)C(5)), the fast band is assigned to a Watson-Crick d(G(5)T(5)). d(A(5)C(5)) duplex, so that the slow band with the same low mobility as that of [d(G(5)T(5))](4) may be assigned to either [d(G(5)T(5))](4) itself or a [d(G(5)T(5)). d(A(5)C(5))](2) quadruplex. If the latter compound is true, this may be the antiparallel quadruplex composed of the heterocyclic hydrogen-bonded G-C-G-C and T-A-T-A tetrads proposed previously. After removing these three bands for the duplex and two kinds of hypothetical quadruplexes, we electrophoretically elute the corresponding compounds in the same electrophoresis buffer using an electroeluter. The eluted compounds are ascertained to be stable by electrophoresis. The circular dichroism (CD) and UV absorption spectra measured for the three isolated compounds are found to be clearly different. For the electrophoretic elution of the hypothetical [d(G(5)T(5))](4) quadruplex, the result of the molecularity of n = 4 obtained from the CD melting curve analysis provides further support for the formation of the parallel [d(G(5)T(5))](4) quadruplex already proposed. For the thermally treated equimolar mixture of d(G(5)T(5)) and d(C(5)A(5)), the fast band with a molecularity of n = 2 corresponds to the Watson-Crick duplex, d(G(5)T(5)). d(A(5)C(5)). The slow band with a molecularity of n = 4 indicates the antiparallel quadruplex [d(G(5)T(5)). d(A(5)C(5))](2), whose observed CD and UV spectra are different from those of [d(G(5)T(5))](4). By electrophoresis, after reannealing the eluted compound [d(G(5)T(5)). d(A(5)C(5))](2), a distinct photograph showing the band splitting of this quadruplex band into the lower duplex and upper quadruplex bands is not possible; but by a transilluminator, we occasionally observe this band splitting with the naked eye. The linear response polarizability tensor calculations for the thus determined structures of the [d(G(5)T(5))](4) quadruplex, the McGavin-like [d(G(5)T(5)). d(A(5)C(5))](2) quadruplex, and the Watson-Crick d(G(5)T(5)). d(A(5)C(5)) duplex are found to qualitatively predict the observed CD and UV spectra.     

Synthesis and luminescence properties of a blue-emitting Sr(3.5) Y(6.5) O(2) (PO(4) )(1.5) (SiO(4) )(4.5) :Eu(2+) phosphor

A novel blue‐emitting Sr_3.5Y_6.5O₂(PO₄)_1.5(SiO₄)_4.5:Eu²⁺ phosphor was synthesized via a solid‐state reaction. Powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis demonstrated that the Sr_3.5Y_6.5O₂(PO₄)_1.5(SiO₄)_4.5 host had a hexagonal crystal structure in the space group P6₃/m and unit cell parameters a = 9.418 Å, c = 6.900 Å. The as‐prepared phosphor showed a blue emission and all the main emission peaks were located at around 466 nm for different excitation wavelengths of 297, 333 and 391 nm. The temperature dependence of the photoluminescence property was investigated in the range 20–250 °C, and the emission intensity decreased to 71% of the initial value at room temperature on increasing the temperature to 150 °C. According to the classical theory of fluorescent thermal quenching, the activation energy (ΔE) for the thermal quenching luminescence of the as‐prepared Sr_3.45Y_6.5O₂(PO₄)_1.5(SiO₄)_4.5:0.05Eu²⁺ phosphor was determined to be 0.20 eV. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The frequencies of Gm(1), Gm(2), Gm(4), Gm(12), and Inv(1) in Hessen (Germany)

Summary The serum groups Gm(1) [Gm(a)], Gm(2) [Gm(x)], Gm(4) [Gm(f)]. Gm(12) [Gm(b)] and Inv(1) [Inv(1)] of 2000 sera of healthy blood donors from the land Hesse were examined. The results obtained were compared with those known until now. Three persons, not related to each other, possessed the extremely rare phenotype Gm(-1, 2, 4, 12) [Gm (a-x+b+f+)]. In 0.75% of the cases we found a discordant behaviour of the factors Gm(4) and Gm(12) [Gm(f) and Gm(b)].

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Zusammenfassung 2000 Seren von gesunden Blutspendern aus Hessen wurden bezüglich der Gamma-Globulin-Serumgruppen Gm(1) [Gm(a)], Gm(2) [Gm(x)], Gm(4) [Gm(f)]. Gm(12) [Gm(b)] und Inv(1) [Inv(1)] untersucht. Die gefundenen Resultate wurden mit den bisher bekannten verglichen. Drei miteinander nicht verwandte Personen wiesen den äußerst seltenen Phänotyp Gm(-1, 2, 4, 12) [Gm(a-x+b+f+)] auf. In 0.75% der Fälle fanden wir ein diskordantes Verhalten der Faktoren Gm(4) und Gm(12) [Gm(f) und Gm(b)].

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Director: Prof. Dr. W. Wachsmuth

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Director: Prof. Dr. W. Spielmann

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The nomenclature suggested by WHO at a round-table conference over genes, genotypes and allotypes of immunglobulins is used. The conference took place in Geneva on the 1965 31. 5. to the 5. 6. [5].

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With technical assistance of S. Mohs.     

Nature and composition of La(III), Ce(III), Pr(III), Nd(III), Sm(III), Gd(III), Dy(III) and Ho(III) complexes of embelin

The isolation and characterization of nine polymeric complexes of the general formula [M(L)_1.5S₂]_n (where M is the metal ion, L the ligand and S the solvent, C₂H₅OH) of La(III) and Ce(III), Pr(III), Nd(III), Sm(III), Gd(III), Tb(III), Dy(III), Ho(III) with.the biologically active compound embelin using elemental and thermal analysis, infrared and electronic spectral studies is reported.