北京松山国家级自然保护区兽类活动节律初步研究

在动物行为生态学研究中,了解动物的活动节律是分析其生存策略的重要前提。基于2013年3月—2014年2月北京松山国家级自然保护区红外相机监测资料,通过相对丰富度指数分析10种最常见兽类的季节性节律和日活动节律。结果显示:(1)岩松鼠Sciurotamias davidianus、北花松鼠Tamias sibiricus、亚洲狗獾Meles leucurus、猪獾Arctonyx collaris、豹猫Prionailurus bengalensis和貉Nyctereutes procyonoides在夏季活动最频繁,果子狸Paguma larvata、中华斑羚Naemorhedus griseus和野猪Sus scrofa在秋季活动最频繁。通过分析松鼠的年活动节律,推测其可能为2013年11月人为放生至保护区的新物种。(2)果子狸、中华斑羚、猪獾、豹猫和野猪为典型的夜行性动物,北花松鼠、松鼠Sciurus vulgaris和岩松鼠为昼行性动物。(3)依据兽类探测红外相机的行为表现,发现不同种类动物对红外相机产生了回避或受到吸引的行为。研究表明,红外相机是一种长期监测林地兽类活动节律的有效技术手段,可为制定区域性生物多样性保护措施提供数据支持。     

北京雾灵山自然保护区冬春季地面活动鸟兽红外相机初步调查

为了解北京雾灵山自然保护区野生动物资源现状,于2014年11月至2015年4月,在保护区内放置30台红外相机开展调查。结果共记录鸟类5目14科27种,兽类4目8科10种,其中勺鸡(Pucrasia macrolopha)、红角鸮(Otus sunia)、纵纹腹小鸮(Athene noctua)和中华斑羚(Naemorhedus griseus)为国家Ⅱ级重点保护野生动物。鸟类物种数月变化剧烈。相对丰富度最高的6种动物为狍(Capreolus pygargus)(60.19)、红嘴蓝鹊(Urocissa erythrorhyncha)(34.14)、星鸦(Nucifraga caryocatactes)(27.78)、岩松鼠(Sciurotamias davidianus)(23.34)、松鸦(Garrulus glandarius)(23.34)、中华斑羚(21.99)。对狍、岩松鼠、中华斑羚进行日活动节律分析,狍属晨昏活动型;中华斑羚有两个活动高峰;岩松鼠的日活动高峰集中在晨间,为单峰型。本研究提供了北京雾灵山部分鸟兽资源的最新动态现状及活动节律信息,同时表明红外相机在拍摄地栖性鸟类、大中型兽类、夜行性动物方面具有优势,而对于非地栖鸟类和小型兽类,红外相机有一定局限性。本研究为应用红外相机技术开展森林野生动物多样性监测提供了经验。     

应用红外相机技术监测长白山区公路对大中型兽类出现率的影响

为探索长白山区公路对路域近距离范围(500 m)大中型兽类出现率的影响,选择环长白山旅游公路和长白山北坡景区公路为研究区域,于2010—2011年和2013—2015年的5—10月,通过布设30台红外相机持续监测公路对大中型兽类出现率的影响范围与程度。结果显示:路域500 m范围内有8种大中型兽类活动,其中3种为国家级重点保护物种;大中型兽类出现率排序为:野猪Sus scrofa 65.45%、西伯利亚狍Capreolus pygargus 14.79%、松鼠Sciurus vulgaris 8.49%、狗獾Meles leucurus 4.10%、紫貂Martes zibellina 3.37%、梅花鹿Cervus nippon 2.93%、黄鼬Mustela sibirica和熊(黑熊或棕熊)均为0.44%;公路对多数大中型兽类出现率影响不显著,只有松鼠回避路域300 m内的生境和梅花鹿集中于路侧50~150 m活动;野猪、紫貂的月出现率与交通量呈显著负相关关系;8种兽类昼夜活动特征与之前研究基本一致,紫貂、梅花鹿、西伯利亚狍和狗獾表现出夜行性特征,而野猪和松鼠是昼行性特征。     

利用红外相机调查北京松山国家级自然保护区的野生动物物种

红外相机是监测野生动物的有效工具,目前广泛用于兽类资源调查以及动物损害、鸟巢生态学、种群评估、行为生态学等研究领域。为了调查北京松山国家级自然保护区的野生动物,于2010年5—12月采用红外相机进行系统调查,在210个位点放置了红外相机,每台相机在每个地点上放置一个月。研究期间共拍摄到照片2203张,其中73%为兽类,12%为鸟类,13%为工作人员,2%为其它人员。共鉴定出17种兽类(分属5目10科)以及36种鸟类(分属5目17科)。兽类中拍摄率最高的前5种动物分别是岩松鼠(Sciurotamias davidianus)、猪獾(Arctonyx collaris)、豹猫(Prionailurus bengalensis)、狗獾(Meles meles)和貉(Nyctereutes procyonoides),鸟类中拍摄率最高的前5种动物分别是紫啸鸫(Myophonus caeruleus)、雉鸡(Phasianus colchicus)、松鸦(Garrulus glandarius)、勺鸡(Pucrasia macrolopha)和宝兴歌鸫(Turdus mupinensis)。红外相机在不同海拔、不同植被类型以及不同月份所拍摄动物的拍摄率不同:在1000—1400m的海拔段,拍摄率显著高于低海拔(600—1000m)以及中高海拔(1400—1700m);在阔叶林中的拍摄率最高,在针叶林、针阔混交林和灌丛中的拍摄率相似;秋季(8—10月)拍摄率较高,夏季(6—7月)次之,冬季(11—12月)最低。红外相机拍摄到的累积物种数与相机放置的时间成上升曲线,但曲线的增长速率逐渐变缓。研究表明红外相机适合于调查和监测大中型兽类和部分鸟类,所采集的动物数据以及拍摄的图片和视频资料将为保护区的监测、科研和环境教育提供资料。讨论了应用红外相机调查和监测野生动物的技术细节。     

利用红外相机对湖南壶瓶山国家级自然保护区兽类和鸟类多样性的初步调查

2012年8月至2015年8月,在壶瓶山国家级自然保护区布设了20个红外相机监测公里网格,对保护区的兽类和鸟类多样性进行了初步调查。经过19,592个有效相机工作日的调查,共记录到兽类4目11科21种和鸟类4目8科33种,其中有国家Ⅰ级重点保护野生动物1种（林麝 Moschus berezovskii）、国家Ⅱ级重点保护野生动物8种和保护区新纪录兽类1种（红腿长吻松鼠Dremomys pyrrhomerus）。兽类以食肉目种类最多（9种）,其次为鲸偶蹄目（6种）和啮齿目（5种）。毛冠鹿（Elaphodus cephalophus）、野猪（Sus scrofa）、红腿长吻松鼠、小麂（Muntiacus reevesi）和猪獾（Arctonyx collaris）的相对丰富度居于兽类的前5位。鸟类以雀形目的种类最多（25种）,其次是鸡形目（5种）和鴷形目（2种）。红腹锦鸡（Chrysolophus pictus）、红腹角雉（Tragopan temminckii）和眼纹噪鹛（Garrulax ocellatus）的相对丰富度指数居于鸟类的前3位。此外,本文对红腹锦鸡、红腹角雉、红腿长吻松鼠、毛冠鹿、野猪和小麂等常见物种的日活动节律和年活动节律进行了初步分析。本次调查初步了解了保护区内地栖大中型兽类和鸟类的本底信息,为保护区今后开展野生动物长期监测提供了重要依据。     

环长白山旅游公路对中大型兽类的阻隔作用

道路对野生动物的阻隔作用是理解道路对野生动物影响的重要内容。选择毗邻和穿越长白山国家级自然保护区的环长白山旅游公路,于2008—2012年通过路域样线调查,评价了公路对中大型兽类的阻隔作用以及不同植被类型对中大型兽类活动的影响。结果显示:(1)路域500 m范围内有12种中大型兽类活动,包括5种国家级保护物种;(2)红松阔叶林中的中大型兽类的种类和痕迹数量显著大于白桦次生林;(3)公路的自然保护区侧兽类种类显著大于非保护区侧,尤其在雪季,自然保护区侧的兽类种类和痕迹数量都显著大于非保护区侧;(4)野猪(Sus scrofa)、西伯利亚狍(Capreolus pygargus)、黄鼬(Mustela sibirica)、紫貂(Martes zibellina)、黄喉貂(Martes flavigula)、狗獾(Meles leucurus)、松鼠(Sciurus vulgaris)和东北兔(Lepus mandshuricus)的痕迹数量在公路两侧和不同植被类型中都无显著差异,但黄鼬的痕迹数量在雪季时的红松阔叶林内显著大于白桦次生林,野猪和西伯利亚狍在非雪季时的红松阔叶林显著大于白桦次生林;(5)雪季,从路域50 m范围内兽类痕迹数量与兽类穿越率的关系来看,马鹿(Cervus elaphus)穿越公路通道被限制在K25~K27区间,受公路阻隔影响较大;(6)兽类年度穿越率与交通量呈负相关关系,但不显著。本研究表明,环长白山旅游公路对兽类阻隔作用已经显现,且随着时间推移,阻隔作用有加强趋势。鉴于自然保护区外围人为干扰大的现状,提出应加强自然保护区之间的动物迁移走廊建设的建议。     

浙江金衢地区毛皮兽资源调查

金衢地区位于浙江省的中、西部,包括浦江、东阳、磐安、义乌、永康、金华、武义、兰溪、衢州、龙游、江山、常山和开化等13个市县。经调查得知该地区共有毛皮兽32种,占全省毛皮兽种数的88.9%,分隶于5目11科。其中属国家一级保护的有云豹、豹、华南虎和黑麂,二级保护的有猕猴、黑熊、水獭、豺、大灵猫、小灵猫、金猫、獐和鬣羚,其它的则有华南兔、赤腹松鼠、长吻松鼠、豹鼠、狐、貉、狼、青鼬、黄腹鼬、黄鼬、鼬獾、狗獾、猪獾、花面狸、食蟹檬、豹猫、野猪、小麂和毛冠鹿等19种。黄鼬为全区分布,但多集中在衢州以东的盆地平原区。狐、貉、狗…     

基于红外相机陷阱法的北京百花山国家级自然保护区旅游线路周边野生动物的调查研究

为了调查北京百花山国家级自然保护区旅游线路周边野生动物分布和活动规律,于2015年7月—2016年9月,铺设20台红外相机,共拍到有效照片3761张,其中兽类2813张,鸟类643张。鉴定出兽类14种(分属5目9科);鸟类39种(分属4目16科),其中4种兽类和8种鸟类是保护区新纪录。红外相机在不同的生境类型、海拔以及不同月份的拍摄率都不同,阔叶林的动物物种数和拍摄率远远高于其他生境类型;较低海拔(1150—1400 m)区域的拍摄率高于中间海拔(1400—1600 m)和较高海拔(1600—1800 m);动物集中在5—10月份活动,这几个月的拍摄率高于其他月份。而拍摄率与多样性指数往往不一致,阔叶林低于针叶林和灌木林;中间海拔最高,较低海拔最低。野生动物活动活跃的月份与旅游旺季在很大程度上是重合的,而野猪(Sus scrofa)、狗獾(Meles meles)、豹猫、猪獾和花面狸(Paguma larvata)这五种潜在危险动物,表现出明显的夜行性,对白天游客的威胁性不大,但存在潜在危险性。通过研究,有助于保护区制定相应的管控方案和建立危险预警机制。     

道路两边不同距离内哺乳动物丰富度的差异

为更好地保护和管理部分哺乳类动物及其栖息地,自2001年6月至2002年3月在韩国白头大干山脉8个被道路切割的林区内调查了道路两边一定距离内所见哺乳动物随距离增加而变化的丰富度。我们共调查了10种哺乳类(野猪、狍、獐、黄鼬、貉、豹猫、华南兔、松鼠、花鼠、鼹)的各种痕迹(粪便、足迹、食痕、卧迹及休息处),发现距道路近处两边的丰富度确有较大下降。这说明道路建设的确影响哺乳类的生境选择及其利用方式。所以今后在道路设计、管理及扩充等方面均需充分考虑和满足所有野生动物整个生命过程所需的空间要求。     

利用红外相机技术对河北太行山东坡南段的鸟兽调查

利用红外相机技术于2017年冬季对河北太行山东坡南段的野生动物进行了调查。通过系统抽样,野外选取4个样区共安置红外相机78台,实际工作4753个相机日,获有效照片1903张。结果表明:共鉴定出兽类4目7科7种,鸟类9目14科27种,其中国家Ⅱ级重点保护鸟类有勺鸡(Pucrasia macrolopha)、雀鹰(Accipiter nisus)、灰林鸮(Strix aluco)和燕隼(Falco subbuteo)。物种相对丰度指数较高的兽类和鸟类分别为岩松鼠(Sciurotamias davidianus)(10.10)和红嘴蓝鹊(Urocissa erythroryncha)(5.49)。对拍摄率较高的前6种兽类的日活动节律进行了分析,发现野猪(Sus scrofa)和蒙古兔(Lepus tolai)主要集中在晨昏和夜间活动,西伯利亚狍(Capreolus pygargus)和岩松鼠多在昼间活动,赤狐(Vulpes vulpes)和黄鼬(Mustela sibirica)则为全天性活动。土门—黄北坪乡样区和鹿头乡样区具有较高的物种数(24种和23种)和Shannon-Weiner指数(2.35和2.06)。该地区农业开发程度高、森林景观破碎化程度大、人类活动干扰重,应加强野生动物栖息地的保护与恢复。     

Influence of tree thinning on the abundance of mammals in a Japanese larch Larix kaempferi plantation

We examined the influence of tree thinning on the abundance of mammals in a Japanese larch Larix kaempferi plantation in Mt Gariwang, Pyeongchang, South Korea. In 2014 and 2015, from April to October, we recorded the presence of tracks as a proxy for abundance, for the following seven mammalian species: Korean hare Lepus coreanus, raccoon dog Nyctereutes procyonoides, Siberian weasel Mustela sibirica, Eurasian badger Meles meles, water deer Hydropotes inermis, roe deer Capreolus pygargus, and wild boar Sus scrofa. We also assessed how the intensity of tree thinning affected vegetation cover; there were significant differences in number of standing trees, basal area, coverage of vegetation layers, and number and volume of downed trees among the control, moderately thinned, and intensively thinned stands. We found significant differences in the abundance of tracks among the stands for three mammal species. In four mammal species, the abundance of track was significantly correlated with volume of downed trees, coverage of ground vegetation, number of downed trees, and number of standing trees, according to stepwise analysis. The presence and abundance of mammals is linked to habitat variables and forest managers should consider how habitat modifications will affect wildlife.     

Temporal activity patterns of North China leopards and their prey in response to moonlight and habitat factors

The nocturnal activities of predators and prey are influenced by several factors, including physiological adaptations, habitat quality and, we suspect, corresponds to changes in brightness of moonlight according to moon phase. In this study, we used a dataset from 102 camera traps to explore which factors are related to the activity pattern of North China leopards (Panthera pardus japonensis) in Shanxi Tieqiaoshan Provincial Nature Reserve (TPNR), China. We found that nocturnal activities of leopards were irregular during four different lunar phases, and while not strictly lunar philic or lunar phobic, their temporal activity was highest during the brighter moon phases (especially the last quarter) and lower during the new moon phase. On the contrary, roe deer (Capreolus pygargus) exhibited lunar philic activity, while wild boar (Sus scrofa) and tolai hare (Lepus tolai) were evidently lunar phobic, with high and low temporal activity during the full moon, respectively. In terms of temporal overlap, there was positive overlap between leopards and their prey species, including roe deer and tolai hare, while leopard activity did not dip to the same low level of wild boar during the full moon phase. Human activities also more influenced the temporal activity of leopards and wild boar than other species investigated. Generally, our results suggested that besides moonlight risk index (MRI), cloud cover and season have diverse effects on leopard and prey nocturnal activity. Finally, distinct daytime and nighttime habitats were identified, with leopards, wild boar, and tolai hare all using lower elevations at night and higher elevations during the day, while leopards and roe deer were closer to secondary roads during the day than at night.     

吉林珲春自然保护区东北虎和东北豹及其有蹄类猎物的多度与分布

珲春国家级自然保护区是东北虎(Panthera tigris altaica)、东北豹(Panthera pardus orientalis)等濒危物种在中国的核心分布区。为了探究该区域野生动物的多度水平和空间分布, 了解人类干扰情况, 我们运用相对多度指数(relative abundance index, RAI)分析了2013年4-6月设置于此的83个红外相机位点的监测数据。红外相机的总捕获天数6,060 d, 共捕获10科18种野生哺乳动物, 其中鼬科4种, 猫科动物3种, 犬科、鹿科和松鼠科各2种, 猪科、熊科、麝科、猬科和兔科各1种。研究期间共拍摄到东北虎11只个体, 东北豹13只个体。从相对多度指数来看, 东北虎的相对多度(0.84)远高于东北豹(0.48), 它们的有蹄类猎物中梅花鹿(Cervus nippon)的相对多度最高(2.18), 其次为狍(Capreolus pygargus)(1.53)和野猪(Sus scrofa)(0.92)。人类活动和放牧的相对多度水平(分别为40.64和2.76)显著高于野生动物。在空间分布上, 东北虎和梅花鹿主要在保护区的核心区分布, 且与保护区社区共管区的多度水平差异显著, 而东北豹在不同功能区之间的分布差异不显著, 狍在保护区北部的多度水平较高, 但各功能区之间差异不显著, 野猪在社区共管区的多度水平显著高于核心区。可见, 核心区频繁的人类活动和放牧活动对野生动物的保护产生了影响, 未来应加强关于人类干扰对虎、豹种群及其有蹄类猎物的影响评估。     

利用红外相机调查深圳梧桐山兽类群落组成及野猪的空间利用

为了解深圳城市生物多样性现状及关键有蹄类物种野猪(Sus scrofa)的栖息地利用模式,2019年4至10月,在广东省深圳市梧桐山国家级风景名胜区设置1 km×1 km的调查网格32个,每个网格布设红外相机监测点位1处,监测野生动物群落及野猪的空间利用。32个监测点累积有效相机工作日4 460 d,记录到分属4目8科的兽类13种,其中,10种为本地分布物种,3种为人为放生的外来物种。本地分布的大中型兽类中,野猪的相对多度指数最高(I_RA=27.13),其后依次为鼬獾(Melogale moschata,I_RA=8.30)、豹猫(Prionailurus bengalensis,I_RA=7.17)、花面狸(Paguma larvata,I_RA=5.38)、赤麂(Muntiacus vaginalis,I_RA=2.24)、小灵猫(Viverricula indica,I_RA=0.67)、中国豪猪(Hystrix hodgsoni,I_RA...     

Spargana in a Weasel,Mustela sibirica manchurica,and a Wild Boar,Sus scrofa,from Gangwon-do,Korea

To know the status of sparganum (plerocercoid of Spirometra erinacei) infection in the Korean wild life, several species of wild animals were captured in Gangwon-do and examined for their status of infection with spargana. From February to December 2011, a total of 62 wild boars, 5 badgers, 1 weasel, 1 Siberian chipmunk, and 53 wild rodents were captured, and their whole muscles were examined with naked eyes for the presence of spargana worms. From the weasel and 1 wild boar, a total of 5 spargana specimens were extracted. The weasel was for the first time recorded as an intermediate or paratenic/transport host of S. erinacei in Korea, and both the weasel (Mustela sibirica manchurica) and wild boar (Sus scrofa) were added to the list of wild animals carrying spargana.     

Comparative analyses on food habits of Japanese marten,Siberian weasel and leopard cat in the Tsushima islands,Japan

Food habits of three sympatric carnivore mammals in the Tsushima islands of Japan were studied during 1986–91. Scats of the Tsushima marten (n=1236), the Siberian weasel (n=218) and the Tsushima leopard cat (n=350) were collected monthly and the food items were determined by scat contents analysis. Marten was omnivorous showing a high level of diversity of food throughout the year. The important foods for marten were fruits and berries from spring to autumn, insects in summer and autumn and small mammals all year round. Leopard cat preferred to hunt wood/mice and birds, and remained a flesh meat specialist throughout the year. Weasel was intermediate between marten and leopard cat, but was slightly biased towards the flesh meat eater. The three carnivores do not compete against one another for food, except for small rodents. A conflict for food between leopard cat and weasel was suggested to be more intense than that of other combinations based on diet overlapping. Marten may be characterized as an opportunistic generalist. When interspecific competitors existed, or human disturbance to the habitat occurred, the preferential flexibility of the marten to alternative food resources might become more advantageous than the other two species.     

山西晋中庆城林场华北豹及其主要猎物种群的红外相机监测

华北豹(Panthera pardus japonesis)是中国特有的豹亚种。由于长期缺乏有效的科学调查, 目前对其分布、种群及动态、行为、猎物现状等基础信息不清。在2007-2014年期间, 本研究应用红外相机技术(camera trap)对山西晋中庆城林场的华北豹种群开展了长达7年的连续监测。先后监测到14只华北豹, 其中成年个体11只(3♀, 8♂), 幼体3只, 成年雌雄比例为0.375; 在其间出现了2次繁殖。该区域主要的有蹄类猎物为野猪(Sus scrofa)和西伯利亚狍(Capreolus pygargus), 其相对密度分别为4.16和3.48, 绝对密度分别为1.35只/km²和3.61只/km²。     

天津盘山风景名胜区人类干扰对野生动物活动节律影响的初步研究

2019年7月—2020年8月,应用红外相机技术研究天津盘山风景名胜区人类干扰对野生动物活动节律的影响效应,比较分析相对多度指数(RAI)前5位的留鸟和哺乳动物在有、无人类干扰位点区域之间的活动节律差异,以及不同强度人类干扰区域之间的活动节律差异.结果发现:1)人类干扰对留鸟活动节律的影响较小,RAI最大的红嘴蓝鹊Ur...     

Carnivores (Mammalia: Carnivora) in South China: a status review with notes on the commercial trade

• 1 Evidence from the literature, interviews, market surveys, general rapid field surveys and camera trapping was reviewed to infer the regional status of 33 recorded carnivores in South China (Guangxi, Guangdong, Hainan, Hong Kong and Macau).
• 2 The carnivore fauna in South China is among the most depleted for any continental area in the world.
• 3 The tiger Panthera tigris, leopard Panthera pardus, grey wolf Canis lupus and binturong Arctictis binturong are probably extirpated.
• 4 The dhole Cuon alpinus, Asiatic golden cat Catopuma temmincki and clouded leopard Neofelis nebulosa are at great risk of regional extirpation, as are the more ecologically adaptable red fox Vulpes vulpes, raccoon dog Nyctereutes procyonoides, Asian badger Meles leucurus, Eurasian otter Lutra lutra, Oriental small‐clawed otter Aonyx cinereus and large Indian civet Viverra zibetha.
• 5 Though more widely reported, the Asiatic black bear Ursus thibetanus, yellow‐throated marten Martes flavigula, hog badger Arctonyx collaris and Siberian weasel Mustela sibirica are at regional risk.
• 6 The status of the Burmese ferret‐badger Melogale personata, stripe‐backed weasel Mustela strigidorsa, smooth‐coated otter Lutrogale perspicillata, large‐spotted civet Viverra megaspila and Owston's palm civet Chrotogale owstoni is uncertain due to inadequate information.
• 7 Five carnivore species – the Chinese ferret‐badger Melogale moschata, masked palm civet Paguma larvata, yellow‐bellied weasel Mustela kathiah, small Indian civet Viverricula indica and leopard cat Prionailurus bengalensis– are relatively secure (though not common) in the region, along with the Asian palm civet Paradoxurus hermaphroditus and the Javan mongoose Herpestes javanicus in some areas, while the spotted linsang Prionodon pardicolor and crab‐eating mongoose Herpestes urva may have been under‐reported.
• 8 The main threats have been habitat destruction and unsustainable exploitation. Only in Hong Kong, where enforcement of protection legislation has been stronger, are the surviving carnivore species easily encountered.
• 9 Improved enforcement and monitoring are essential to retaining the remainder of South China's carnivores. Support could be boosted by conservation education and better research.