藻蓝蛋白亚基脂质体光动力作用对LKB1在乳腺癌细胞中表达的影响

为了探讨肿瘤抑制因子LKB1蛋白在肿瘤光动力疗法中作用,先用MTT法检测藻蓝蛋白亚基脂质体（PEG-PCS-Lip）对人乳腺癌细胞MCF-7,鼠乳腺癌细胞MA-782的光动力杀伤效果,分光光度法检测活性氧ROS的产量,Western blot检测LKB1激酶表达水平;然后用免疫组织化学方法观察PEG-PCS-Lip介导的光动力作用在乳腺癌模型鼠对LKB1基因表达影响. 结果显示在光照剂量为29.17 J/cm2时,用0~25 μg/mL PEG-PCS-Lip处理会小幅度促进MA-782和MCF-7细胞的生长,同时细胞中的ROS和LKB1蛋白的量下降;当用25~100 μg/mL PEG-PCS-Lip处理则明显抑制MA-782和MCF-7细胞的生长,同时细胞中的ROS和LKB1蛋白的量随PEG-PCS-Lip量的增加而增加.用10 mg/kg PEG-PCS-Lip静脉注射荷瘤小鼠,光照剂量为208.2 J/cm2时,其抑瘤率可达到68.9 %,LKB1在乳腺癌组织中的表达量则增加了33.9 %,同时,LKB1激酶从细胞核转移到细胞质的量也在增加. 因此,PEG-PCS-Lip PDT作用所产生的ROS可能是激活LKB1的表达的原因之一,二者协同作用在一定的光敏剂浓度范围内增强了PDT抑制肿瘤生长的疗效.     

藻蓝蛋白亚基细胞渗透性及对肿瘤细胞光敏作用的研究

目的:研究藻蓝蛋白亚基对SP2/0、S180、COS7、C6的最佳渗透条件及由其介导的PDT对肿瘤细胞的抑制作用。方法:采用柱层析方法从藻蓝蛋白样品中分离得到藻蓝蛋白亚基,通过荧光显微镜观察其在细胞内的渗透特性,并以He-Ne激光器为激发光源,MTT法检测藻蓝蛋白亚基光敏作用对肿瘤细胞生长的抑制作用。结果:藻蓝蛋白α、α/β亚基在75μg/mL浓度下可以在4 h时充分地进入细胞,并可以在细胞内稳定2 h以上;藻蓝蛋白中的α,β亚基稳定性和作用不相同,β亚基荧光性强但易于降解,由α亚基介导的PDT作用比α/βPDT作用强;100μg/mLα亚基介导的PDT对SP2/0和S180两种悬浮细胞的抑制率可分别达到78.6%和39.8%,强于贴壁细胞C6和COS7的29.2%和17.8%。结论:藻蓝蛋白α亚基在合适的渗透条件下表现出较强的光动力学抗肿瘤效果,且PDT效果与光敏剂浓度、照射剂量及细胞类型相关。     

藻胆蛋白色素肽与癌光啉光敏作用的比较实验

目的：比较藻胆蛋白色素肽与癌光啉photofrinⅡ的光动力学疗法（photodynamic therapy,PDT）效果与日光光敏作用.方法：分析藻胆蛋白酶解产物藻红蛋白R-PE β亚基、藻蓝蛋白的CCP1、CCP3片段与photofrinⅡ的光谱特性,用MTT等方法检测其对小鼠S180细胞、小鼠移植瘤的PDT杀伤作用及对小鼠骨髓细胞、水蚤的日光光毒性.结果：photofrinⅡ在250 nm-650 nm区间有多个吸收峰,在紫外光区有很强的吸收峰,而三种蛋白酶解产物的光谱较单一,其中R-PE β亚基、CCP1在可见光区有1～2较强的吸收峰;当光敏剂在瘤体旁注射量为50μg/个（瘤体）,He-Ne激光照射剂量为120 J/cm^2,瘤体大小在直径为0.5 cm～0.7 cm,phofofrinⅡ、CCP1、CCP3在照射后7天的抑瘤率分别为61%、46%及81%;用广谱性碘钨灯为光源,当光敏剂的浓度为100μg/mL,光照剂量为45 J/cm^2,photofrinⅡ对小鼠S180细胞及骨髓细胞的光敏杀伤作用分别为20%及33%,而RPE β亚基则分别为68%及95%;如果用100μg/mL的CCP1、CCP3、photofrinⅡ及不同照射剂量的碘钨灯为激发光源处理水蚤,结果发现,光毒性对水蚤生存率长短的影响具时间积累效应,在相同光照强度条件下,photofrinⅡ的光毒性最大,CCP3次之,CCP1最弱.结论：藻胆蛋白酶解产物R-PE β亚基、CCP1、CCP3光谱单一、PDT作用效果良好、毒副作用弱且具一定的荧光活性可作为新一代光敏剂选择的对象.     

藻红蛋白亚基光敏剂对小鼠移植瘤作用的超微结构研究

目的：从形态学角度探讨藻红蛋白(R-PE)β亚基光动力学抗肿瘤效果及其作用机理。方法：用不同密度的波长为496nm的氩离子激光对S180小鼠移植瘤进行β亚基光动力学治疗,并对治疗后的瘤体进行透射电镜的形态学观察。结果：用100μg／m1的β亚基,在200J/cm2激光照射剂量条件下治愈了瘤体直径为0．5cm-0．7cm大小的小鼠移植瘤,发现瘤组织中引起细胞死亡的途经有差异,被PDT抑制的肿瘤内部细胞表现出典型的凋亡细胞特征。结论：R-PE β亚基具较强的光动力学抗肿瘤效果,光动力治疗机理可能涉及肿瘤内部细胞死亡主要是凋亡途径而瘤周为坏死,且与血管系统破坏及白细胞参与的抗炎症反应相关。     

藻蓝蛋白色素肽光动力学抗肿瘤作用的实验研究

目的：探讨藻蓝蛋白色素肽的理化特性及光动力疗法（PDT）抗肿瘤效果。方法：用柱层析法从螺旋藻藻蛋白酶介产物中分离色素肽,并用MTT法及吖啶橙染色法检测色素肽对体外培养的小鼠肉瘤细胞S180及荷瘤小鼠PD。结果：分离出三种色素肽的分子量分别为17.4KD,7.72KD及6.6KD,它们的吸收光谱峰值分别位于618nm,580nm,605nm,荧光发射峰均在685nm处。MTT法检测证明,在浓度100μg/ml,用波长为580nm,600nm,照射剂量为28.8J/cm^2染料激光（氩离子为激光光源）照射,对肿瘤细胞的杀伤率达69．2％－80．2％;在色素肽CCP1,CCP3介导的PDT对小鼠移植瘤生长影响的实验发现,色素肽易被瘤细胞吸收,当激光照射剂量为120J/cm^2,肿瘤直径在0.5-0.7cm范围内,瘤体旁注射剂量为50μg的CPP1及CCP3光敏剂时,藻胆蛋白酶介产的的抑瘤率可达46％－81％,且被PDT作用后的细胞表现了典型的凋亡细胞特征。     

灰树花多糖对乳腺癌细胞MCF-7的凋亡作用

采用MTT法测定不同给药浓度的灰树花多糖(PGF) (1、10、20、50、100和200 μg/mL)在24、48和72 h对乳腺癌细胞(MCF-7)增殖的抑制率,并采用Hoechst染色与流式细胞技术观察20、50和100 μg/mL PGF给药24 h后MCF-7的凋亡情况,同时采用Western blotting对20、50、100 μg/mL PGF给药24 h后MCF-7细胞中Bax、Bcl-2、Pro-Caspase-3以及Cleaved Caspase-3的蛋白表达水平进行检测。研究发现PGF给药24、48和72 h后对MCF-7的增殖均有显著的抑制作用。随着PGF给药浓度增加,MCF-7细胞核裂解增多,细胞凋亡数量增多。PGF 20、50和100 μg/mL给药对MCF-7细胞Bax、Bcl-2、Pro-Caspase-3以及Cleaved Caspase-3的蛋白表达水平可见显著性差异。     

C-藻蓝蛋白对乳腺癌细胞的抗癌作用研究

C-藻蓝蛋白具有抗癌、抗氧化、抗炎活性等多种功能,然而其对乳腺癌细胞的抗癌作用及机制尚不明确。本研究应用不同浓度(0~500μg/mL)的C-藻蓝蛋白处理人乳腺癌细胞系MDA-MB-468。研究显示,C-藻蓝蛋白以剂量依赖性方式抑制MDA-MB-468细胞的增殖并降低细胞的菌落形成能力。C-藻蓝蛋白通过上调了Fas和cleaved-caspase 3的表达并下调Bcl-2的表达来诱导细胞凋亡。C-藻蓝蛋白处理以剂量依赖性方式显著降低COX-2的表达并抑制细胞迁移能力。C-藻环蛋白以剂量依赖性方式促进p38 MAPK和JNK的磷酸化,p38 MAPK和JNK抑制剂处理可显著抑制C-藻红蛋白诱导的细胞死亡。本研究表明C-藻蓝蛋白能够抑制三阴性乳腺癌MDA-MB-468细胞的增殖,促进细胞凋亡,抑制细胞迁移能力。C-藻蓝蛋白的抗癌机制可能与激活p38 MAPK和JNK信号传导有关。     

两种藻胆蛋白对人喉癌Hep-2细胞的光动力杀伤效果

从条斑紫菜中提取高纯度R-藻红蛋白(R-PE)和R-藻蓝蛋白(c-pc),采用MTT法测定主要研究了不同浓度(10、25、50和100μg/ml)R-PE和C-PC分别介导的光动力效应对人喉癌Hep-2细胞的生存率的影响.实验结果显示,两种藻胆蛋白的光动力作用对Hep-2细胞具有杀伤作用.在浓度为100μg/ml,照射剂量为5OJ/cm2的条件下,藻蓝蛋白对应的细胞存活率为64%.藻红蛋白对应的仅为57%;单用碘钨灯处理,Hep-2细胞的存活率达到86.9%;而单独使用这两种藻胆蛋白处理Hep-2细胞,培养24h后,低浓度藻胆蛋白(10、25μg/ml)对细胞的抑制效果不明显,高浓度对细胞生长具有一定的抑制效果,抑制率为68%.实验证明条斑紫菜R-藻红蛋白和C-藻蓝蛋白具有可开发人喉癌治疗光敏剂应用前景.     

布美他尼与光动力疗法联合应用对大鼠C6胶质瘤的治疗作用

目的：探讨布美他尼对PDT诱导加剧的大鼠C6胶质瘤瘤周水肿的治疗作用。方法：培养C6胶质瘤细胞,建立C6大鼠胶质瘤模型,分成：A：空白对照组,B：光动力治疗组,C：布美他尼治疗组,D：光动力和布美他尼联合治疗组。荷瘤21天后取材测量瘤重,瘤周水含量,微血管密度,NKCC-1和ZO-1的表达。另外MRI监测肿瘤生长,记录大鼠生存时间。结果：PDT能够抑制胶质瘤细胞生长增殖,杀伤肿瘤细胞,促使肿瘤细胞凋亡,下调紧密连接相关蛋白的表达来打开紧密连接,从而延长生存期,同时诱使NKCC-1过表达引起瘤周水肿加剧。结论：应用布美他尼联合治疗能抑制PDT单独应用引起的NKCC-1过表达,减轻PDT加重的瘤周水肿,增强PDT的杀肿瘤作用,而不减少ZO-1的表达。     

槲皮素对乳腺癌MCF-7和MDA-MB-435细胞的凋亡作用及机制研究

摘要 目的：探讨槲皮素对乳腺癌MCF-7和MDA-MB-435细胞的凋亡作用,并探讨其作用机制。方法：采用活细胞计数法(CCK-8)测定槲皮素对乳腺癌MCF-7和MDA-MB-435细胞增殖的作用,分别采用细胞划痕实验和Transwell实验测定槲皮素对乳腺癌MCF-7和MDA-MB-435细胞迁移和侵袭的影响,采用流式细胞术测定槲皮素对乳腺癌MCF-7和MDA-MB-435细胞凋亡的作用,采用实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应(qRT-PCR)和免疫印迹法(West-blotting)测定槲皮素对乳腺癌MCF-7和MDA-MB-435细胞Fas、FasL、Bcl-2和Bax mRNA和蛋白表达的影响。结果：槲皮素（50~200 μmol/L）作用乳腺癌MCF-7和MDA-MB-435细胞 24 h、48 h和72 h对其增殖具有显著的抑制作用,并且呈浓度依赖性（P<0.05）;细胞划痕实验中槲皮素50 μmol/L和100 μmol/L可使乳腺癌MCF-7和MDA-MB-435细胞划痕宽度较对照组显著增加（P<0.05）;Transwell试验中槲皮素50 μmol/L和100 μmol/L可使乳腺癌MCF-7和MDA-MB-435穿膜细胞较对照组显著降低（P<0.05）;槲皮素50 μmol/L和100 μmol/L可使乳腺癌MCF-7和MDA-MB-435细胞凋亡率较对照组显著升高（P<0.05）;槲皮素50 μmol/L和100 μmol/L可使乳腺癌MCF-7和MDA-MB-435细胞中Bcl-2 mRNA表达较对照组显著降低（P<0.05）,Fas、FasL和Bax mRNA表达较对照组显著升高（P<0.05）;槲皮素50 μmol/L和100 μmol/L可使乳腺癌MCF-7和MDA-MB-435细胞中Bcl-2 蛋白表达较对照组显著降低（P<0.05）,Fas、FasL和Bax 蛋白表达较对照组显著升高（P<0.05）。结论：槲皮素可促进乳腺癌细胞的凋亡,可能与其通过作用Fas/FasL凋亡信号通路而激活外源性凋亡途径,通过作用Bcl-2凋亡信号通路而激活内源性凋亡途径有关。     

Photodynamic cell-kill analysis of breast tumor cells with a tamoxifen-pyropheophorbide conjugate

We hypothesized that estrogen receptor (ER) in hormone-sensitive breast cancer cells could be targeted for selective photodynamic killing of tumor cell with antiestrogen-porphyrin conjugates by combining the over-expression of ER in hormone-sensitive breast cancer cells and tumor-retention property of porphyrin photosensitizers. In this study we describe that a tamoxifen (TAM)-pyropheophorbide conjugate that specifically binds to ER alpha, caused selective cell-kill in MCF-7 breast cancer cells upon light exposure. Therefore, it is a potential candidate for ER-targeted photodynamic therapy of cancers (PDT) of tissues and organs that respond to estrogens/antiestrogens.     

Specific fluorescent tracers. Imaging and applications for photodynamic therapy

Our main objective is to enlarge the fluorescence use in biosciences, with especially the photodynamic therapy (PDT) used for cancer treatment as one of the target applications. Meta-tetra(hydroxyphenyl)chlorin (m-THPC) is a second-generation photosensitiser, applied in photodynamic therapy. The localisation of this sensitiser as well as its induced cell death mechanisms in human breast cancer cells (MCF-7 and its resistant subline MCF-7DXR, DXR: doxorubicin) were evaluated using fluorescence microscopy. In addition, we will present two additional routes, whose aims are to create new features to respond to the PDT questioning: firstly, the synthesis of fluorescent tracers, with a particular attention to the presence of hydrophilic groups (glucosamine ring) on the basic fluorophore structure to orientate the localisation of the probe and, secondly, the use of scanning near-field optical microscopy to reach a better resolution for the fluorescence microscopy analysis.     

Modulating ALA-PDT efficacy of mutlidrug resistant MCF-7 breast cancer cells using ALA prodrug

Multi-drug resistance of breast cancer is a major obstacle in chemotherapy of cancer treatments. Recently it was suggested that photodynamic therapy (PDT) can overcome drug resistance of tumors. ALA-PDT is based on the administration of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), the natural precursor for the PpIX biosynthesis, which is a potent natural photosensitizer. In the present study we used the AlaAcBu, a multifunctional ALA-prodrug for photodynamic inactivation of drug resistant MCF-7/DOX breast cancer cells. Supplementation of low doses (0.2mM) of AlaAcBu to the cells significantly increased accumulation of PpIX in both MCF-7/WT and MCF-7/DOX cells in comparison to ALA, or ALA + butyric acid (BA). In addition, our results show that MCF-7/DOX cells are capable of producing higher levels of porphyrins than MCF-7/WT cells due to low expression of the enzyme ferrochelatase, which inserts iron into the tetra-pyrrol ring to form the end product heme. Light irradiation of the AlaAcBu treated cells activated efficient photodynamic killing of MCF-7/DOX cells similar to the parent MCF-7/WT cells, depicted by low mitochondrial enzymatic activity, LDH leakage and decreased cell survival following PDT. These results indicate that the pro-drug AlaAcBu is an effective ALA derivative for PDT treatments of multidrug resistant tumors.     

光学成像技术在体研究肿瘤的光动力效应

光动力疗法 (PDT) 已发展成为一种较成熟的肿瘤治疗方法, PDT 诱导的血管损伤是杀死肿瘤的重要机制之一 . 为了在活体肿瘤模型上实时监测 PDT 导致的血管损伤效应,使用稳定高表达绿色荧光蛋白 (GFP) 的人涎腺腺样囊性癌细胞株 (ACC-M-GFP) ,建立了基于鸡胚尿囊膜 (CAM) 的肿瘤模型 . 应用荧光成像技术对肿瘤的生长位置、大小,以及治疗区域进行方便精确的定位;利用激光散斑成像技术,实时监测 CAM 上肿瘤周围血管的血液动力学参数 . 发现不同光动力剂量所导致的血管损伤有显著不同 . 结果表明,荧光标记的鸡胚尿囊膜肿瘤模型为研究 PDT 导致的血管损伤效应提供了良好的实验模型,激光散斑成像技术适用于实时监测 PDT 过程中血管结构、血流速度的变化,由此得出血液灌注率可用以评估 PDT 对肿瘤周围血管的损伤效应 .     

Effect of curcumin-nanoemulsion associated with photodynamic therapy in breast adenocarcinoma cell line

Curcumin, a natural compound has several antineoplastic activities and is a promising natural photosensitizer used in photodynamic therapy. However, its low solubility in physiological medium limit the clinical use of curcumin. This study aimed to analyze the action of curcumin-nanoemulsion, a new and well-designed Drug Delivery System (DDS+) molecule, used as a photosensitizing agent in photodynamic therapy in an in vitro breast cancer model, MCF-7 cells. The empty nanoemulsion fulfils all necessary requirements to be an excellent DDS. Furthermore, the use of curcumin-nanoemulsion in photodynamic therapy resulted in a high phototoxic effect after activation at 440?nm, decreasing to <10% viable tumor cells after two irradiations and increasing the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. The use of curcumin-nanoemulsion associated with photodynamic therapy resulted in an increase in the levels of caspase 3/7 activity for the studied MCF-7 cell model, indicating that this therapy triggers a cascade of events that lead to cell death, such as cellular apoptosis. In conclusion, curcumin-nanoemulsion proved to be efficient as a photosensitizing agent, had phototoxic effects, significantly decreased the proliferation of MCF-7 cells and stimulating the ROS production in combination with photodynamic therapy, so, this formulation has a great potential for use in treatment of breast cancer.     

Increased ceramide accumulation correlates with downregulation of the autophagy protein ATG-7 in MCF-7 cells sensitized to photodamage

The purpose of this study was to determine the sphingolipid (SL) profile in cells defective in autophagy protein ATG-7 and overall cell death after photodynamic therapy (PDT) with the photosensitizer Pc 4. MCF-7 human breast cancer cells with downregulated ATG-7 and their scrambled controls (Scr) were used. Exposure of ATG-7 knockdown cells to PDT led to increased cell killing. PDT evoked an early (2 h) greater global increase in ceramides in ATG-7 defective cells compared to Scr cells. The total increases in dihydroceramide (DHceramide) were significant at 2 and 24 h in both cell types post-PDT. The levels of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) and sphingosine were decreased below resting levels at both time points irrespective of the cell type. The data imply that ceramide might be a marker of ATG-7 deficiency in cells sensitized to PDT.     

The potential application of chlorin e6-polyvinylpyrrolidone formulation in photodynamic therapy.

Much research has been focused on developing effective drug delivery systems for the preparation of chlorins as potential photosensitizers for PDT. This report describes the evaluation of a new water-soluble formulation of chlorin e6 consisting of a complex of trisodium salt chlorin e6 and polyvinylpyrrolidone (Ce6-PVP) for application in photodynamic therapy (PDT) with 2 specific aims: (i) to investigate its fluorescence kinetics in skin, normal and tumor tissue after intravenous administration, and (ii) to investigate its PDT efficacy. Our results demonstrate that this new formulation possesses photosensitizing properties with rapid accumulation in tumor tissue observed within 1 h after intravenous administration. Although high selectivity in tumor tissue was found between the period of 3 and 6 h, the efficacy of Ce6-PVP mediated PDT was best at 1 h drug-light interval. It is suggested that, the extent of tumor necrosis post PDT is dependent on the plasma concentration of Ce6-PVP, implying a vascular mediated cell death mechanism. A faster clearance rate of Ce6-PVP from the skin of nude mice was observed compared to Ce6. The new formulation of Ce6-PVP seems to show promise as an effective therapeutic agent.     

Photodynamic treatment with anionic nanoclays containing curcumin on human triple-negative breast cancer cells: Cellular and biochemical studies

Photodynamic treatment is a minimally invasive and clinically approved procedure for eliminating selected malignant cells with activation of a photosensitizer agent at a specific light. Little is known, however, about the phototoxic properties of curcumin, as a natural phenolic compound, against different types of cancers. It is generally accepted that cellular damage occurs during photo treatment. There is a limitation in using of curcumin as a drug due to its low solubility, but nanoparticles such as anionic nanoclays or layered double hydroxide (LDH) could overcome it. The aim of this study was to investigate cellular responses to curcumin-LDH nanoparticles after photodynamic treatment of MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells. For this purpose, the MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cell line treated with curcumin-LDH nanoparticle and then irradiated (photodynamic treatment). After irradiation, lactate dehydrogenase assay, clonogenic cell survival, cell death mechanisms such as autophagy and apoptosis were determined. Cell cycle distribution after photodynamic therapy (PDT) and also intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation were measured. The result showed that curcumin-LDH–PDT has a cytotoxic and antiprolifrative effect on MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells. Curcumin-LDH–PDT induced autophagy, apoptosis, and G0/G1 cell cycle arrest in human breast cancer cell line. Intracellular ROS increased in MDA-MB-231 cancer cell line after treatment with curcumin-LDH along with irradiation. The results suggest that curcumin-LDH nanoparticle could be considered as a novel approach in the photodynamic treatment of breast cancer.