以“环境微生物学”为载体的环境生态工程专业本科生科创能力培养

环境生态工程是一个设立较晚的新专业,其基本的教学体系和专业课程设计还有待摸索和完善。"环境微生物学"作为环境生态工程专业普遍设置的专业必修课,其授课内容和形式如何适应专业整体的培养需求是一个值得探讨的问题。我们结合所在学校、学院的特点和优势,提出将融入海洋特色和生态学思想的"环境微生物学"作为载体,结合课上理论教学、学生课堂报告、课下专题培训和实验技能培养等形式,培养环境生态工程专业本科生的科创能力。这可为同专业开设"环境微生物学"课程的教师提供教学参考,也可以为其他院校环境生态工程专业本科生科创能力的培养提供借鉴。     

专科层次临床医学专业课程建设效果调查分析

目的:了解临床医学专业课程建设情况,总结专科层次临床医学专业教育教学的主要成绩,查找专业建设存在的问题,为专科层次临床医学专业教育教学改革提出改进意见。方法:对我校2013届(应届生)306名、2011届和2012届(往届生)333名专科层次临床医学专业毕业生进行问卷调查,主要调查内容包括:课程内容、课程资源和课程评价。结果:专科层次临床医学专业毕业生认为本专业核心课程知识和技能模块设计合理,且应届毕业生认可度高于往届毕业生;对专业类纸质图书、纸质期刊等课程资源满意度高,认为专业类精品课程、教学视频等课程资源需要进一步改善;毕业生对专业知识考评认可度较高,应届生认可度优于往届生。结论:专科层次临床医学专业课程建设效果较好,特别是课程内容安排和课程评价合理,但在专业技能训练和课程资源建设方面需重点加强。     

解构“环境工程微生物学”教学改革：痛点、创新路径和实施策略

本文针对00后大学生的特点,通过实践探索发现了四大教学痛点。根据这些教学痛点,提出了将专业主题和时代认知融入翻转课堂的教学目标和四项教学改革举措。通过整合教学内容形成专业主题、将专业主题与时代热点融合、优化课堂翻转教学过程、创新全过程全方位考核四项教学改革举措,实现了课程专业主题的深入教学和学生情感认知的清晰培养。这种独特的教学模式能够激发学生对专业的热情,并提高他们的参与感和学习效果。     

生命科学学院——莘莘学子向往的科学殿堂

历史北京大学生命科学学院的前身是创办于1925年的北京大学生物学系。1952年集北大、清华、燕京三所大学的生物学系,合并成立了北京大学生物学系。经过几代人的辛勤耕耘,从最早设置的动物学和植物学专业到上世纪50年代初设立了植物生理学、动物生理学和动物遗传学专业。1956年以后率先在国内建立了生物化学和生物物理学专业,上世纪80年代又先后建立了细胞生物学、微生物学、环境生物学及生态学专业,1993年首先在国内建立了生物技术专业,并于1993年更名为生命科学学院。     

护理专业解剖学教学体会

护理专业解剖学教学主要以系统解剖学为主,在当前知识全球化和人民群众日益增长的卫生健康需求背景下,医学护理人才的需求也日益增多,护理专业解剖学教学水平越来越不能满足临床需要。因此,如何提高护理专业解剖学教学水平成为医学院校护理专业解剖学教学中的重要课题。本文针对目前医学院校中护理专业系统解剖学教学现状,提出了教材与临床结合、体表标志教学法、基础学科联系法、运用多媒体教学以及临床实验教学法等教学模式,为进一步改进护理专业解剖学教学模式,提高护理专业解剖学教育水平提供参考。     

竹韵

鞋类设计与工艺精品专业浙江工贸职业技术学院轻工系的"鞋类设计与工艺"专业,是学院重点建设专业和特点专业,同时该专业还为国家精品专业、教育部高职高专教学改革试点专业、浙江省高职高专重点建设专业,浙江省示范性实践教学基地,其专业课中,"鞋类结构设计"为浙江省精品课程。本专业立足温州区域经济背靠行业,为鞋类相关企事业单位培养高素质、实用型高等职业技术人才。     

改革课程教学体系 加强实践和创新能力培养——水处理微生物学课程教学的改革探索

水处理微生物学是给水排水工程专业的一门重要的专业基础课。该课程的主要培养目标是学习和掌握微生物学基础知识和基本实验技能, 以及微生物在水处理领域的应用, 激发学生的学习兴趣, 培养学生独立思考和分析解决问题的能力, 发展学生的创新性思维和工程实践能力。根据自身的教学体会, 结合给水排水工程专业的学科特点和专业需要, 对水处理微生物学教学内容、教学方法和手段以及实验教学进行改革, 并取得良好效果。     

培育基础医学微生物学专业 研究生人文素养和科学素养方式

微生物学是基础医学和生物学的重要基础学科,微生物学专业培养的研究生是微生物领域科学研究和教学的高级后备人才,随着基础医学的发展,对微生物学专业研究人员的人文素养和科学素养要求越来越高,本专业研究生全面发展培育方式的改革,已成为高等医学教育改革的重要课题。本研究针对基础医学微生物专业研究生培养的现状,根据基础医学微生物学专业研究生的特点,着重探讨其人文素养和科学素养培育方式的改革,为培养具有优良的科研能力、科学素养、健全人格的人才提供一定的思路。     

药用植物学立体化课程体系的构建与实践

药用植物学是医学院中药、药学等相关专业和高等农业院校中药资源开发与利用等专业的专业基础课,是培养相关专业学生掌握和运用药用植物形态解剖学及系统分类学的基本知识和技能,准确识别和鉴定药用植物种类,保证临床用药准确有效的重要课程。课题组通过整合药用植物学教学内容,建立多元化的教学方法,构建多层次实践教学体系,建立合理的综合性考核评价体系,培养学生双创能力。     

基因工程学教学改进的探索和实践

基因工程学是生命科学相关专业重要的专业基础课。该课程的教学质量将直接影响学生的专业素质和创新能力的培养。文章根据近年来在基因工程学教学的实践中积累的经验和体会, 对教学内容和教学方式进行了探索和改进, 以提高理论教学质量和效果, 争取达到培养应用型人才和高级基础研究型人才的目的。     

On the origin of the Hirudinea and the demise of the Oligochaeta

The phylogenetic relationships of the Clitellata were investigated with a data set of published and new complete 18S rRNA gene sequences of 51 species representing 41 families. Sequences were aligned on the basis of a secondary structure model and analysed with maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood. In contrast to the latter method, parsimony did not recover the monophyly of Clitellata. However, a close scrutiny of the data suggested a spurious attraction between some polychaetes and clitellates. As a rule, molecular trees are closely aligned with morphology-based phylogenies. Acanthobdellida and Euhirudinea were reconciled in their traditional Hirudinea clade and were included in the Oligochaeta with the Branchiobdellida via the Lumbriculidae as a possible link between the two assemblages. While the 18S gene yielded a meaningful historical signal for determining relationships within clitellates, the exact position of Hirudinea and Branchiobdellida within oligochaetes remained unresolved. The lack of phylogenetic signal is interpreted as evidence for a rapid radiation of these taxa. The placement of Clitellata within the Polychaeta remained unresolved. The biological reality of polytomies within annelids is suggested and supports the hypothesis of an extremely ancient radiation of polychaetes and emergence of clitellates.     

Ectogenesis and the case against the right to the death of the foetus

Ectogenesis, or the use of an artificial womb to allow a foetus to develop, will likely become a reality within a few decades, and could significantly affect the abortion debate. We first examine the implications for Judith Jarvis Thomson’s violinist analogy, which argues for a woman’s right to withdraw life support from the foetus and so terminate her pregnancy, even if the foetus is granted full moral status. We show that on Thomson’s reasoning, there is no right to the death of the foetus, and abortion is not permissible if ectogenesis is available, provided it is safe and inexpensive. This raises the question of whether there are persuasive reasons for the right to the death of the foetus that could be exercised in the context of ectogenesis. Eric Mathison and Jeremy Davis have examined several arguments for this right, doubting that it exists, while Joona Räsänen has recently criticized their reasoning. We respond to Räsänen’s analysis, concluding that his arguments are unsuccessful, and that there is no right to the death of the foetus in these circumstances.     

On the diversity of the Cladocera in the tropics

The mythical concept of an impoverished tropical cladoceran fauna is refuted. On a planetary scale, around half of the cladoceran species presently known occur exclusively in the tropics-subtropics, often with considerable restriction to particular geographical subzones. On a regional (political) scale, the situation is often unclear because of the continued fragmentary nature of studies, and because political units are not a good basis for biogeographical comparisons. At the finest level of resolution (lake-perlake comparisons), there appears to be an upper limit of c. 50 cladoceran species per individual lake. No significant difference between lakes in the temperate zone and in the tropics could be established here. Daphnia is largely absent from the tropics, but is replaced by more Sidids, Moinids, and Bosminids, such that the average cladoceran community in the limnetic zone of a tropical lake is not characterized by less species but rather by lower population densities. This, in turn, is considered a consequence of higher prevalent predation levels in the tropics.     

Characterization of the guanidinobenzoatase in the epididymal fluids of the mouse

Guanidinobenzoatase (GB), a proteolytic enzyme found in the epididymal fluids of mice, was purified to apparent homogeneity by molecular sieving and affinity chromatography. It has a molecular mass of 71 kDa and its enzymatic activity is heat labile and sensitive to EGTA. Its kinetic parameters (Km of 6.66 μM and a Vmax of 4.38 nmol/min/mg) were determined using 4-methylumbelliferyl-p-guanidinobenzoate (MUGB) as the substrate. GB activity is concentrated in the cauda epididymal region of the genital tract. Heat-solubilized whole zonae, biologically active ZP3, and several serine proteinase inhibitors, including a proteinase inhibitor endogenous to the male genital tract, effectively block the ability of GB to hydrolyze MUGB. Pretreating cumulus-free, zonae intact oocytes with purified GB reduces, in a concentration-dependent manner, the number of sperm able to bind to the zonae. The function of the soluble enzyme is not known. Its ability to bind both trypsin inhibitors and ZP3 suggests a possible role in gamete recognition. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 47:204–209, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Competition in the gradostat: the role of the communication rate

In this paper we study a mathematical model of competition between two species of microorganisms for a single limiting nutrient in a laboratory device called a gradostat. A gradostat consists of several (we consider only two) chemostats (CSTR's) connected together so that material can flow between the vessels in such a way that a nutrient gradient is established. Our model is a slightly modified version of one considered recently by Jäger et al. [3], in that the rate of exchange of material between the two vessels (the communication rate) is allowed to differ from the dilution rate. The outcome of competition turns out to be surprisingly sensitive to variation of the communication rate. We identify several coexistence regimes in parameter space and describe a method for obtaining operating diagrams for given pairs of competing microorganisms.Research supported in part by NSF Grant DMS 8521605     

On the evolutionary origin of the chaperonins

An analysis of the apical domain of the Group-I and Group-II chaperonins shows that they have structural similarities to two different protein folds: a "swivel-domain" phosphotransferase and a thioredoxin-like peroxiredoxin. There is no significant sequence similarity that supports either similarity and the degree of similarity based on structure is comparable but weak for both relationships. Based on possible evolutionary transitions, we deduced that a phosphotransferase origin would require both a large insertion and deletion of structure whereas a peroxiredoxin origin requires only a peripheral rearrangement, similar to an internal domain-swap. We postulate that this change could have been triggered by the insertion of a peroxiredoxin into the ATPase domain that led to the modern chaperonin domain arrangement. The peroxidoxin fold is the most highly embellished member of the thioredoxin super-family and the insertion event may have "overloaded" the core, leading to a rearrangement. A peroxiredoxin origin for the domain also provides a functional explanation, as the peroxiredoxins can act as chaperones when they adopt a multimeric ring complex, similar to the chaperonin subunit configuration. In addition, several of the GroEL apical domain hydrophobic residues which interact with the unfolded protein are located in a position that corresponds to the protein substrate binding region of the peroxiredoxin fold. We suggest that the origin of the ur-chaperonin from a thioredoxin/peroxiredoxin fold might also account for the number of thioredoxin-fold containing proteins that interact with chaperonins, such as tubulin and phosducin-like proteins.     

Characteristics of the membranes of the pellicle of the ciliatePseudomicrothorax dubius

Summary The membranes of the pellicle of the ciliatePseudomicrothorax dubius are investigated using thin section electron microscopy and freeze-fracture replicas. The plasma membrane is covered by a surface coat and is connected to the outer alveolar membrane by short, sometimes branched, bridges. The inner alveolar membrane is coated on both sides. The epiplasm lies in intimate contact with the cytoplasmic surface of this membrane, and there is a corresponding deposit on the other surface. This deposit is regularly striated.The epiplasmic layer and the alveoli are interrupted at sites of cytotic activity,e.g., the attachment sites of trichocysts, the cytoproct, and the parasomal sacs. The striated deposit ends where the epiplasm ends, indicating a direct relationship between these two epimembranous layers.There is a deposit along the sides of the first part of the tip of the trichocysts, and in this region the trichocyst membrane is free of intramembranous particles.The membrane of the parasomal sacs has a coat on both surfaces. That on the extraplasmic surface is similar to the surface coat of the plasma membrane. The origin of the cytoplasmic coat is unknown. The cytotic activity of these sacs is indicated by their highly irregular profiles.     

Effect of the Cerebral Tryptaminergic System on the Turnover of Dopamine in the Striatum of the Rat

The effect of the cerebral 5-hydroxytryptamine system on the turnover of striatal 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-ethylamine (dopamine) was investigated by measuring the level of dopamine and one of its metabolites in rats depleted of cerebral 5-hydroxytryptamine or treated with a 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor blocker. Treatment with p-chlorophenylalanine induced, in addition to a reduction in striatal 5-hydroxytryptamine and 5-hydroxyindol-3-ylacetic acid, an increase in the striatal concentration of dopamine, a diminution in the concentration of homovanillic acid in the same cerebral area, and a reduction in the rise of this acid after the administration of a butyrophenone derivative or tetrabenazine. Treatment with methysergide also reduced the increase of homovanillic acid induced by the butyrophenone. When probenecid was given to rats treated with p-chlorophenylalanine, homovanillic acid failed to accumulate, whereas the accumulation of 5-hydroxyindol-3-ylacetic acid was unaffected. The decay of dopamine after alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine administration was normal for the first 6 h but was later reduced in rats given p-chlorophenylalanine or methysergide. The results suggest that the lack of activation of 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors leads to a reduction in the turnover of dopamine in the nigrostriatal pathway.     

Characterization of the interactions between the nucleoprotein and the phosphoprotein of Henipavirus

The Henipavirus genome is encapsidated by the nucleoprotein (N) within a helical nucleocapsid that recruits the polymerase complex via the phosphoprotein (P). In a previous study, we reported that in henipaviruses, the N-terminal domain of the phosphoprotein and the C-terminal domain of the nucleoprotein (N(TAIL)) are both intrinsically disordered. Here we show that Henipavirus N(TAIL) domains are also disordered in the context of full-length nucleoproteins. We also report the cloning, purification, and characterization of the C-terminal X domains (P(XD)) of Henipavirus phosphoproteins. Using isothermal titration calorimetry, we show that N(TAIL) and P(XD) form a 1:1 stoichiometric complex that is stable under NaCl concentrations as high as 1 M and has a K(D) in the μM range. Using far-UV circular dichroism and nuclear magnetic resonance, we show that P(XD) triggers an increase in the α-helical content of N(TAIL). Using fluorescence spectroscopy, we show that P(XD) has no impact on the chemical environment of a Trp residue introduced at position 527 of the Henipavirus N(TAIL) domain, thus arguing for the lack of stable contacts between the C termini of N(TAIL) and P(XD). Finally, we present a tentative structural model of the N(TAIL)-P(XD) interaction in which a short, order-prone region of N(TAIL) (α-MoRE; amino acids 473-493) adopts an α-helical conformation and is embedded between helices α2 and α3 of P(XD), leading to a relatively small interface dominated by hydrophobic contacts. The present results provide the first detailed experimental characterization of the N-P interaction in henipaviruses and designate the N(TAIL)-P(XD) interaction as a valuable target for rational antiviral approaches.     

Review of the taxonomy of the Calanidae (Copepoda) and the limits to the genus Calanus

Conflicting systems of classifying the Calanidae (Brodsky, 1972; Bradford & Jillett, 1974) are analysed and a preferred system recommended. Brodsky's system, based on characters with assumed adaptive and functional significance is rejected as is his claim to have produced a phylogenetic scheme. Bradford & Jillett's system, based on a variety of characters, results in a coherent classification which aims to be neutral concerning phylogenetic relationships among genera. Species of Calanoides, Calanus, Nannocalanus, and Neocalanus are surveyed and the need for further taxonomic work is assessed.