The base of the cilium: roles for transition fibres and the transition zone in ciliary formation, maintenance and compartmentalization

Both the basal body and the microtubule-based axoneme it nucleates have evolutionarily conserved subdomains crucial for cilium biogenesis, function and maintenance. Here, we focus on two conspicuous but underappreciated regions of these structures that make membrane connections. One is the basal body distal end, which includes transition fibres of largely undefined composition that link to the base of the ciliary membrane. Transition fibres seem to serve as docking sites for intraflagellar transport particles, which move proteins within the ciliary compartment and are required for cilium biogenesis and sustained function. The other is the proximal-most region of the axoneme, termed the transition zone, which is characterized by Y-shaped linkers that span from the axoneme to the ciliary necklace on the membrane surface. The transition zone comprises a growing number of ciliopathy proteins that function as modular components of a ciliary gate. This gate, which forms early during ciliogenesis, might function in part by regulating intraflagellar transport. Together with a recently described septin ring diffusion barrier at the ciliary base, the transition fibres and transition zone deserve attention for their varied roles in forming functional ciliary compartments.     

An outline on lateral fish migrations within the Central Delta of the Niger River,Mali

The lateral migration of fishes was studied during one entire flood cycle (1991) in a typical floodplain sector of the Central Delta of Niger at Batamani, Mali. The intensity and temporal course of migrations, as well as the species and size composition of migrants, were found to be correlated with the hydrological regime (river and floodplain water levels, direction and velocity of water flow in a temporary canal). Four different types of migratory patterns were described and their typical representatives indicated. The significant role of the river as a spawning site and that of the flood plain as a nursery for most locally important fishes was also accentuated.     

Space,Time, Rhetoric and Agricultural Change in the Transition Zone of Ghana

This paper examines change within farming systems in the Brong Ahafo Region in Ghana, and the impact of agricultural modernization and mechanization on the regional economy and local farming systems. It combines anthropological, historical, and remote sensing techniques to document changes in farming practice and land use and land cover. It argues that change is not the product of simple evolutionary sequences of responses to population pressures or adoption of modern technologies, but arises out of a complex set of factors interacting within wider regional economies, which are increasingly commodified and commercialized and subject to global market pressures. These include technical, institutional, market, movements of labor, and transport infrastructure development dimensions, which often create new opportunities for local farmers other than those envisaged in agricultural development policies. Tracing the opening up of the transition zone over the last 40–50 years through the development of state farms and mechanized synthetic agriculture, the paper examines the changing fortunes of farming systems within a radius of 30–40 km from agricultural technology hubs and the implications for models of agricultural development.

金盏菊幼苗形态解剖学研究

金盏菊种子萌发过程中凡下胚轴生长较快、伸长较长的个体均形成壮苗。下胚轴大部分区段同时具有根、茎初生结构的特征。过渡区位于下胚轴上部。子叶迹与上胚轴维管组织雏形在子叶节区发生分离。     

秦岭落叶阔叶林25 ha森林动态监测样地物种组成与群落特征

秦岭落叶阔叶林是温带-亚热带过渡区保存较好的植被类型, 群落结构复杂。为了研究该过渡区植被的生物多样性维持机制, 按照CTFS (Center for tropical Forest Science)和中国森林生物多样性监测网络(CForBio)的建设标准, 于2015年在陕西省佛坪国家级自然保护区的落叶阔叶林建立了一块面积25 ha的动态监测样地。本文对样地内胸径(DBH) ≥ 1 cm的所有木本植物进行了调查和统计, 分析了其物种组成、区系特征、径级结构和空间分布格局。结果表明: 样地内DBH ≥ 1 cm的木本植物独立个体有47,739株, 隶属于36科66属119种。温带区系成分的科和属分别占总科数和总属数的41.18%和60.00%, 温带区系特征明显。稀有种有51种, 占总树种的42.86%。落叶树种有106种, 占总树种的89.07%, 在样地内占绝对优势。重要值≥ 1的物种共有20个, 分别占样地总个体数和总胸高断面积的70.35%和57.41%, 重要值最大的物种分别是乔木层的锐齿栎(Quercus aliena var. acutesrrata)、亚乔木层的水榆花楸(Sorbus alnifolia)和灌木层的刺叶栎(Q. spinosa)。样地内所有个体的平均胸径为8.61 cm, 整体径级分布呈倒”J”型, 小径级个体较多, 群落更新良好。除了太白杨(Populus purdomii), 样地内优势种表现出大尺度的聚集分布, 且它们的分布与生境紧密相关, 不同物种表现出不同的生境偏好。     

农牧交错带不同耕作方式土壤水分动态变化特征

从耕作方式、覆盖和轮作3个因素系统地对莜麦整个生育期土壤含水量进行了动态的观测研究,结果表明,干旱地区单纯的免耕在提高土壤水分含量上作用不太明显,尤其是降低了表层土壤的含水量,免耕只有在覆盖下,才能真正起到增加土壤水分含量,提高水分利用效率的作用;而对于深松处理,无论是覆盖还是不覆盖,与传统翻耕处理相比,土壤水分均明显提高;同种耕作措施覆盖与无覆盖相比,覆盖处理下土壤含水量明显高于无覆盖处理;说明保护性耕作之所以能够提高土壤水分含量,关键因素在于残茬覆盖;同种耕作方式下轮作种植土壤水分含量与水分利用效率明显高于连作。可以看出,从理论上轮作深松覆盖处理是当地应采用的最佳耕作方式,然而,由于当地缺乏覆盖材料,因此,轮作深松是目前当地最适合的耕作方式。     

典型毛乌素沙漠-黄土高原过渡带土壤盐渍化空间异质性及其影响因素

毛乌素沙漠-黄土高原过渡带土壤盐渍化的空间异质性和生态学过程,对沙荒地整治的机理研究具有重要的意义.以毛乌素沙漠-黄土过渡带为研究区,结合布点取样和室内分析,运用经典统计学和地统计学方法对其pH、电导率、全盐含量的空间异质性进行分析.结果表明: 1)土壤pH、电导率、全盐含量的平均含量分别为8.44、5.13 mS·cm^-1和21.66 g·kg^-1,变异系数范围为6.9%～73.3%,pH属于弱变异,电导率和全盐含量属于中等程度变异.2)半方差分析结果显示,3个指标的空间变异性的最佳拟合模型均为球形模型,块金值/基台值比值范围为8.6%～14.3%,均具有强烈的空间自相关性,结构性因素对变异起主导作用;变程由小到大表现为pH＜全盐<电导率.克里金插值图显示,pH、电导率、全盐含量整体呈条带状分布,连续性较好.pH值表现出随着地势的升高而升高的特点,而电导率和全盐含量则表现出随着地势的升高而降低的特点.3)在垂直分布上,重度盐渍化区域的盐分有表聚现象,轻度盐渍化区域盐分垂直分布为先减少后增大.毛乌素沙漠-黄土过渡带土壤盐渍化的空间变异性与气候、地质条件、地形地貌、水文地质条件、植被分布等有关,以地形因素和水文地质条件的影响为主.     

秦岭皇冠暖温性落叶阔叶林物种组成与群落结构

秦岭是典型的暖温带-亚热带过渡区。中国森林生物多样性监测网络(CForBio)现有的样地已经基本覆盖了中国大多数气候区,但位于气候过渡带的样地较少。本研究参照CForBio和CTFS(Center for Tropical Forest Science)的技术规范,于2019年在陕西皇冠山省级自然保护区内建立25 hm²(500 m×500 m)森林动态监测样地。本研究以样地内胸径(DBH)≥1 cm的所有木本植物为对象,分析了物种组成、区系特征、径级结构以及优势树种的空间分布格局。结果表明: 样地内DBH≥1 cm的木本植物独立个体有75137株(包括分枝的个体数为95679株),隶属于44科83属121种。群落属的区系类型主要为温带成分,占总属数的71.1%,同时混有一些热带成分。群落优势种明显,前5个物种的个体数超过总个体数的40%,前50个物种的个体数占总个体数的95%,其余61个物种个体数不到样地总个体数的5%。样地所有木本植物个体总径级分布呈倒“J”型。重要值>5的4个主要物种的空间分布呈现不同的分布格局。随着尺度增大,种内的聚集程度降低,且不同物种的空间分布都受到环境异质性的影响。秦岭暖温性落叶阔叶林物种组成丰富,群落结构稳定,更新良好,反映了暖温带向亚热带过渡的典型特征,且环境异质性可能是影响该样地树种空间分布的重要因素。     

Diverging growth and resilience of Pinus tabulaeformis and Pinus massoniana to droughts in north-south transition zone,central China

Climate transition zone is a sensitive area of climate change and ecological transition where forests are vulnerable to climate extremes. Extreme droughts are increasing in frequency and magnitude under climate change, resulting in structure and function changes of forest ecosystems. Here, to analyze climate-growth relationships and quantify tree resilience to extreme droughts, we developed six tree-ring-width chronologies from P. tabulaeformis and P. massoniana sampling sites in Mt. Jigong region, Central China. The results indicated that all chronologies from the two species had good consistency, precipitation in current April and mean temperature in current August or mean minimum temperature from current August to October were the main limiting factors of the two tree species growth, but the responses of P. massoniana ring-width to climatic factors was more complex than that of P. tabulaeformis. The results also showed that tree growth of 1999–2005 was the lowest growing period during 1979–2018, and P. massoniana grew better than P. tabulaeformis before 2005 and vice versa after 2005. Comparing low growth years of trees, we identified to study tree growth resilience. The calculations from 1988, 1999–2005 and 2011 drought years indicated that P. tabulaeformis had more increased resilience to extreme droughts than that of P. massoniana, and the two species had stronger ecological recovery and resilience under global warming and non-extreme drought conditions in the recent 40 years. These results have implications for predicting tree resilience and identifying tree species in heterogeneous forest landscapes vulnerable to future climate change in climatic transition zone.     

末次盛冰期以来沙漠-黄土过渡带植被演替及其对气候变化的响应

末次盛冰期(LGM)以来的增温期和全新世高温期是人类古文化进步的重要时期。黄土高原北部沙漠-黄土过渡带两个自然剖面高分辨率花粉分析结果显示,该区LGM以来为草原植被景观,但优势群落和伴生植物随气候变化而有所不同,温度和降水变化对植被演替有着重要的控制作用。气候干冷时,以耐干旱的草本植物种属为主,群落成分单一,植被盖度低;增温期和高温期,出现少量暖温带乔木植物如胡桃科、栎属等,植被盖度高,群落发育良好。全新世暖期是植被发育良好、植被盖度高的适宜期。本研究为黄土高原地区未来增温下植被响应的分析提供了历史相似型。     

CrPP2C蛋白影响衣藻细胞鞭毛过渡区结构

目的:在莱茵衣藻细胞中构建并筛选鞭毛组装缺陷突变体,克隆缺陷基因,探索其对鞭毛组装的影响。方法:使用带有巴龙霉素(Paromomycin)抗性的基因片段随机插入衣藻细胞基因组中,通过性状筛选和基因序列分析获得与CrPP2C(Chlamydomonas reinhardtii type 2C protein phosphatase)基因相关的鞭毛异常突变体,根据突变体基本生物学性状和生化分析对CrPP2C基因的功能进行分析。结果:采用电转法成功获得衣藻细胞鞭毛缺陷相关突变体,部分细胞具有短鞭毛,部分细胞则不具有鞭毛;通过RESDA-PCR(restriction enzyme site-directed amplification PCR)对突变体基因序列分析,鞭毛缺陷性状由CrPP2C基因遭到破坏导致;把含有完整CrPP2C基因的重组质粒通过电转法导入突变体后,其鞭毛几乎恢复为野生型长度,并可检测到PP2C-HA融合蛋白的表达;观察鞭毛再生,突变体鞭毛只能再生为原有长度;使用药物处理使鞭毛缩短,突变体鞭毛能正常解聚;电镜检测突变体的鞭毛显微结构,发现过渡区的Y形结构缺陷。结论:CrPP2C基因的破坏导致鞭毛过渡区结构缺失,影响鞭毛组装过程,不组装鞭毛或组装短鞭毛。     

Toward Conceptual Cohesiveness: a Historical Analysis of the Theory and Utility of Ecological Boundaries and Transition Zones

Ecological transition zones are increasingly recognized as systems that play a critical role in controlling or modifying flows of organisms, materials, and energy across landscapes. Many concepts describing transitional areas have been proposed over the years, such as the prevalent and durable ecotone concept. Confusion among ecologists and land managers about transition zone concepts and the isolation of studies that use only one transition concept can hinder unified progress in understanding these key systems. Currently, a movement toward conceptual synthesis under the umbrella concept of ‘ecological boundary’ is underway. Here we examine the history and theoretical baggage of the ecotone, riparian zone, and several other concepts. Subsequently, we present a conceptual cluster analysis, which facilitates a better understanding of the similarities and differences between boundary and transition concepts. We emphasize the hierarchical nature of these concepts: higher-level synthetic concepts can be used in the development of theory, whereas lower-level concepts allow more specificity and the formulation of operational definitions. Finally, we look briefly at the utility and future use of boundary and transition zone concepts.     

暖温带-北亚热带过渡区落叶阔叶林群落特征

白云山落叶阔叶林是暖温带-北亚热带生态过渡区保存较完好的植被,具有北亚热带向暖温带的过度性质,群落结构相对复杂,物种种类相对丰富。参照巴拿马巴洛科罗拉多岛(Barro Colorado Island,BCI)样地的技术规范,于2015年在白云山国家森林公园建立了一个5 hm~2固定监测样地,调查并鉴定了样地内胸径≥1 cm的木本植物。基于首次调查数据从物种组成、径级结构、重要值、群落分类和分布格局等方面进行了分析,结果表明:(1)样地共有17963株个体,隶属于34科55属93种;(2)该群落以锐齿槲栎(Quercus aliena var.acuteserrata)、华山松(Pinus armandii)、三桠乌药(Lindera obtusiloba)、漆树(Toxicodendron vernicifluum)占优势,稀有种占总种数的36.56%,偶见种占总种数的30.11%;(3)所有物种的径级结构分布呈倒"J"型,表明群落内有充足的幼苗,群落更新状况良好;(4)多元回归树经过交叉验证,以凹凸度和平均海拔将样地植被划分为3类,Ⅰ:锐齿槲栎-华山松-三桠乌药-秦岭木姜子-河南海棠群落;Ⅱ:锐齿槲栎-华山松-漆树-连翘群落;Ⅲ:锐齿槲栎-白桦-白檀-照山白群落;(5)点格局分析表明样地内优势种主要表现为聚集分布格局。研究结果有助于增加人们对暖温带-北亚热带生态过度区内森林群落的认识,为此区域内植物群落的管理和保护积累基础资料。     

Formation of the transition zone by Mks5/Rpgrip1L establishes a ciliary zone of exclusion (CIZE) that compartmentalises ciliary signalling proteins and controls PIP2 ciliary abundance

Cilia are thought to harbour a membrane diffusion barrier within their transition zone (TZ) that compartmentalises signalling proteins. How this “ciliary gate” assembles and functions remains largely unknown. Contrary to current models, we present evidence that Caenorhabditis elegans MKS‐5 (orthologue of mammalian Mks5/Rpgrip1L/Nphp8 and Rpgrip1) may not be a simple structural scaffold for anchoring > 10 different proteins at the TZ, but instead, functions as an assembly factor. This activity is needed to form TZ ultrastructure, which comprises Y‐shaped axoneme‐to‐membrane connectors. Coiled‐coil and C2 domains within MKS‐5 enable TZ localisation and functional interactions with two TZ modules, consisting of Meckel syndrome (MKS) and nephronophthisis (NPHP) proteins. Discrete roles for these modules at basal body‐associated transition fibres and TZ explain their redundant functions in making essential membrane connections and thus sealing the ciliary compartment. Furthermore, MKS‐5 establishes a ciliary zone of exclusion (CIZE) at the TZ that confines signalling proteins, including GPCRs and NPHP‐2/inversin, to distal ciliary subdomains. The TZ/CIZE, potentially acting as a lipid gate, limits the abundance of the phosphoinositide PIP₂ within cilia and is required for cell signalling. Together, our findings suggest a new model for Mks5/Rpgrip1L in TZ assembly and function that is essential for establishing the ciliary signalling compartment.     

Rabl2 GTP hydrolysis licenses BBSome‐mediated export to fine‐tune ciliary signaling

Cilia of higher animals sense various environmental stimuli. Proper ciliary signaling requires appropriate extent of BBSome‐mediated export of membrane receptors across ciliary barrier transition zone (TZ) through retrograde intraflagellar transport (IFT) machinery. How the barrier passage is controlled, however, remains unknown. Here, we show that small GTPase Rabl2 functions as a molecular switch for the outward TZ passage. Rabl2‐GTP enters cilia by binding to IFT‐B complex. Its GTP hydrolysis enables the outward TZ passage of the BBSome and its cargos with retrograde IFT machinery, whereas its persistent association leads to their shedding from IFT‐B during the passing process and consequently ciliary retention. Rabl2 deficiency or expression of a GTP‐locked mutant impairs the ciliary hedgehog signaling without interfering with ciliation and respectively results in different spectrums of mouse developmental disorders. We propose that the switch role of Rabl2 ensures proper turnover of the BBSome and ciliary membrane receptors to fine‐tune cilia‐dependent signaling for normal embryonic development and organismic homeostasis.     

沙漠／黄土过渡带13 Ka BP以来季风演化的古植被记录

利用花粉分析结果并结合有机碳δ＾１３Ｃ及高精度＾１４Ｃ测年等资料,阐明沙漠／黄土过渡区１３ｋａ ＢＰ以来古植被记录的季风气候事件。古植被经历了荒漠草原－干草原－半荒漠－湿润草原－荒漠－疏林草原－荒漠草原－草原－荒漠草原９个阶段。冰后期的半荒漠－湿润草原－荒漠对应于其中冷干－凉湿－冷干的Ｙｏｕｎｇｅｒ Ｄｒｙａｓ事件,全新世气候适宜期以及４．５－３．５ｋａ ＢＰ的另一气候料适宜期等在研究区均有明显表