臭Qu种群相对数量季节变化的初步分析

１９８５年４月１９９２年１２月,作者采用夹日法对萧山围垦农区臭Ｑｕ种群动态进行了连续逐月定点定时的研究。结果表明：臭Ｑｕ种群相对数量的季节消长呈后峰型双峰曲线,５月和１０月各出现一次高,怀孕率在２月和７月各出现一次高峰,平均胎仔数在５－６月和８－９月相对较多。室外群种相对数量高峰在４月和９－１０月;室内种群在５月和１０月,前峰不及室外种群明显。室内种群雌体怀孕率明显于室外种群。种群相对数量的季节变     

萧山围垦农区小型兽类种群动态的研究

１９８５年４月１９９２年１２月,作者采用夹夜法对萧山围垦农区小型兽类的种群动态进行了连续逐月定点定时的研究。种群的季节消长规律呈前峰型曲线的种群有黑线姬鼠、小家鼠和褐家鼠（室内）,呈后峰型曲线的种群有臭Ｑｕ和褐家鼠（室外）。黑线姬鼠季节消长规律与农区作物类型、小兽群落组成、冬季死亡率和怀孕率等因素有关,并受环境因子的影响。     

洞庭平原黑线姬鼠繁殖特性研究

１９８６年１０月－１９９０年１０月在湖南省桃源县和汉寿县的稻作区逐月调查,夹捕黑线姬鼠长江亚种２７６８只,雌性占４５。６％。主要繁殖期３－１１月,研究期内的月平均怀孕率为４８．６±４．０％、平均胎仔数为５．３±０．２只。繁殖指数为２．３６±０．２９。以上３个参数及种群性性比有季节性变化,４－５月和７－１０月为２个妊娠高峰;雄性睾丸下位率和雌性怀孕率有同步变动的趋势。５年龄组之间,其性比、怀孕率和繁     

草兔繁殖生物学的初步研究

本文分析了１９９１年１－１０月获自山西省东南部丘陵山区以及１９９０－１９９３年１０月至翌年１月获自该省各地草兔的有关繁殖特征。草兔的繁殖季节为１－９月,雄性进入性活动的时间早于雌性。生殖腺测度有明显的季节变化,其峰值在４月和５月。当年兔３－４月龄时性可成熟,但达到性成熟月龄的当年兔只有５１．７％在７、８月参加繁殖。怀孕个体见于２－９月,３月怀孕率最高,此后逐渐下降。胎仔数１－７只,５月最多,年均值３．６只,每只雌兔年产幼兔１２．９只。     

吉林省寒葱岭地区森林鼠类调查

１９９０年５－１１月对吉森省东部寒葱岭地区五种森林生态类型中鼠类调查,共获鼠５１１只,平均捕获率为２．９４％,分隶于３科５属７种,优势种为大林姬花鼠。天然林与人工林中鼠类的种类和数量不同。从鼠类数量的季节变化看,各鼠种数量随森林类型和季节的变化呈现出明显的差异。其中优种大林姬鼠的密度在整个调查区中７月和９月各出现一个高峰,为明显的前峰型,但在阔叶杂木林中例外,各森林类型中大林姬鼠数量前峰出现时间一     

华中地区小家鼠生物学特性观察

华中地区农村小家鼠的个体较小,主要栖息于农舍,终年繁殖,繁殖高峰期为７月和８月,１－３月为繁殖低谷期;种群数量高峰在９月,低谷期在７－８月,冬季的种群数量水平较高,呈后峰型。在较高的密度条件下,雌鼠的怀孕率降低,性成熟延缓。     

深圳湾大弹涂鱼种群结构与生殖特征

本文探讨了深圳湾大弹涂鱼种群结构和生殖特征。结果表明：该种群以１、２龄鱼组成为主,３龄鱼极少,表明种群结构简单,体长与体重的相关曲线方程为Ｗ＝４．１６１８×１０－５Ｌ２．７４５１（ｒ＝０．９５７６）。雌雄性比为３：２。一龄鱼开始性成熟。雌鱼性成熟最小生物学体长为６２ｍｍ,雄鱼为５９ｍｍ。个体绝对生殖力波动于１９５６—１４０５３粒,平均７２９３粒;个体相对生殖力Ｆ／Ｌ：２９．５—１００．５粒／ｍｍ,平均７９粒／ｍｍ;Ｆ／Ｗ：５１１．０—８０４．９粒／ｇ,平均７５２粒／ｇ。４—６月为繁殖盛期,７—８月为繁殖末期。雌性周年月平均成熟系数（ＧＳＩ）变动范围为０．２７％—４．３６％。大弹涂鱼在一个生殖季节中只能产卵一次,属于一次性排卵类型。     

卡氏小鼠种群数量变动特征及其与环境因子的关系

本文报道卡氏大鼠种群数量变动特征及其与环境因子的关系,种群数量年间变动较大,季节较化一般出现２个高峰。分别在５－６月和１１月,与农作物的成熟,收获以及小鼠繁殖活动有关,１月份的种群数量多及２、３月份的平均气温高低,对当年５月份种群数量有密切关系。本文提出了３个回归方程式,可初步估计当年５月的种群数量。     

日本三角涡虫自然状态下的生殖研究

作者１９９０年对六安市某水塘中的日本三角涡虫Ｋｕｇｅｓｉａ ｊａｐｏｎｉｃａ（下文简称涡虫）在自然状态下的生殖进行了近一年的观察研究，并于１９９２年５－６月、１０－１１月进行了采样。每月采标本３－４次，每次１５分钟，并记录水湿。从统计数据得知涡虫每年进行２次有性生殖，分别是４－５月，水温１９－２１℃；９－１０月，水温２０－２４℃。涡虫的断裂生殖３－１１月均可发生，并在５月、１０月出现高峰，其水温分     

黑石顶自然保护区南亚热带常绿阔叶林的凋落物

分析了黑石顶自然保护区南亚热带常绿阔叶林凋落物的季节变化及１８种常见种的落叶规律．结果表明凋落物有明显的季节变化,４ａ平均凋落量为４．６３０ｔ·ｈｍ－２·ａ－１．凋落物具体峰值出现的时期有一定程度的年际变化,雨季的４～９月和旱季的１０～３月各有一个高峰期．植物的落叶习性是适应外界环境变化的反映,根据不同种凋落叶高峰出现的时期可将植物分为３种不同类型．     

Establishment of an outbred strain (Jic: SUN) in the house musk shrew, Suncus murinus]

Planned reproduction of the house musk shrew, Suncus murinus was investigated using 3,016 females for mating. The birth rate and the weaning rate attained were 77.2% and 82.3%, respectively. The average litter size was 3.4. The mean value of the productive index (number of weaned individuals/number of females mated) was estimated as 2.2. The highest value of the productive index, 2.6, was recorded when the fourth litter was used for reproduction. No seasonal fluctuation in the reproductive ability was observed through the course of the present breeding. In the present study, we have maintained the closed colony of the house musk shrew for six years. This colony is established as a outbred strain, and is designated as Jic: SUN.     

Comparative FISH mapping of human cDNA clones to chromosomes of the musk shrew (Suncus murinus, Insectivora)

Forty-one cDNA clones of human functional genes were newly mapped to chromosomes of the musk shrew (Suncus murinus, Insectivora) by fluorescence in situ hybridization, and a comparative cytogenetic map of 51 genes, including 10 genes reported in our previous study, was constructed between human (HSA) and musk shrew (SMU) chromosomes. In this comparative map, the 51 genes localized to human autosomes, except HSA 8, 16, and 20, were mapped to 15 shrew autosomes, except SMU 4, 16, 17 and 18. Twelve conserved segments were identified between human and shrew chromosomes, and six segments among the musk shrew, human, and mouse. Our results defined the presence of at least one inversion and several interchromosomal rearrangements that occurred during evolution after the two species diverged from a common ancestor. Localization of three major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes to shrew chromosome 3 suggested that the MHC genes of the musk shrew are located in a cluster on chromosome 3. The cytogenetic map constructed in this study is the first cytogenetic map with many functional genes in insectivore species. This approach provides clues for clarifying the chromosomal evolution in this order.     

四川盆地西北缘林麝种群密度及保护与利用

1986年10月-1987年5月在四川盆地西北缘,利用粪堆计数法,对保护区和非保护区的4种不同生境及不同海拔区间林麝种群密度进行了调查研究。得到保护地区原生林、次生乔木林、次生灌木林、人工林4种生境中林麝种群密度(M±SE)分别为3.94±1.57、1.55±0.23、0.61±0.22、0.00头/平方公里,其中最佳生境林麝密度为9.88头/平方公里;非保护地区次生乔木林中林麝种群密度(M±SE)为0.15±0.09头/平方公里,非常显著地低于保护地区次生乔木林(P<0.005),此区已丧失了利用价值。按年平均增长率49.80%计算,在无任何人为猎取的情况下,要恢复到1.5-2.5头/平方公里(正常栖息密度),约需6-7年。而后,可按每年自然繁殖总量的60%或总数量的20%猎取。同时得到决定林麝水平分布的关键因子是植被类型、乔灌木密度及基底硬度;决定林麝垂直分布的主要因子是植被垂直分布和人为干扰程度。     

臭鼩的繁殖和种群年龄结构

对浙江萧山瓜沥区农田臭鼩的研究,发现种群性比不等,存在明显的两性异型。分析了雄体的性成熟率和雌体的怀孕率及性活动率的变化规律。一年中存在两个繁殖高峰期。以齿长指数为指标．臭鼩种群可划分为4个年龄组。探讨了种群年龄结构的季节变化及其自然寿命。     

The reproductive performance of female Forest musk deer (Moschus berezovskii) in captivity

Reproductive performance of 750 adult female Forest musk deer (FMD, Moschus berezovskii) was monitored (from 2005 to 2009) on two Forest musk deer farms in Sichuan province, China. The mean (± SEM) lengths of the estrous cycle, pregnancy, and consecutive fawning intervals were 17.5 ± 0.8 d (n = 64), 182.9 ± 0.8 d (n =190), and 363.2 ± 2.4 d (n = 120), respectively. Copulation occurred from the end of October to early March, with the majority (84.1 ± 1.9%) during November and December (P < 0.05). The fawning rate was 68.7 ± 2.2% in yearling hinds and 73.3 ± 1.3% in adult hinds. Fawning occurred from the end of April to early September, with the majority (88. 9 ± 2.2%) during May and June (P < 0.005), including a peak in May (52.0 ± 1.0%). Yearling hinds fawned later (7.3 ± 1.8 d) than adult hinds. Rates of premature delivery and dystocia were 2.7 ± 0.4 and 2.0 ± 0.3%, respectively. There was a 1.07:1 female-to-male ratio at birth (P > 0.05), with 67.7% twins, but only two cases of triplets and one set of quadruplets among 537 fawns. Birth weight averaged 518.7 ± 10.3 g, ranging from 304 to 775 g (n = 240), with male fawns slightly heavier than females (521.1 ± 14.8 vs 516.9 ± 14.3 g). Postnatal and pre-weaning mortality rates were 25.0 ± 1.2 and 17.9 ± 3.1%, respectively. Postnatal mortality and urinary calculus were much more common in male fawns (P < 0.01). The mortality rate due to suppuration and dyspepsia were different (P < 0.001) between postnatal and pre-weaning periods. Due to higher mortality of male fawns, the adult sex ratio was significantly female-biased. In conclusion, captive FMD had similar seasonal patterns of copulation and fawning as wild FMD and other musk deer species.     

THE ENDOCRINE BASIS OF PAIR-FORMATION BEHAVIOUR IN THE MALE EIDER SOMATERIA MOLLISSIMA

Pair-formation behaviour among the Eiders began after the annual moult, in late September. There was a small peak of display in October and November and a large one in the following April and May. As a result, the female population became paired in two phases, up to 50% in the autumn and the remainder in the following spring. The seasonal cycle of the abundance of Leydig cells was bimodal, with a peak in October and a large one in April-May. That the peaks represent increased androgen production was supported by the cycles of Leydig cell enzyme activity and lipid content and of penis weight. The monthly means of Leydig cell abundance and of the rate of display were statistically correlated. Experiments with sexually quiescent males in eclipse plumage demonstrated that testosterone was capable of inducing pair-formation behaviour. Relatively advanced stages of spermatogenesis were found in autumn, and were maintained through the winter, complete development occurring in the spring. Seasonal changes in the production of pituitary gonadotropin followed a bimodal pattern with peaks in autumn and in the spring. Field evidence is presented which suggests that Follicle Stimulating Hormone and Luteinizing Hormone were produced at different phases of a circadian rhythm of photosensitivity.     

毛果苔草湿地枯落物及地下生物量动态

采用网袋法和土柱法分别对三江平原湿地毛果苔草（Carex lasiocarpa）种群枯落物及地下生物量的季节动态变化规律进行分析。结果表明,毛果苔草的立枯物总的变化趋势是其拟合曲线符合指数方程。以其凋落物的失重率表示分解速率,而日失重率是随着时间增长而不断减少,且日失重率的变化在0.7058％-0.2372％之间。毛果苔草全生长季（1999年5月2日-10月10日）枯落物总量为210.8876g·m^-2。毛果苔草地下生物量具有明显的垂直结构,呈倒金字塔形,数学模拟近于抛物线型。     

陕西凤县驯养林麝的种群动态、性比和年龄结构

林麝是濒危资源动物,林麝驯养是保育濒危林麝资源及可持续利用麝香的有效方式。基于对2001至2012年间的陕西凤县林麝驯养的监测和调查,分析了其种群动态、性比和年龄结构。结果表明,陕西凤县的林麝驯养在近10余年获得了快速发展,全县共有150余个麝场,麝场数呈指数式增长,增长率达27.33%,但其平均驯养规模无明显增长,平均存栏种群仅为16.38头。凤县的驯养麝种群总体增长近似指数式增长,增长率达27.22%,目前存栏种群已达3712头。区分性别和年龄,各亚群的增长均呈指数式增长,幼年麝的增长率(30.30%)高于成年麝(27.16%),雄麝的增长率(28.30%)高于雌麝(27.78%)。在2001至2012年间,幼麝种群的雌雄性比((102.64±3.15)%,n=12)和成年麝种群的雌雄性比((100.85±2.585)%,n=10)均显著偏雌(P0.01),但幼麝、成年麝种群间的性比差异不显著(P0.05)。在2005年及2010—2012年间,幼麝(0.5岁龄)占种群的比例为31.91%,亚成体麝(1.5岁龄)占种群的比例为21.11%,成麝(2.5—12.5岁龄)比例为42.72%,老年麝(13.5岁龄及以上)仅占种群的4.26%。合并年龄分析,育龄前个体(幼麝和亚成体麝)的平均比例为53.02%,表明凤县驯养林麝属快速增长种群,其增长潜力较大。在林麝驯养实践中,管理部门可制定准入制度或适当重组现有麝场,促进较大的驯养种群构建,并建立通畅的麝香交易渠道,控制林麝种源的过热交易,以利于林麝驯养种群的性比平衡及可持续的繁育、增长。     

Seasonal monitoring of Drosophila suzukii and its non-crop hosts in Wuhu,Eastern China

Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae) is a serious pest that prefers fresh fruits and is native to Southeast Asia. In our study, apple cider vinegar bait traps were used to capture and monitor the population dynamics of this native pest in Wuhu City, China, from May/June 2017 to May 2018. The research was conducted at 15 locations in two fruit orchards in Wuhu. Traps caught more adults in general in a Meiling blueberry orchard than in a Xicun mixed orchard, and the highest trap counts occurred near harvest time (October). Females had more mature eggs from September to November, and the number of mature eggs declined thereafter. We found several non-crop hosts, which can provide food and reproductive resources for D. suzukii and are common in forests and field margins. By comparing the number of captured adults in the Meiling and Xicun orchards, we found that blueberry was preferred by D. suzukii among the fruits in our search. Fruit ripening times differed among crops; therefore, fly populations moved between crop and non-crop habitats during the year or had varying population dynamics on different crops in different seasons. The D. suzukii population and the number of mature eggs decreased in summer and winter but increased in spring and autumn. Drosophila suzukii had higher survival rates with blueberry than those with other fruits, and D. suzukii could use four non-crop species growing around the orchards as host plants.     

Population Structure of Wild Musk Shrews (Suncus murinus) in Asia Based on Mitochondrial DNA Variation, with Research in Cambodia and Bhutan

The musk shrew (Suncus murinus) is a small mammalian species belonging to Insectivora. It is widely distributed in Asia. To identify the genetic relationship among wild musk shrew populations and examine its migration route, we investigated the populations of Cambodia and Bhutan by using mitochondrial DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and compared them with other Asian populations previously described. Four haplotypes were detected in Cambodia and eight in Bhutan. A total of 53 haplotypes were detected in Asia and were classified largely into two groups, the Continental and Island types, based on a minimum spanning network. From the distribution of mtDNA types in wild musk shrews, three major population groups are identified in Asia: South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Malay. It is suggested that the Malay population group was a mix of South and Southeast Asian population groups and that this was a contact area of the two groups. In addition, other contact areas between the South and Southeast Asian groups exist in Myanmar, but unlike the Malay, the Myanmar area was the border of these groups.